1See above, p. 173.↑2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑6Roscoe, p. 100.↑7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑18Hagen, p. 97.↑19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑36Sumner, p. 66.↑37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑39Hildebrand, l.c.↑40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑41Merker, p. 117.↑42Fritsch, p. 364.↑43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑46See above, p. 144.↑47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑60Levchine, p. 341.↑61Rowney, p. 51.↑62Merker, p. 117.↑63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑73See above, pp. 139–143.↑74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑78Ibid., p. 327.↑79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑80Bell, I p. 170.↑81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑107Galton, p. 142.↑108Hutter, p. 343.↑109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑6Roscoe, p. 100.↑7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑18Hagen, p. 97.↑19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑36Sumner, p. 66.↑37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑39Hildebrand, l.c.↑40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑41Merker, p. 117.↑42Fritsch, p. 364.↑43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑46See above, p. 144.↑47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑60Levchine, p. 341.↑61Rowney, p. 51.↑62Merker, p. 117.↑63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑73See above, pp. 139–143.↑74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑78Ibid., p. 327.↑79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑80Bell, I p. 170.↑81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑107Galton, p. 142.↑108Hutter, p. 343.↑109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑6Roscoe, p. 100.↑7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑18Hagen, p. 97.↑19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑36Sumner, p. 66.↑37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑39Hildebrand, l.c.↑40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑41Merker, p. 117.↑42Fritsch, p. 364.↑43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑46See above, p. 144.↑47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑60Levchine, p. 341.↑61Rowney, p. 51.↑62Merker, p. 117.↑63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑73See above, pp. 139–143.↑74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑78Ibid., p. 327.↑79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑80Bell, I p. 170.↑81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑107Galton, p. 142.↑108Hutter, p. 343.↑109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑6Roscoe, p. 100.↑7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑18Hagen, p. 97.↑19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑36Sumner, p. 66.↑37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑39Hildebrand, l.c.↑40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑41Merker, p. 117.↑42Fritsch, p. 364.↑43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑46See above, p. 144.↑47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑60Levchine, p. 341.↑61Rowney, p. 51.↑62Merker, p. 117.↑63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑73See above, pp. 139–143.↑74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑78Ibid., p. 327.↑79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑80Bell, I p. 170.↑81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑107Galton, p. 142.↑108Hutter, p. 343.↑109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑6Roscoe, p. 100.↑7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑18Hagen, p. 97.↑19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑36Sumner, p. 66.↑37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑39Hildebrand, l.c.↑40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑41Merker, p. 117.↑42Fritsch, p. 364.↑43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑46See above, p. 144.↑47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑60Levchine, p. 341.↑61Rowney, p. 51.↑62Merker, p. 117.↑63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑73See above, pp. 139–143.↑74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑78Ibid., p. 327.↑79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑80Bell, I p. 170.↑81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑107Galton, p. 142.↑108Hutter, p. 343.↑109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑
1See above, p. 173.↑
2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑
2See above, pp. 127, 128, 131, and Baumann, p. 165.↑
3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑
3Fritsch, pp. 79, 80, 135, 136.↑
4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑
4Geoffroy, pp. 430, 431.↑
5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑
5Bell, I p. 170; Klaproth, p. 567.↑
6Roscoe, p. 100.↑
6Roscoe, p. 100.↑
7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑
7Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 154, 155.↑
8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑
8Ibid., p. 310; Von Müller, p. 429.↑
9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑
9Paulitschke, II pp. 138, 139; I pp. 260, 213, 263; Bottego, p. 423.↑
10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑
10Robertson, pp. 78, 79.↑
11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑
11Holub,Süd-Afrika, II pp. 348, 189, 262.↑
12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑
12Wilson and Felkin, I p. 186.↑
13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑
13Tautain, Mandingues, pp. 348–350.↑
14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑
14Hildebrandt, West-Madagaskar, p. 113.↑
15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑
15Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 49, 50, 35.↑
16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑
16Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 207, 206.↑
17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑
17Blumentritt,Ethnographie, pp. 54, 53; Jansen, p. 225.↑
18Hagen, p. 97.↑
18Hagen, p. 97.↑
19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑
19Klaproth, II p. 615.↑
20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑
20Paulitschke, I p. 262; II p. 140.↑
21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑
21Lander, I pp. 17, 37, 113.↑
22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑
22Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑
23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑
23Bell, I pp. 169, 308.↑
24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑
24Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 309.↑
25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑
25Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑
26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑
26Ujfalvy, Les Aryens, p. 352.↑
27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑
27See Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 35, 36.↑
28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑
28Burckhardt, I p. 182.↑
29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑
29Geoffroy, pp. 420, 425, 434.↑
30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑
30Levchine, 348, 349, 344 note 1; Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I pp. 462, 463, 416; see also Ujfalvy,Expéd. Scient., p. 112.↑
31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑
31Radloff,Aus Sibirien, pp. 298, 302, 303, 287, 295, 312.↑
32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑
32Pallas, as quoted by Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36.↑
33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑
33Hildebrand, l.c., p. 36; see also Obrutschew, I p. 37, and Iwanowski, pp. 8, 11.↑
34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑
34Von Stenin, Die Kurden, p. 221.↑
35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑
35Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 50. See also Georgi, as quoted by Hildebrand, l.c. p. 36.↑
36Sumner, p. 66.↑
36Sumner, p. 66.↑
37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑
37Pallas,Reise, III p. 74; Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑
