306De Groot, p. 455.↑307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑308Lenz, p. 59.↑309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑311Martius, p. 63.↑312See above,p. 269.↑313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑323Robidé, p. 227.↑324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑327Cooper, p. 183.↑328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑329Rousselet, p. 223.↑330See above, p. 287.↑331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑332Ibid., p. 268.↑333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑308Lenz, p. 59.↑309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑311Martius, p. 63.↑312See above,p. 269.↑313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑323Robidé, p. 227.↑324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑327Cooper, p. 183.↑328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑329Rousselet, p. 223.↑330See above, p. 287.↑331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑332Ibid., p. 268.↑333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑308Lenz, p. 59.↑309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑311Martius, p. 63.↑312See above,p. 269.↑313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑323Robidé, p. 227.↑324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑327Cooper, p. 183.↑328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑329Rousselet, p. 223.↑330See above, p. 287.↑331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑332Ibid., p. 268.↑333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑308Lenz, p. 59.↑309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑311Martius, p. 63.↑312See above,p. 269.↑313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑323Robidé, p. 227.↑324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑327Cooper, p. 183.↑328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑329Rousselet, p. 223.↑330See above, p. 287.↑331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑332Ibid., p. 268.↑333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑308Lenz, p. 59.↑309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑311Martius, p. 63.↑312See above,p. 269.↑313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑323Robidé, p. 227.↑324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑327Cooper, p. 183.↑328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑329Rousselet, p. 223.↑330See above, p. 287.↑331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑332Ibid., p. 268.↑333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑
306De Groot, p. 455.↑
307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑
307Blumentritt,Conquista, p. 53.↑
308Lenz, p. 59.↑
308Lenz, p. 59.↑
309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑
309Compiègne, Okanda, pp. 194, 195.↑
310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑
310Torday and Joyce, Ba-Mbala, p. 411.↑
311Martius, p. 63.↑
311Martius, p. 63.↑
312See above,p. 269.↑
312See above,p. 269.↑
313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑
313Leroy-Beaulieu, p. 80. See also Malthus (Bettany’s edition, pp. 423, 424): “In the feudal times, the landlords could in no other way spend their incomes than by maintaining a great number of idle followers.”↑
314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑
314Coquilhat, pp. 365, 265.↑
315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑
315Finsch,Die Goldküste, pp. 359, 360.↑
316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑
316Among hunting agriculturists we have found 34 positive and 43 negative cases; among agriculturists of the higher stages 136 positive and 52 negative cases.↑
317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑
317Morgan, Anc. Soc., p. 136.↑
318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑
318See Salvioli’s article on the struggles between pastoral and agricultural peoples.↑
319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑
319See above, p. 295, and Grosse, p. 134.↑
320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑
320Martius, pp. 123, 131, 131 note, 154 note, 531–533, 772.↑
321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑
321Robidé, pp. 345 sqq.↑
322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑
322Ibid., pp. 53, 218, 221, 288, 289, 232, 255, 317. See also “Nieuw Guinea”, pp. 186–192.↑
323Robidé, p. 227.↑
323Robidé, p. 227.↑
324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑
324Ibid., pp. 277, 242.↑
325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑
325Ottow and Geissler, pp. 152, 153.↑
326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑
326See Blumentritt,Conquista.↑
327Cooper, p. 183.↑
327Cooper, p. 183.↑
328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑
328Colquhoun, p. 70.↑
329Rousselet, p. 223.↑
329Rousselet, p. 223.↑
330See above, p. 287.↑
330See above, p. 287.↑
331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑
331Ingram, pp. 19, 38.↑
332Ibid., p. 268.↑
332Ibid., p. 268.↑
333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑
333Ibid., 224, 225, 230–233. On the African slave-trade, see also Ratzel,Anthropogeographie,II (1891), pp. 386, 387.↑
334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑
334Polack, I,pp. 78, 79.↑
335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑
335In ancient Wales “the price of a slave was one pound, but of one brought across the sea, a pound and a half. The slave who was brought from a distance was much less likely to escape, or even to attempt it, and was therefore a more valuable property; this principle still holds good among slave-owners.” Cunningham, English Industry, I,p. 117 note 6.↑