Chapter 29

[284]The inscription which records the depositing of the body of Sta. Eulalia in the crypt below the choir inA.D.1339, says that “el Maestro” Jayme Fabra and the masons and workmen of the church, Juan Berguera, Juan de Puigmolton, Bononato Peregrin, Guillen Ballester, and Salvador Bertran, covered the urn with a tomb and canopy of stone.—Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 63. Diego, Historia de los Condes de Barcelona, pp. 298-301.[285]“The directors of the work of the new temple,” says S. Furio (Diccionario historico de los Professores de las Bellas Artes en Mallorca, p. 55), “agreed to give to the architect, Master Jayme, eighteen sueldos a week for the whole of his life, as well when he was ill as well; and during the work, in case he should have to go on matters of business to Mallorca—his country—the Chapter bound themselves to pay him his travelling expenses and maintenance as well going as returning. They promised also to give a house rent free for him and his family, and two hundred sueldos annually for clothing for him and his children.[286]Mr. Wyatt Papworth’s very learned and complete dissertation on this subject in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects may be referred to as the best paper that has been published on the architects of our old buildings. I shall reserve what I have to say on this subject for the last chapter of this volume.[287]It is rather difficult to ascertain the exact value of the sums mentioned in these documents—a sueldo and a dinero being both disused. The former is said to have been a piece of eight maravedis, the latter a small copper coin. This at the present day would be only a little over threepence a day. InA.D.1350 we find William de Hoton, the master-mason at York Minster, receiving 2s. 6d. a week—as nearly as may be the same wages that Roque received. Hoton had also a premium of 10l.a year and a house, and liberty to undertake other works. Fabric Rolls of York, Surtees Soc., p. 166. At Exeter, in the year 1300, Master Roger, the master-mason, received 30s. a quarter, or about 2s. 4d. a week. Fabric Rolls of Exeter, in Dr. Oliver’s Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, pp. 392-407.[288]Given in España Sagrada, xxix. p. 314, in facsimile. In the edition of 1859, engravings both of the shrine and of the crypt are given.[289]Villanueva, Viage á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 157.[290]The account of the building of Segovia Cathedral, given in the Appendix, mentions the provision of rooms for this purpose.[291]Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de España. Cataluña, i. 57.[292]Viage Lit., xviii. 145.[293]The lower range of stalls was made in 1457, by Matias Bonife, for fifteen florins for labour for each. In his contract with the Chapter he agrees to carve all the seats, but “in no wise any beasts or subjects.” In 1483 Miguel Loquer made the pinnacles of the upper stalls. The Chapter disputed the goodness of his work, and he died—partly of disgust, apparently—during the lengthy dispute. The Chapter then named arbiters, who, after a formal examination, pronounced them to contain grave defects.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i, p. 59.[294]Here, in 1519, Charles V. celebrated an installation of the Golden Fleece—the only one ever held in Spain.—Ford’s Handbook, p. 413.[295]Viage Lit., xviii. p. 142.[296]Plate XVII.[297]In nomine Dñi nostri Jesu Christi ad honorem sanctæ Mariæ fuit inceptum opus fabricæ ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Mari die Annuntiationis ejusdem, viii. Kal. Aprilis Anno DominiMCCCXXVIII.[298]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 61.[299]Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 66.[300]Plate XVII.[301]Plate XVII.[302]Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 161.[303]Arq. de España.[304]Recuerdos, &c., de España, Cataluña, vol. i.[305]An inscription is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 162, said to be cut on the jamb of the side doorway, which records the consecration of this church on June 17th, 1453.[306]See Appendix.