38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑
38Histoire de Kamtschatka, II pp. 239, 243, 233; see also Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, p. 36 (after Georgi).↑
39Hildebrand, l.c.↑
39Hildebrand, l.c.↑
40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑
40Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 318.↑
41Merker, p. 117.↑
41Merker, p. 117.↑
42Fritsch, p. 364.↑
42Fritsch, p. 364.↑
43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑
43Tromp,De Kaffers, p. 197.↑
44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑
44Kropf, pp. 109, 170, 171.↑
45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑
45Hahn,Die Ovaherero, p. 245; Viehe, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 301.↑
46See above, p. 144.↑
46See above, p. 144.↑
47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑
47Klaproth, II p. 615.↑
48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑
48Livingstone, Miss. Trav., pp. 109, 160.↑
49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑
49Casalis, pp. 227, 228.↑
50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑
50Holub,Süd-Afrika, II p. 348.↑
51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑
51Schweinfurth, I p. 164.↑
52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑
52Chaillé Long, p. 29.↑
53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑
53Paulitschke, I p. 333.↑
54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑
54Munzinger, Bogos, p. 46.↑
55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑
55L. Marx, in Steinmetz’sRechtsverhältnisse, p. 359.↑
56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑
56The cattle, among pastoral tribes, are the property of individuals, not of the community; see Dargun, pp. 58–69.↑
57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑
57Schmoller remarks, that in pastoral life, among the savages of to-day as well as among the ancient nations of Europe and Asia, the contrast of wealth and poverty and the dependence of the poor upon the rich are strongly marked. (Grundriss, I pp. 198, 370, 371).↑
58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑
58“It is the nature of pasturage to produce food for a much greater number of people than it can employ. In countries strictly pastoral, therefore, many persons will be idle, or at most be very inadequately occupied.” Malthus, Book II Ch. V (Bettany’s edition, p. 196).↑
59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑
59Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, first edition, pp. 37, 38 (after Prschewalsky, Radloff and Burckhardt). On the Mongols see also Iwanowski, p. 12.↑
60Levchine, p. 341.↑
60Levchine, p. 341.↑
61Rowney, p. 51.↑
61Rowney, p. 51.↑
62Merker, p. 117.↑
62Merker, p. 117.↑
63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑
63Schmoller,Grundriss, I p. 197.↑
64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑
64Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, p. 78.↑
65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑
65Geoffroy, pp. 429–431.↑
66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑
66On the economic function of these pariah tribes of Africa, see Schurtz,Das Afr. Gewerbe, pp. 38–45.↑
67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑
67Hildebrandt, Somal, p. 4.↑
68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑
68Mrs. French-Sheldon, p. 380; Thomson, Through Masailand, p. 448; Johnston, p. 402.↑
69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑
69Munzinger, Bogos, pp. 48, 49.↑
70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑
70Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 207.↑
71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑
71Ibid., pp. 235–242.↑
72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑
72Ibid., pp. 311, 312, 316, 317.↑
73See above, pp. 139–143.↑
73See above, pp. 139–143.↑
74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑
74Geoffroy, pp. 412,414, 415.↑
75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑
75Bell, I, p. 337; Klaproth, p. 567.↑
76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑
76It is stated, that the nomadic Koryakes regard the settled Koryakes as slaves (Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 223). But[281]we are not told that they require tributes or services from them. Probably our informant only means to say, that the settled Koryakes are despised by the nomads (see p. 222, ibid.).↑
77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑
77Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 149, 150.↑
78Ibid., p. 327.↑
78Ibid., p. 327.↑
79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑
79Geoffroy, p. 432.↑
80Bell, I p. 170.↑
80Bell, I p. 170.↑
81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑
81Paulitschke, I p. 263.↑
82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑
82Several instances of this phenomenon are on record with Hildebrand,Recht und Sitte, pp. 30, 31, 37, 38.↑
83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑
83Malthus, in his chapter on modern pastoral nations (Bettany’s edition, p. 73), remarks: “The power and riches of a chaik consist in the number of his tribe.… His own consequence greatly depends on a numerous progeny and kindred; and in a state of society where power generally procures subsistence, each individual family derives strength and importance from its numbers.”↑
84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑
84Viz. as long as the country is thinly peopled. We shall see later on, that among some savages the desire to occupy land is a great motive for making war.↑
85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑
85Geoffroy, pp. 425, 422, 441.↑
86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑
86Levchine, pp. 349, 350, 397.↑
87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑
87Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., pp. 311, 327.↑
88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑
88Histoire de Kamtschatka, II p. 218.↑
89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑
89Paulitschke, I pp. 254, 195.↑
90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑
90Fritsch, pp. 79, 226, 93; Kropf, p. 179.↑
91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑
91See above, pp. 274, 277.↑
92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑
92Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 310.↑
93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑
93Von Stenin,Samojeden, p. 187.↑
94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑
94Müller,Unter Tungusen und Jakuten, p. 173; Sumner, p. 67.↑
95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑
95Latham, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 16.↑
96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑
96Radloff,Aus Sibirien, I p. 312.↑
97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑
97Licata, as quoted by Paulitschke, I p. 253.↑
98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑
98Geoffroy, p. 434.↑
99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑
99Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 154.↑
100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑
100Even among the simple Todas; for it is stated that the decision of their disputes by the priest is “generally given in favour of the wealthiest of the litigants.” Metz, as quoted by Spencer, Descr. Soc., V p. 12.↑
101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑
101Burckhardt, I p. 356.↑
102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑
102Geoffroy, p. 440.↑
103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑
103Chantre, IV pp. 79, 136.↑
104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑
104Paulitschke, I p. 260.↑
105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑
105Munzinger, Ostafr. Stud., p. 155.↑
106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑
106Ibid., pp.308, 311.↑
107Galton, p. 142.↑
107Galton, p. 142.↑
108Hutter, p. 343.↑
108Hutter, p. 343.↑
109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑
109Pallas.Reise, I p. 337.↑
110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑
110“Preserving of food” occurs twice, because it works in different directions.↑