patronage of, by Court,339;fondness for, a tradition of English royalty,340;Royal Academy of,340;triumph of German over Italian school of,344.Musicaleducation, in England and on Continent compared,342;encouraged and promoted by Prince Consort,343.Musician, the professional, sketch of, in 1837,338;and in 1897,339.NNationalcharacter, insularity of, disappearing generally,194;cosmopolitanism of, among upper classes,204;imitated by the middle class,205.Nationaldebt, gradual reduction of, during Queen’s reign,45;reduced from £821,000,000 after Crimean War, in 1856,45;to £652,000,000 in 1896,45.NationalGallery, established in 1824,354;present building of, opened in 1838,354;Angerstein Collection, the nucleus of,354;Vernon bequest to, in 1847,354;£70,000 paid for Sir Robert Peel’s collection,355;£70,000 paid for ‘Ansidei Madonna’ to the Duke of Marlborough,358.Navy, training of officers and men of,307;reduction of, on conclusion of Napoleonic Wars,311;132 vessels on, list on Queen’s accession,311;461 vessels on, list at Queen’s diamond jubilee,311;Parliamentary vote for, in 1837, £3,000,000,312;in 1897, £23,000,000,312;establishment of H.M.S.Excellentas gunnery school for,313;manning of the,313;the naval reserve of the,314;institution of H.M.S.Britanniafor education of midshipmen for,314;introduction of steam into the,315;five paddle-wheel steamers in, at Queen’s accession,315;condition of, at outbreak of Crimean War,316;recognition of value of, by Kinglake,317;and of the special value of steam in,317;the floating batteries of Crimean War, first ironclads of,317;theWarriorfirst sea-going ironclad of,317;turret and broadside armaments in, of to-day compared,319.Needlework, embroidery and lace, as fashionable amusements,419.Neighbourhoodguilds, the, of New York,121.Neweducational authority, the want of a,161;must have an elastic operation,161;necessary functions of a, indicated,162.NewSouth Wales, colony of,25;no foreign trade before 1848,25;exports from, in 1878 amounted to £13,000,000,25;imports into, in 1878 amounted to £17,000,000,25;valuable coalfields of,25.NewYork, advantages of intimate social connexion between, and London,437.Newspapers, English, number of in 1837, only 479,381;number of in 1897, 2396,381;heavily taxed by Harley in 1712,381;and by North and Pitt afterwards,381;taxation of, lowered by Spring Rice in 1836,381;repeal of paper duty in 1851, and rise of penny, in consequence,381;theEcho, the first of the halfpenny,385;increase of halfpenny, of late years,385;reviews of books in,385;great improvement in general character of,387;growing tendency of, towards political impartiality,387.Newspaperwriters, growth of, as a class,374;instances of, Russell, Forbes, Dicey, Sala and others,375;action and reaction of, on the public press,375;Macaulay as one of the, father of the leading article style,378;no longer really anonymous,385;the recruiting of writers with well-known names for,385;the youth of modern,386.Newton, Sir Isaac, his discovery of law of gravitation,324.Nightingale, Florence, her training in Germany,390;the trained nurses who accompanied, in 1854,390;influence of, on origin of nursing as a profession,390;supercession of the ‘Mrs Gamp’ and decayed billiard-markers of former days,391;tributes to efficiency of system started by,391.Nonconformists, subject to greater numerical fluctuations than established churches,405;reasons for same,405;the numbers of the Congregationalists in 1837 and 1897,404;the numbers of Baptists in 1837 and 1897,404.Novelwriters of eminence since Sir Walter Scott,375;commercial successes of,375;George Eliot, Dickens, Thackeray, Wilkie Collins and Charles Reade, as instances of,375;Bulwer Lytton and Disraeli as, compared,376.OOrganization, faculty for, of Prince Consort,320;of exhibition of 1851, by Prince Consort,320.Overlappingof schools, waste of educational energy caused by,161.Oxford, number of unattached students at University of,183;system of control over unattached students at,183;system of teaching the unattached at,183;honours gained at, by the unattached students,184;exemplary conduct of unattached at,185;professor of modern history at, formerly an unattached student,186;social clubs for undergraduates at,188;effect of social clubs at, on ‘union society,’188.Oxfordand Cambridge, middle class examinations, beginnings of,147;still uphold the standard of general culture in England,150.PPalmerston, Lord, sketch of,4;descent from Sir John Houblon, Lord Mayor of London,15.ParishCouncils, apparent tendency of,80;female members of,80;subjects of discussion at,81;‘one man one vote’ for,81;effect of, to restore many old manorial rights,82;sense of responsibility developed by,83;seldom convened more than once a year,84;differences between, and County Councils decided by the Local Government Board,84;obliged to hold their sittings in the evening,90.Parishes, English, prior to 1894,77;State represented by squire in,77;Church by vicar in,77;the village by the village club in,77;subjects of interest to inhabitants of rural,78;change which has come over, since 1894,78;the village meeting halls, modern