FOOTNOTES:[22]Approved by the Supervisory Committee on Standard Methods of Analysis of the American Chemical Society.[23]Live steam must not be turned into tank cars or coils before samples are drawn, since there is no certain way of telling when coils are free from leaks.[24]If there is water present under the solid material this must be noted and estimated separately.[25]Boiling point of water at reduced pressures.Pressure Mm. Hg.Boiling Point to 1° C.Boiling Point +15° C.Boiling Point +20° C.10052° C.67° C.72° C.905065708047626770456065604257625038535840344954[26]Results comparable to those of the Standard Method may be obtained on most fats and oils by drying 5-g. portions of the sample, prepared and weighed as above, to constant weight in a well-constructed and well-ventilated air oven held uniformly at a temperature of 105° to 110° C. The thermometer bulb should be close to the sample. The definition of constant weight is the same as for the Standard Method.[27]The following method is suggested by the Committee for routine control work: Weigh out 5- to 25-g. portions of prepared sample into a glass or aluminum (Caution: Aluminum soap may be formed) beaker or casserole and heat on a heavy asbestos board over burner or hot plate, taking care that the temperature of the sample does not go above 130° C. at any time. During the heating rotate the vessel gently on the board by hand to avoid sputtering or too rapid evolution of moisture. The proper length of time of heating is judged by absence of rising bubbles of steam, by the absence of foam or by other signs known to the operator. Avoid overheating of sample as indicated by smoking or darkening. Cool in desiccator and weigh.By co-operative work in several laboratories, the Committee has demonstrated that this method can be used and satisfactory results obtained on coconut oil even when a considerable percentage of free fatty acids is present, and the method is recommended for this purpose. Unfortunately on account of the very great personal factor involved, the Committee cannot establish this method as a preferred method. Nevertheless, after an operator has learned the technique of the method, it gives perfectly satisfactory results for ordinary oils and fats, butter, oleomargarine and coconut oil, and deserves more recognition than it has heretofore received.[28]For routine control work, filter paper is sometimes more convenient than the prepared Gooch crucible, but must be very carefully washed, especially around the rim, to remove the last traces of fat.[29]For routine work, an ash may be run on the original fat, and the soluble mineral matter obtained by deducting the ash on the insoluble impurities from this. In this case the Gooch crucible should be prepared with an ignited asbestos mat so that the impurities may be ashed directly after being weighed. In all cases ignition should be to constant weight so as to insure complete decomposition of carbonates.[30]See note on Soluble Mineral Matter following these methods. When the ash contains phosphates the factor 10 cannot be applied, but the bases consisting of calcium oxide, etc., must be determined, and the factor 10 applied to them.[31]For routine work methyl or denatured ethyl alcohol of approximately 95 per cent strength may be used. With these reagents the end-point is not sharp.[32]P. C. McIlhiney,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 29 (1917), 1222, gives the following details for the preparation of the iodine monochloride solution:The preparation of the iodine monochloride solution presents no great difficulty, but it must be done with care and accuracy in order to obtain satisfactory results. There must be in the solution no sensible excess either of iodine or more particularly of chlorine, over that required to form the monochloride. This condition is most satisfactorily attained by dissolving in the whole of the acetic acid to be used the requisite quantity of iodine, using a gentle heat to assist the solution, if it is found necessary, setting aside a small portion of this solution, while pure and dry chlorine is passed into the remainder until the halogen content of the whole solution is doubled. Ordinarily it will be found that by passing the chlorine into the main part of the solution until the characteristic color of free iodine has just been discharged there will be a slight excess of chlorine which is corrected by the addition of the requisite amount of the unchlorinated portion until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but excess of chlorine must be avoided.[33]The melting point of oils may be determined in general according to the above procedure, taking into consideration the lower temperature required.
[22]Approved by the Supervisory Committee on Standard Methods of Analysis of the American Chemical Society.
[22]Approved by the Supervisory Committee on Standard Methods of Analysis of the American Chemical Society.
[23]Live steam must not be turned into tank cars or coils before samples are drawn, since there is no certain way of telling when coils are free from leaks.
[23]Live steam must not be turned into tank cars or coils before samples are drawn, since there is no certain way of telling when coils are free from leaks.
[24]If there is water present under the solid material this must be noted and estimated separately.
[24]If there is water present under the solid material this must be noted and estimated separately.
[25]Boiling point of water at reduced pressures.Pressure Mm. Hg.Boiling Point to 1° C.Boiling Point +15° C.Boiling Point +20° C.10052° C.67° C.72° C.905065708047626770456065604257625038535840344954
[25]Boiling point of water at reduced pressures.