[307]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 55. But Diego, ‘Historia de los Condes de Barcelona,’ p. 316, puts the foundation inA.D.1293.[308]Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 165, mentions the convent of San Francisco as still existing (in 1851).[309]Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 107.[310]See previous page.[311]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 70.[312]Hala de paños.[313]See España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 2-3. See also the deed executed by Bishop Roger in 1015. “Nostra necessitate coacti causa ædificationis prædictæ ecclesiæ, quæ satis cognitum cunctis est esse destructa, &c.”—Esp. Sag., xliii. p. 423.[314]See the act of consecration, España Sagrada, xliii. pp. 432-437, which declares the church to have been rebuilt “a fundamentis.”[315]Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. p. 43.[316]“Capitulum Gerundense in cerca nova ecclesiæ Gerundensis more solito congregatum, statuit, voluit et ordinavit, quod caput ipsius ecclesiæ de novo construeretur et edificaretur, et circumcirca ipsum novem cappellæ fierent, et in dormitorio veteri fieret sacristia. Et cura ipsius operis fuit commissa per dictum capitulum, venerabilibus Raimundo de Vilarico, archidiacono, et Amaldo de Monterotundo, canonico.”—España Sagrada, xlv. p. 3.[317]“Dimitto etiam ad caput prædictæ ecclesiæ, vel ad cimborium argenteum faciendum, desuper altare Beatæ Mariæ ilia decem millia solidurum Barchinon: quæ ad illud dare promisseram jam est diu.”—Will of Guillermo Gaufredo, Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vol. xii. p. 184.[318]Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. pp. 51, 320, 322.[319]“Pateat universis,” “quod die Lunæ 4 Idus Marti intitulata anno Domini 1346. Reverendus in Christo Pater” “S. Tarrachonensis ecclesiæ archiepiscopus, altare majus Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ cathedralis Gerundensis ecclesiæ a loco antiquo ipsius ecclesiæ in quo construtum erat in capite novo operis ejusdem ut decuit translatum est,” &c. “De quibus omnibus ad perpetuam rei memoriam venerabilis vir Dominus Petrus Stephani Presbiter de capitulo et operarius memoratæ ecclesiæ mandavit unum et plura fieri instrumenta per me Notarium infrascriptum præsentibus ad hoc vocatis testibus,” &c. &c.—España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 373, 374.[320]Or “sueldos,” Parcerisa. “Sous,” V. le Duc. = 1500 francs at the present day.[321]Register entitled Curia del Vicariato de Gerona, Liber notulorum ab anno 1320, ad 1322, fol. 48, quoted in Esp. Sag. xlv. p. 373. See also Viollet le Duc, Dictionnaire Raisonné, i. p. 112. F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Cataluña, i. 146, says that the work was commenced in 1316, and that Enrique of Narbonne died in 1320.[322]The list of architects given by D. J. Villanueva (Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, xii. p. 172 et seq.) does not agree with this. The first he mentions is Jayme de Taverant, a Frenchman from Narbonne (and no doubt identical with Jaques de Favariis), in 1320. Francisco de Plana, a Catalan, held the post after him, and was removed in 1368 in favour of Pedro Coma (de Cumba), who was employed also at San Feliu, Gerona; and in 1397 Pedro de San Juan, “de natione Picardiæ,” was employed. Guillermo Boffiy succeeded him; in 1427 Rollinus Vautier, “diocesi Biterrensis,” was master of the works, and in 1430 Pedro Cipres succeeded him.[323]The original is in the Liber Notularum. It is reprinted in España Sagrada, vol. xlv., appendix, pp. 227 to 244. Cean Bermudez has again reprinted it in Arq. de España, vol. i. pp. 261 to 275; and D. J. Villanueva in the appendix to vol. xii. of the Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, prints it in the original Catalan dialect.[324]This key-stone has a sculpture of San Benito.—España Sagrada, vol. xliv. p. 420.[325]Plate XVIII.[326]España Sagrada, xliii. p. 200, and Appendix, p. 453.[327]In my first design for the Crimean Memorial church which I am building at Constantinople, I had a vault thirty-eight feet in clear span, and this was objected to by a really accomplished critic as too bold and hazardous an experiment! What would have been said then of a vault twice as wide?