centres of,78;home rule in, since 1894,79;the grouping of, great care taken in,80.Parliament, an assembly of business men,268;abhors rhetoric,268;submits to ascendency of great masters of eloquence,269;will not tolerate commonplace speeches,269;local Houses of,269;Houses of, burnt in 1834,239;temporary building for the meeting of,239;the new Houses of, several years building,239;House of Lords side of, opened after thirteen years,240;House of Commons side, opened after sixteen years,240;peeresses’ gallery in,241;ladies’ cage in,242;members of (seemembers of Parliament);types of members, in the past,247;more modern types of,251;acceptance of position of delegates by,256.Parliamentary, oratory, change in fashion of,248;classical quotations no longer a feature of,248;business language used in modern,249;proceedings, foreign interest taken in,249;hospitality, five o’clock tea on Terrace,245;stage, and theatrical stages, parallel between,250;humorists, a succession of,251;children of the church, a regular supply of,251;obstruction, methods of, practised by Parnell,255;closure, the remedy for obstruction,256.Parochialschools, first suggested by S. Whitbread in 1807,134.Pauperism, statistics of, in England,45;50 per cent. less in 1897 than in 1857;enormous reduction of, in the Midlands,88;and in Sussex,88;reduction in, a direct consequence of Act of 1834,88;less frequent application of workhouse test in cases of,89.Peel, Sir Robert, sketch of,4;his seat on horseback,4;popular respect in which held,10.Peerages, modern, conferred on representatives of science and art,327;on Tennyson as a poet,327;Playfair as a physician,327;Kelvin as a physicist,327;Lister as a surgeon,327.People’sPalace, The, a fanciful sketch of Sir Walter Besant,362;difficulties of administration in connection with,125.Periodicals, magazines and reviews, their popularity,267;used as substitutes for parliamentary speeches,267;mutual advantages to publisher and member of Parliament of the use of, as substitutes for speeches,267.Phelps, pupil of Macready, his position on stage,216.Photography, a production of the Victorian era,333.Physicalinvestigations, appliances for, former want of,324;perfection of appliances now, product of Victorian era,324.Pictures, prices of, in 1649,46;gradual rise in,47;great sums paid by Russian Emperor,48;£30,000 realised by sale of the Walpole, in 1842,49;£60,000 by sale of the Bernal Collection of, in 1856,50;Gainsborough’s picture of the ‘Sisters’ sold for £6615 in 1873,52;resold in 1887 for £9975,52.Pitt, William, peerages bestowed on wealthy men by,13;his theory that £40,000 per annum should command a peerage,42.Plutocrat, education of the, by painters, as prophesied by Rossetti,359;the prophecy fulfilled,359.Poor, ignorance respecting the condition of the,71;the brothers Mayhew and the London,71;the Greenwoods and the casual ward,72;Leighton, Hicks-Beach and Denison, their work amongst the,73;the Dilke Commission for inquiry into the housing of,389.Poor-Law, under the Act of 1834,87;the Unions under the Act, called the New Bastilles,87;marked improvement in condition of working class since,87.Popular, constituencies organised by Reform Bill of 1832,238;franchises, a few abolished by Bill,239;meetings, displacement of great parliamentary speeches by,257.Population, increased, 30 per cent. during last sixty years,234;comparison of, with increased means of subsistence,235.Pre-Raphaelite, the, revolution in art,360;its effect on English art,360.Presbyterianismand the Free Kirk of Scotland,404.Press, the, anonymous system of, modified by various agencies,384;enlarged staffs employed on,384;amateurs and others,384;proprietorship of the newspaper, a fashion,266;a reflex of English thought and life,266;reptile of Germany, unknown in England,266;connection of leading men with special portions of,267;competition of periodicals with the newspaper,267;result of Gladstone’s Irish policy on the,383;political independence of, affected by that policy,383.Preston, strike at, the first great struggle between labour and capital,24.PrinceConsort, sagacity of, early discovered,20;cultivation of artistic sense in English manufactures, due to,20;influence of, in shaping monarchy of to-day,276;sets example of royal sympathy with extra political activities of daily life,276;early training of, in view of his possible future home,277;reforms the domestic economy of the palace,278;attacks on, in clubs and drawing-rooms,279;as well as in the inferior press,279;institutes office of master of the household,280;promotion of science and art by,282;skill of the, as an organist,284;first public speech of, on the slave trade in 1840,285;revives the taste for classical music,285;initiates royal platform speeches on non-political matters,285;influence of Sir Robert Peel on the,286;Sir Charles Eastlake and the, friendship of,288;visits of Queen and, to Sir Robert Peel,289;to Louis Philippe,289;to Birmingham, Liverpool, Glasgow and Leeds,289;elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge,289;declines the post of commander-in-chief,294;suggestions of, for a system of national