Pressure Mm. Hg.Boiling Point to 1° C.Boiling Point +15° C.Boiling Point +20° C.10052° C.67° C.72° C.905065708047626770456065604257625038535840344954
[26]Results comparable to those of the Standard Method may be obtained on most fats and oils by drying 5-g. portions of the sample, prepared and weighed as above, to constant weight in a well-constructed and well-ventilated air oven held uniformly at a temperature of 105° to 110° C. The thermometer bulb should be close to the sample. The definition of constant weight is the same as for the Standard Method.
[26]Results comparable to those of the Standard Method may be obtained on most fats and oils by drying 5-g. portions of the sample, prepared and weighed as above, to constant weight in a well-constructed and well-ventilated air oven held uniformly at a temperature of 105° to 110° C. The thermometer bulb should be close to the sample. The definition of constant weight is the same as for the Standard Method.
[27]The following method is suggested by the Committee for routine control work: Weigh out 5- to 25-g. portions of prepared sample into a glass or aluminum (Caution: Aluminum soap may be formed) beaker or casserole and heat on a heavy asbestos board over burner or hot plate, taking care that the temperature of the sample does not go above 130° C. at any time. During the heating rotate the vessel gently on the board by hand to avoid sputtering or too rapid evolution of moisture. The proper length of time of heating is judged by absence of rising bubbles of steam, by the absence of foam or by other signs known to the operator. Avoid overheating of sample as indicated by smoking or darkening. Cool in desiccator and weigh.By co-operative work in several laboratories, the Committee has demonstrated that this method can be used and satisfactory results obtained on coconut oil even when a considerable percentage of free fatty acids is present, and the method is recommended for this purpose. Unfortunately on account of the very great personal factor involved, the Committee cannot establish this method as a preferred method. Nevertheless, after an operator has learned the technique of the method, it gives perfectly satisfactory results for ordinary oils and fats, butter, oleomargarine and coconut oil, and deserves more recognition than it has heretofore received.
[27]The following method is suggested by the Committee for routine control work: Weigh out 5- to 25-g. portions of prepared sample into a glass or aluminum (Caution: Aluminum soap may be formed) beaker or casserole and heat on a heavy asbestos board over burner or hot plate, taking care that the temperature of the sample does not go above 130° C. at any time. During the heating rotate the vessel gently on the board by hand to avoid sputtering or too rapid evolution of moisture. The proper length of time of heating is judged by absence of rising bubbles of steam, by the absence of foam or by other signs known to the operator. Avoid overheating of sample as indicated by smoking or darkening. Cool in desiccator and weigh.
By co-operative work in several laboratories, the Committee has demonstrated that this method can be used and satisfactory results obtained on coconut oil even when a considerable percentage of free fatty acids is present, and the method is recommended for this purpose. Unfortunately on account of the very great personal factor involved, the Committee cannot establish this method as a preferred method. Nevertheless, after an operator has learned the technique of the method, it gives perfectly satisfactory results for ordinary oils and fats, butter, oleomargarine and coconut oil, and deserves more recognition than it has heretofore received.
[28]For routine control work, filter paper is sometimes more convenient than the prepared Gooch crucible, but must be very carefully washed, especially around the rim, to remove the last traces of fat.
[28]For routine control work, filter paper is sometimes more convenient than the prepared Gooch crucible, but must be very carefully washed, especially around the rim, to remove the last traces of fat.
[29]For routine work, an ash may be run on the original fat, and the soluble mineral matter obtained by deducting the ash on the insoluble impurities from this. In this case the Gooch crucible should be prepared with an ignited asbestos mat so that the impurities may be ashed directly after being weighed. In all cases ignition should be to constant weight so as to insure complete decomposition of carbonates.
[29]For routine work, an ash may be run on the original fat, and the soluble mineral matter obtained by deducting the ash on the insoluble impurities from this. In this case the Gooch crucible should be prepared with an ignited asbestos mat so that the impurities may be ashed directly after being weighed. In all cases ignition should be to constant weight so as to insure complete decomposition of carbonates.
[30]See note on Soluble Mineral Matter following these methods. When the ash contains phosphates the factor 10 cannot be applied, but the bases consisting of calcium oxide, etc., must be determined, and the factor 10 applied to them.
[30]See note on Soluble Mineral Matter following these methods. When the ash contains phosphates the factor 10 cannot be applied, but the bases consisting of calcium oxide, etc., must be determined, and the factor 10 applied to them.
[31]For routine work methyl or denatured ethyl alcohol of approximately 95 per cent strength may be used. With these reagents the end-point is not sharp.