[328]I subjoin the dimensions of some of the largest French and other churches, in order that the dimensions of the nave of Gerona may be really appreciated.Albi58feet between the walls.Toulouse Cathedral63do.S. Jean Perpiñan60do.Amiens49centre to centre of column of nave.Paris48do.Bourges49do.Chartres50do.Cologne44do.Narbonne54do.Canterbury43do.do.of choir.York52do.do.of nave.Westminster Abbey38do.[329]Liber Notularum, fol. 31.[330]The church was originally intended to have octagonal towers at the angles of the west front. Of these the south-west tower has been built up in Pagan style, and the north-west has never been built.[331]España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. Villanueva, Viage Lit., xii. 175, gives the name of this artist as Antonio Claperos “obrer de ymagens.”[332]See the description of this silver frontal in España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. The Historia de S. Narciso y de Gerona, by P. M. Roig y Yalpi, is quoted as authority for the statements given. See also the act of consecration of the cathedral inA.D.1038 (España Sagrada, xliii. p. 437), in which among the list of signatures at the end occurs the following passage:—“S. Ermessendis comitissæ quæ eadem die ad honorem Dei et Matris Ecclesiæ trescentas auri contulit uncias ad auream construendam tabulam;” and in a necrologium, from 1102 to 1313, occur the following entries: “1254. Pridie Kalendas Februarii obiit Guillelmus de Terradis, sacrista major, qui tabulam argenteam altari Beatæ Mariæ Cathedralis fieri fecit.” “1229. Kalendis Martii obiit Ermesendis Comitissa quæ hanc sedem ditavit et tabulam auream ac crucem Deo et Beatæ Mariæ obtulit, et ecclesiam multis ornamentis ornavit.”[333]“Hic jacet Amaldus de Solerio, Archidiaconus Bisalduenensis qui etiam suis expensis propriis fecit fieri cimborium seu coopertam argenteam super altaro majori ecclesiæ Gerundensis. Obiit autem anno Dni. M.CCCXX. sexto, viii. Kal. Augusti.”[334]See note3,p. 319.[335]See Martene de Antiq. Eccl. Rit., lib. i. cap. iv. art. 3.[336]“Galligans; in the old Latin, Galli Cautio. The name is taken from a little stream which washes its walls and falls into the Oña.”—Don J. Villanueva, Viage Lit., &c., xiv. 146.[337]See ground-plan onPlate XVIII.[338]Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. p. 150, asserts that these cloisters are not earlier than the fourteenth century, though I notice that some of the inscriptions which he gives from them are of earlier date.[339]Parcerisa describes this little church as that of S. Daniel, but I was unable on the spot to learn its dedication. I believe, however, that its dedication is to S. Nicolas, and that S. Daniel is a larger church of later date. In España Sagrada, xlv. p. 185 et seq., some account is given of the foundation of S. Daniel. This took place in 1017, Bishop Roger having sold the church to Count Ramon, and Ermesendis his wife, for 100 ounces of gold, which were to be spent on the fabric of the cathedral. The Countess, after the death of the Count, endowed the church, and the deed still preserved recounts how that “Ego Ermesendis inchoavi prædictam ecclesiam edificare et Deo auxiliante volo perficere.” An architectural description of the present church is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. 158, from which it seems that it is a Greek cross in plan, and mainly of the fourteenth century, with an altar in a crypt below the high altar, constructed in 1343: and if this account is correct, this small twelfth-century church cannot be S. Daniel.[340]S. Felix.[341]España Sagrada, xlv. p. 41.[342]Extract from the book entitled “Obra = Recepte et Expense, ab anno 1365;” It.: Solvi discº. R. Egidii Not. Gerunde v die Septembris, annoM.CCC.LX.VIII., pro instrumento facto inter Capitalum hujus Eccle. et P. Zacoma magistrum operis Cloquerii noviter incepti et est certum quod in isto instrumento continentur in efectu ista.