defence,294;acts as director of Ancient Concerts,339;rescues the Raphael cartoons from decay,349;efforts of, to make Court the centre of literary, scientific and artistic efforts,323.Princeof Wales, ubiquity of,289;untiring energy of, derived from his father,289;visit of, to tomb of George Washington in 1860,437.Prisons, no new, built since 1870,367;several, converted into public libraries,367;one of the, now the site of a fine art gallery,367.Privatetheatricals, local clubs for,197.PrivyCouncil, judicial committee of,427;functions of,427;constitutional modifications of,427.PrivyPurse, succession of able men who have acted as,281;distinction between, and Privy Seal,281.Problem, the educational, awaiting solution, Higher grade schools,139.PublicHealth Act, 1875, embodiment of efforts of individuals extending over forty years,99.PublicSchools, increased numbers at,96;Bedford, Ipswich, Bath, Cheltenham and others;products of Victorian era,96.PublicSchool Act, 1868, effect of,139.‘Punch,’ Staffordshire miner, as delineated by, no longer true,154.Purcell, Henry, born 1675,344(note);organist at Westminster when eighteen years old,344;prolific composer,344;German unintentional compliment to,344.QQuakerSchool at Ackworth, specially complimented by the Education Commission,146.QuarterSessions, sketch of county town during,97;before Corporation Act and afterwards,97.QueenElizabeth, comparison of, with Queen Victoria,275.RRacehorse, the, indispensable to breed of horses,412;antiquity of,412;introduction of Arab blood into,412;social diploma to breeders of,413.Railway, the Manchester and Liverpool, death of Huskisson on,28;pays ten per cent. dividend in 1836,29;Queen did not travel by, until 1842,28;1800 miles of, open in England in 1843,28;enterprise, reaction in, in 1846,31.Railways, capital invested in, in 1850, £230,000,000,31;in 1894, £985,000,000,31;receipts of, in 1855, £21,000,000,32;in 1895, £84,000,000,32;how far, have enriched the landowners,36;wealth derived from, compared with that from other sources,37;nationalisation of, objections to,38;State control of,38;England and America, the two exceptions to,38.Reaction, signs of, against educational enthusiasm,165;grounds of,165.ReadingSchool, connection of, with Oxford University extension system,192.Religiouseducation, struggle over, sketch of the,137.Religiousthought, various phases of,398;gratitude of Oxford verger for remaining a Christian,398;modern scepticism and,398;influence of Court on,399;Tractarian movement as a phase of,399;agnosticism as a phase of, fillip given to, by Dr Mansel,406;progress of, stayed by Benjamin Jowett,406;the ‘hard’ church,407;Dr Temple as representative of,407;Lux Mundi,407.RomanCatholicism, increase of, in large towns,405;and in colonies,405;increase of numbers of priests and churches,405.Rothschild, Lionel, issues Irish famine loan, 1847,59;lends £16,000,000 to English Government in 1854,59;advances £4,000,000 for purchase of Suez Canal shares, 1876,60;elected to Parliament as member for London, 1847,60;unable to take his seat until 1866,60;hospitalities at Gunnersbury,61;death of, in 1879,61.Rothschild, Mayer A., of Frankfort, founder of the family in the eighteenth century,55;known as the Crœsus of Europe,55.Rothschild, Nathan Mayer, arrives in England at end of the eighteenth century,56;buys bills on English Government during Napoleonic Wars,56;transmits funds to English forces in Peninsula,56;wrongly said to have watched the Battle of Waterloo,56;story of his agent at Ghent,57;early news of victory received by him from Ghent,57;causes dividends and interest on foreign stocks and loans to be paid in London,57;lends £12,000,000 to the English Government in 1829,58;buys Gunnersbury,58;death of Mayer Amschel in 1836,59.Rothschilds, the foreign loans of the firm,61;connection of the, with Egypt,62;monthly advances by the, to Egyptian Government,62;take security of private letter of English Foreign Secretary,62;charitable generosity of the,62;patrons of sport,65;and of art,65;loyalty of the, to England,66;influence of the, on Judaism generally,66.Rowing, the, of 1837 and 1897 compared,414.RoyalAcademy of Music,340;foundation of, in 1822,340;original site of,340;charter granted to, 1830,340;number of students at, in 1837,340;and in 1897,340.RoyalAcademy of Painting,350;Crown represented at dinner of, for the first time in 1851,350;speech of Sir Charles Eastlake at,350;and reply of the Prince Consort,350;visitors to Exhibition of, in 1837,358;and in 1897,358.RoyalCollege of Music,340;founded in 1875 as a training school,340;reformed in 1882,340;charter granted to, in 1883,340;present endowment of,341;scholarships at,341;opened by H. R. H. Princess of Wales,341.RoyalSociety, Queen’s signature in register of,321.Ruralpopulation, decrease in, during last twenty years,325.SSanitaryreform, reduction in death-rate due to,394;work of John Simon in connection with,395;and of the Budds and Dr Snow,395.Savingsbanks, deposits in, doubled in ten years ending 1896,45.SchoolBoard, instances of successful, boys,156;at universities and in Civil Service examinations,156;