[31]For routine work methyl or denatured ethyl alcohol of approximately 95 per cent strength may be used. With these reagents the end-point is not sharp.
[32]P. C. McIlhiney,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 29 (1917), 1222, gives the following details for the preparation of the iodine monochloride solution:The preparation of the iodine monochloride solution presents no great difficulty, but it must be done with care and accuracy in order to obtain satisfactory results. There must be in the solution no sensible excess either of iodine or more particularly of chlorine, over that required to form the monochloride. This condition is most satisfactorily attained by dissolving in the whole of the acetic acid to be used the requisite quantity of iodine, using a gentle heat to assist the solution, if it is found necessary, setting aside a small portion of this solution, while pure and dry chlorine is passed into the remainder until the halogen content of the whole solution is doubled. Ordinarily it will be found that by passing the chlorine into the main part of the solution until the characteristic color of free iodine has just been discharged there will be a slight excess of chlorine which is corrected by the addition of the requisite amount of the unchlorinated portion until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but excess of chlorine must be avoided.
[32]P. C. McIlhiney,J. Am. Chem. Soc., 29 (1917), 1222, gives the following details for the preparation of the iodine monochloride solution:
The preparation of the iodine monochloride solution presents no great difficulty, but it must be done with care and accuracy in order to obtain satisfactory results. There must be in the solution no sensible excess either of iodine or more particularly of chlorine, over that required to form the monochloride. This condition is most satisfactorily attained by dissolving in the whole of the acetic acid to be used the requisite quantity of iodine, using a gentle heat to assist the solution, if it is found necessary, setting aside a small portion of this solution, while pure and dry chlorine is passed into the remainder until the halogen content of the whole solution is doubled. Ordinarily it will be found that by passing the chlorine into the main part of the solution until the characteristic color of free iodine has just been discharged there will be a slight excess of chlorine which is corrected by the addition of the requisite amount of the unchlorinated portion until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but excess of chlorine must be avoided.
[33]The melting point of oils may be determined in general according to the above procedure, taking into consideration the lower temperature required.
[33]The melting point of oils may be determined in general according to the above procedure, taking into consideration the lower temperature required.
The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter (the unit of length). From this the units of mass (gram) and capacity (liter) are derived. All other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related, so that for all practical purposes the volume of one kilogram of water (one liter) is equal to one cubic decimeter.
Prefixes.Meaning.Units.Milli-= one thousandth 1-1000 .001Meter for length.Centi-= one hundredth 1-100 .01Deci-= one tenth 1-10 .1Unit= one 1.Gram for mass.Deka-= ten 10-1 10.Hecto-= one hundred 100-1 100.Liter for capacity.Kilo-= one thousand 1000-1 1000.
The metric terms are formed by combining the words "Meter," "Gram" and "Liter" with the six numerical prefixes.
10 milli-meters mm=1 centi-meterc m10 centi-meters=1 deci-meterd m10 deci-meters=1 meter (about 40 inches)m10 meters=1 deka-meterd k m10 deka-meters=1 hecto-meterh m10 hecto-meters=1 kilo-meter (about 5/8 mile)k m
10 milli-grams. m g=1 centi-gramc g10 centi-grams=1 deci-gramd g10 deci-grams=1 gram (about 15 grains)g10 grams=1 deka-gramd k g10 Deka-grams=1 hecto-gramh g10 hecto-grams=1 kilo-gram (about 2 pounds)k g
10 milli-liters. m l=1 centi-literc l10 centi-liters=1 deci-literd l10 deci-liters=1 liter (about 1 quart)l10 liters=1 deka-literd k l10 deka-liters=1 hecto-liter (about a barrel)h l10 hecto-liters=1 kilo-literk l
The square and cubic units are the squares and cubes of the linear units.
The ordinary unit of land area is the Hectare (about 2-1/2 acres).
Meter = 39.37 inches.
Legal Equivalent Adopted by Act of Congress July 28, 1866.