—Pº, Quod ille proficue procuret ipsum opus dictum evitando expensas inordinatas quantum in ipso fuerit, et hoc juravit. It.: Quod aliud opus accipere non valeat sine licencia operarii. It.: Quod quotiescumque fuerit in ipso opere factus apparatus operandi quod vocatus quocumque opere dimisso operetur in nostro opere: in premissis fuit exceptum opus Pontis majoris in quo jam prius extitit obligatus et convenit quando ipso fuerit in ipso opere Pontis vel in alio quod una hora diei sine lexiare—videat illos qui operabuntur vel parabunt lapides desbrocar in ipso opere. Et est sibi concessum dare pro qualibet die faoner quod fuerit in opere predictoIIIISS. et uni ejus famuloIvelIIsecundum ministeria ipsorum.—It.: Ulteris ammatian dare sibi de gratiaCXLSS. (sueldos), segons lo temps empero que obraran. Car per lo temps que no obraran en lo Cloquer ne en padrera no deu res pendrer mes deu esser dedecet dels detsCXLSS. pro rata temporis, et quantitatis.”—España Sagrada, App., xlv. p. 248. See Spanish translation do., p. 73. In an old Kalendar, of Gerona, printed in España Sagrada, xliv. p. 399, is the following paragraph, which refers to the works of Pedro Zacoma:—“An. 1368 fuit inceptus lo Pont non de mense Madii; á 9 Aug. ejusdem anni fuit inceptus lo Cloquer de Saut Fehu.”[343]A memorandum in the book of the ‘Obra,’ under date 1385, describes the various works in the fortification then in progress, and mentions “P. Comas, maestro mayor,” España Sagrada, xlv. p. 45. Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Cataluña, says that the spire was finished in 1581. But I think he has been misled by some repairs of the steeple rendered necessary after the destruction of the upper part of the spire in this year by lightning, and mentioned in the Actas Capitulares.[344]Roussillon belonged to the Kings of Aragon fromA.D.1178. Perpiñan was taken, after a vigorous resistance, by Louis XI. in 1474, restored to Spain, and finally taken by the French in A.D. 1642.[345]An illustration of this organ is given in M. Viollet le Duc’s Dictionary of French Architecture.[346]Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, vol. xiv. p. 106.[347]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 179.[348]SeePlate XIX.[349]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 180.[350]The subjects are as follows:—1. The Marriage of the Blessed Virgin.2. The Annunciation.3. The Salutation.4. The Nativity.5. The Adoration of the Magi.6. The Flight into Egypt.7. The Presentation in the Temple.8. The Dispute with the Doctors.9. The Money-changers driven out of the Temple.10. The Crucifixion.11. The Entry into Jerusalem.12. The Last Supper.13. The Agony in the Garden.14. The Betrayal.15. Our Lord before Pilate.16. The Scourging.17. Our Lord bearing His Cross.18. The Resurrection.19. The Descent into Hell.The subjects begin at the upper left-hand corner, and are continued from left to right, the subjects 1 to 9 being on the left, and 11 to 19 on the right of the Crucifixion.[351]To those who know them I need hardly say that the remains of the Anglo-Saxon vestments found in S. Cuthbert’s tomb, and preserved at Durham, are perhaps the most exquisitely delicate works in existence—so delicate that a magnifying glass is necessary in order to understand at all the way in which the work has been done. This Florentine work, of a later age, quite makes up in art for what it lacks in minute delicacy of execution when compared with S. Cuthbert’s vestments.[352]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, ix. p. 17.[353]I do not forget the successful defence of Lérida, in the sixteenth century, against the Prince de Condé; it is one of which the people may well be proud: but this was before the desecration of the cathedral.[354]Vol. xlvii. De la Santa Iglesia de Lérida en su estado moderno. Su autor el Doctor Don Pedro Sainz de Baranda.[355]I give a few notes from the rules of this church as agreed on at the Synods. In 1240: No priest to say mass more than once in a day, save in case of great necessity. Priests to administer the sacrament of penance in the sight of all in the church. Godchildren are prohibited from marrying the children of their god-parents of baptism or confirmation. Mendicants are forbidden to celebrate on portable altars (super archas). Clergy are ordered to have a piscina near the altar, where, after receiving, they may wash their hands and the chalice. In a Synod held in 1318, it is ordered that, as many corpses are interred in churches which ought not to be, for the future none shall be so save that of the patron, or of some one who has built a chapel or endowed a chaplain.