Centimeter= 0.3937 inchMeter= 3.28 feetMeter= 1.094 yardsKilometer= 0.621 statute mileKilometer= 0.5396 nautical mileInch= 2.540 centimetersFoot= 0.305 meterYard= 0.914 meterStatute mile= 1.61 kilometersNautical mile= 1.853 kilometers
Sq. centimeter= 0.155 sq. inchSq. meter= 10.76 sq. feetSq. meter= 1.196 sq. yardsHectare= 2.47 acresSq. kilometer= 0.386 sq. mileSq. inch= 6.45 sq. centimetersSq. foot= 0.0929 sq. meterSq. yard= 0.836 sq. meterAcre= 0.405 hectareSq. mile= 2.59 sq. kilometers
Gram= 15.43 grainsGram= 0.772 U. S. apoth. scrupleGram= 0.2572 U. S. apoth. dramGram= 0.0353 avoir. ounceGram= 0.03215 troy ounceKilogram= 2.205 avoir. poundsKilogram= 2.679 troy poundsMetric ton= 0.984 gross or long tonMetric ton= 1.102 short or net tonsGrain= 0.064 gramU. S. apoth. scruple= 1.296 gramsU. S. apoth. dram= 3.89 gramsAvoir. ounce= 28.35 gramsTroy ounce= 31.10 gramsAvoir. pound= 0.4536 kilogramTroy pound= 0.373 kilogramGross or long ton= 1.016 metric tonsShort or net ton= 0.907 metric ton
Cu. centimeter= 0.0610 cu. inchCu. meter= 35.3 cu. feetCu. meter= 1.308 cu. yardsCu. inch= 16.39 cu. centimetersCu. foot= 0.283 cu. meterCu. yard= 0.765 cu. meter
Millimeter= 0.0338 U. S. liq. ounceMillimeter= 0.2705 U. S. apoth. dramLiter= 1.057 U. S. liq. quartsLiter= 0.2642 U. S. liq. gallonLiter= 0.908 U. S. dry quartDekaliter= 1.135 U. S. pecksHectoliter= 2.838 U. S. bushelsU. S. liq. ounce= 29.57 millimetersU. S. apoth. dram= 3.70 millimetersU. S. liq. quarts= 0.946 literU. S. dry quarts= 1.101 litersU. S. liq. gallon= 3.785 litersU. S. peck= 0.881 dekaliterU. S. bushel= 0.3524 hectoliter
1 pound=16 ounces= 256drams1 ounce= 16"
1 pound=12 ounces= 96 drams= 288 scruples= 5,760 grains1 ounce= 8 drams= 24 scruples= 480 grains1 dram= 3 scruples= 60 grains1 scruple= 20 grains
1 gallon= 8 pints= 128 fl. ozs.= 1,024 fl. drams= 61,440 minims1 pint= 16 fl. ozs.= 128 fl. drams= 7,689 minims1 fl. oz.= 8 fl. drams= 480 minims1 fl. dram= 60 minims
To find diameter of a circlemultiply circumference by .31831.
To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.
To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.
To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.
To find side of an equal square, multiply diameter by .8862.
To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe, increases its capacity four times.
One cubic foot of anthracite coalweighs about 53 lbs.
One cubic foot of bituminous coalweighs from 47 to 50 pounds.
A gallon of water(U. S. standard) weighs 8-1/3 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches.
A cubic foot of watercontains 7-1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches and weighs 62-1/2 pounds.
To find the number of pounds of water a cylindricaltank contains, square the diameter, multiply by .785 and then by the height in feet. This gives the number of cubic feet which multiplied by 62-1/2 gives the capacity in pounds of water. Divide by 7-1/2 and this gives the capacity in gallons.
A horse-poweris equivalent to raising 33,000 pounds 1 foot per minute, or 550 pounds 1 foot per second.
The friction of water in pipesis as the square of velocity. The capacity of pipes is as the square of their diameters; thus, doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.
To find the diameter of a pump cylinderto move a given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder.
To find the horse-power necessary to elevate waterto a given height, multiply the weight of the water elevated per minute in pounds by the height in feet, and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance should be added for water friction, and a further allowance for loss in steam cylinder, say from 20 to 30 per cent).
To compute the capacity of pumping engines, multiply the area of water piston, in inches, by the distance it travels, in inches, in a given time. Deduct 3 per cent for slip and rod displacement. The product divided by 231 gives the number of gallons in time named.
To find the velocity in feet per minutenecessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.
To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, the diameter can be learned by using any table giving the "area of circles" and finding the nearest area, opposite to which will be found the diameter to correspond.