[356]“Anno Domini MCCIII. et xi. Cal. Aug. sub Innocentio Papa III. venerabili, Gombaldo huic ecclesiæ presidente inclitus Rex Petrus II. et Ermengandus Comes Urgullen. primarium istius fabricæ lapidem posuerunt, Berengario Obicionis operario existente. Petrus Percumba Magister et fabricator.”—Esp. Sag. xlvii, p. 17.[357]Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 81.[358]“Anno Dñi MCCLXXVIII. ii Cal. Novembris Dominus G. de Montecatheno ix Ilerd. Eps. consecravit hanc Eccm. et concessit xl dies indulgencie per omnes octavas et constituit ut festum dedicationis celebraretur semper in Dominica prima post festum S. Luce.”—España Sagrada, xlvii. p. 33.[359]Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 83.[360]“Cum nos concesserimus dari operi claustri Ecclesie Sedis civitatis Illerde sex mille pedras somadals de petraria domus predicte de Gardenio: ideo vobis dicimus et mandamus quatenus dictas sex mille pedras de dicta petraria operario dicte Ecclesie recipere libere permitatis convertendas seu imponendas in opere supradicto. Datum Illerde duodecimo calendas Septembris anno Domini M.CCC.X.—Ex. Arch. reg. Barc. grat. 9 Jacob. II. fol. 145b.[361]Esp. Sag., xlvii, p. 46.[362]Ibid., p. 47.[363]The inscription on this bell was as follows:—“Christus. Rex. venit. in. pace. et. Deus. homo. factus. est. Chtus. vincit. Chtus. regnat. Chtus. ab. omn. mal. nos. defendat. Fuit. factum. per magistrum. Joannem. Adam. anno. Dñi. 1418 in mense. Aprili.—Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, xvi. 89.[364]See plan,Plate XX.[365]There are said to be three doorways from the cloister to the church.—Viage Lit., xvi. 86.[366]See reference to this porch at p. 349.[367]As,e.g., at S. Etienne, Nevers.[368]“During the episcopate of Romeo de Cescomes, 1361-80, the work of the principal altar was ordered to be concluded, and it was forbidden to say mass there from All Saints’ day till the following month of May, 1376.”[369]See plan,Plate VIII.[370]There is a very fair inn at Lérida, the Parador de San Luis, pleasantly situated on the bank of the Segre; and the railway from Barcelona to Zaragoza, passing by Lérida, makes it easy of access.[371]Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Aragon, p. 120.[372]Almudévar has a picturesque castle, with a chapel on its eastern side, but I was unable to examine it.[373]Cean Bermudez (Arq. i. 83) says that the work was commenced inA.D.1400, and not finished untilA.D.1515.[374]See plan,Plate XXI.[375]It will be seen that the plan is exactly the same as that of the church of Las Huelgas, Burgos (seePlate II.), and the cathedral at Tudela (Plate XXIV.).[376]This reredos cost 5500 crowns (escudos) or libras jaquesas.—- Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 218.—Damian Forment is said to have studied under Donatello, which seems, however, on a comparison of dates, to have been all but impossible. The epitaph on his monument in the cloister here described him as “arte statuaria Phidiæ, Praxitelisque Æmulus,” a statement which must be accepted with the reserve usual in such cases.—Bellas Artes en España, ii. p. 132.[377]See Ainsa, Historia de Huesca, lib. 4.[378]See ground-plan onPlate XXI.[379]Parcerisa, Aragon, p. 157.[380]Views of Jaca and San Juan de la Peña are given by F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Aragon.[381]Seu, Sedes, See.[382]I am reminded by this of a curious passage of somewhat similar character in the life of Sir Christopher Wren, which is to be gathered out of the entries in the old parish books of St. Dionis Backchurch, Fenchurch-street. Here Sir Christopher built a steeple, and when it was nigh completion the grave question arose whether they should have an anchor for a weather-cock. Sir Christopher preferred it, and some of the parishioners, of course, opposed it. They appealed to the bishop, and after many interviews it was at last decided that the bishop should meet them at Sir Christopher’s at 8 o’clock a.m. to settle the matter, Sir Christopher’s “gentleman” (who was always treated to something to drink by the churchwarden when he came to the church) having made the engagement. The bishop was punctual to his appointment, but Sir Christopher seems to have gone out for an early walk and forgotten all about it; and finally, the Bishop of London, having waited an hour for the great man, retired in despair, but ordered Sir Christopher’s weathercock to be adopted.