Specific gravity at 15°C.Specific gravity at 100°C.Melting-point. C.Solidifying-point. C.Linseed oil0.931-0.9380.880-16° to -26°-16°Hemp-seed oil0.925-0.931-27°Walnut oil0.925-0.9260.871-27°Poppy-seed oil0.924-0.9270.873-18°Sunflower oil0.924-0.9260.919-17°Fir-seed oil0.925-0.928-27° to -30°Maize oil0.921-0.926-10° to -15°Cotton-seed oil0.922-0.9300.86712°Sesame oil0.923-0.9240.871-5°Rape-seed oil0.914-0.9170.863-2° to -10°Black mustard oil0.916-0.920-17.5°Croton oil0.942-0.955-16°Castor oil0.960-0.9660.910-12° to -18°Apricot-kernel oil0.915-0.919-14°Almond oil0.915-0.920-10° to -20°Peanut (arachis) oil0.916-0.9200.867-3° to -7°Olive oil0.914-0.9170.8622°Menhaden oil0.927-0.933-4°Cod-liver oil0.922-0.9270.8740° to -10°Seal oil0.924-0.9290.8733°Whale oil0.920-0.9300.872-2°Dolphin oil0.917-0.9185° to -3°Porpoise oil0.9260.871-16°Neat's-foot oil0.914-0.9160.8610° to 1.5°Cotton-seed stearine0.919-0.9230.86740°31° to 32.5°Palm oil0.921-0.9250.85627° to 42°Cacao butter0.950-0.9520.85830° to 33°25° to 26°Cocoa-nut oil0.925-0.9260.87320° to 26°16° to 20°Myrtle wax0.9950.87540° to 44°39° to 43°Japan wax0.970-0.9800.87551° to 54.5°46°Lard0.931-0.9380.86141° to 46°29°Bone fat0.914-0.91621° to 22°15° to 17°Tallow0.943-0.9520.86042° to 46°35° to 37°Butter fat0.927-0.9360.86629.5° to 33°19° to 20°Oleomargarine0.924-0.9300.859Sperm oil0.875-0.8840.833-25°Bottle-nose oil0.879-0.8800.827Carnauba wax0.990-0.9990.84284° to 85°80° to 81°Wool-fat0.9730.90139° to 42°30° to 30.2°Beeswax0.958-0.9690.82262° to 64°60.5° to 62°Spermaceti0.9600.81243.5° to 49°43.4° to 44.2°Chinese wax0.9700.81080.5° to 81°80.5° to 81°Tung (Chinese wood oil)0.936-0.942below -17°Soya-bean oil0.924-0.9278° to 15°
Saponification value.Maumené test.Iodine value.Hehner value.Reichert value.Linseed oil190-195104°-111°175-190Hemp-seed oil190-19395°-96°148Walnut oil19596°-101°144-147Poppy-seed oil19586°-88°134-14195.38Sunflower oil193-19472°-75°120-12995Fir-seed oil191.398°-99°118.9-120Maize oil188-19356°-60.5°117-12589-95.72.5Cotton-seed oil191-19568°-77°104-11096-17Sesame oil189-19364°-68°105-10995.80.35Rape-seed oil170-17851°-60°95-10595Black mustard oil174-174.643°-44°96-11095.05Croton oil210.3-215101.7-1048913.5Castor oil178-18646°-47°83.4-85.91.4Apricot-kernel oil192.2-193.142.5°-46°100-107Almond oil190.5-195.451°-54°93-9796.2Peanut (arachis) oil190-19745°-49°85-9895.86Olive oil191-19641.5°-45.5°80.6-84.595.430.3Menhaden oil189.3-192123°-128°140-1701.2Cod-liver oil182-187102°-103°154-18095.3Seal oil190-19692°127-14094.20.22Whale-oil188-19391°-92°110-13693.52.04Dolphin {Body oil197.399.593.075.6oil {Jaw oil20032.866.2865.92Porpoise {Body oil216-218.850°119.423.45oil {Jaw oil253.749.668.4165.8Neat's-foot oil194.347°-48.5°69.3-70.4Cotton-seed stearine.194.6-195.148°88.7-92.896.3Palm oil196.3-20253-5795.60.5Cacao butter192.2-193.532-4194.591.6Cocoa-nut oil250-2538.5-9.388.63.7Myrtle wax205.7-211.72.9Japan wax220-222.44.2-8.590.6Lard195.3-196.627°-32°57-7096Bone fat190.946.3-49.6Tallow195-19836-4795.60.25Butter fat221.5-22726-3587.528.78Oleomargarine194-203.755.3-6095-962.6Sperm oil132.5-14747°-51°841.3Bottle-nose oil126-13441°-47°77.4-821.4Carnauba wax80-8413.5Wool-fat98.2-102.425-28Beeswax91-968.3-11Spermaceti128Chinese wax63Tung (Chinese wood oil)193150-165Soya-bean oil190.6-192.959°-61°121.3-12495.5
A Temperaturef Corrected Volume 1 c.c.Logarithm11° C0.9980 ccm9991312° "0.9985 "9993513° "0.9990 "9995614° "0.9995 "9997815° "1.0000 "0000016° "1.0005 "0002217° "1.0010 "0004318° "1.0015 "0006519° "1.0020 "0008720° "1.0025 "0010821° "1.0030 "0013022° "1.0035 "0015223° "1.0040 "00173