[383]The following inscription on the Cimborio fixes the date of it’s completion: “Cimborium quo hoc in loco Benedictus Papa XIII. Hispanus, patria Arago, gente nobili Luna exstruxerat, vetustate collapsum, majori impensa erexit amplissimus, illustrisque Alphonsus Catholici Ferdinandi, Castellæ, Arago, utriusque Siciliæ regis filius, q. gloria finatur, anno 1520.”[384]Don P. de la Escosura (España Art. y Mon.), iii. 93, attributes this tower and the church to the twelfth century, but, I feel confident, without good ground for doing so, as far as the former is concerned.[385]Vol. ii., plate 45.[386]Madoz, xiv. pp. 595-599.[387]SeePlate XXII.[388]The fact is worthy of record, because in these days, though it is often manifestly convenient to use a different material from that which was used by our ancestors, there are many well-disposed people who object to such a course, as being an unwarrantable departure from old precedents; yet, if our forefathers’ example is to be followed, we ought to do as they would have done in our circumstances.

[285]“The directors of the work of the new temple,” says S. Furio (Diccionario historico de los Professores de las Bellas Artes en Mallorca, p. 55), “agreed to give to the architect, Master Jayme, eighteen sueldos a week for the whole of his life, as well when he was ill as well; and during the work, in case he should have to go on matters of business to Mallorca—his country—the Chapter bound themselves to pay him his travelling expenses and maintenance as well going as returning. They promised also to give a house rent free for him and his family, and two hundred sueldos annually for clothing for him and his children.

[286]Mr. Wyatt Papworth’s very learned and complete dissertation on this subject in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects may be referred to as the best paper that has been published on the architects of our old buildings. I shall reserve what I have to say on this subject for the last chapter of this volume.

[287]It is rather difficult to ascertain the exact value of the sums mentioned in these documents—a sueldo and a dinero being both disused. The former is said to have been a piece of eight maravedis, the latter a small copper coin. This at the present day would be only a little over threepence a day. InA.D.1350 we find William de Hoton, the master-mason at York Minster, receiving 2s. 6d. a week—as nearly as may be the same wages that Roque received. Hoton had also a premium of 10l.a year and a house, and liberty to undertake other works. Fabric Rolls of York, Surtees Soc., p. 166. At Exeter, in the year 1300, Master Roger, the master-mason, received 30s. a quarter, or about 2s. 4d. a week. Fabric Rolls of Exeter, in Dr. Oliver’s Lives of the Bishops of Exeter, pp. 392-407.

[288]Given in España Sagrada, xxix. p. 314, in facsimile. In the edition of 1859, engravings both of the shrine and of the crypt are given.

[289]Villanueva, Viage á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 157.

[290]The account of the building of Segovia Cathedral, given in the Appendix, mentions the provision of rooms for this purpose.

[291]Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., de España. Cataluña, i. 57.

[292]Viage Lit., xviii. 145.

[293]The lower range of stalls was made in 1457, by Matias Bonife, for fifteen florins for labour for each. In his contract with the Chapter he agrees to carve all the seats, but “in no wise any beasts or subjects.” In 1483 Miguel Loquer made the pinnacles of the upper stalls. The Chapter disputed the goodness of his work, and he died—partly of disgust, apparently—during the lengthy dispute. The Chapter then named arbiters, who, after a formal examination, pronounced them to contain grave defects.—Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i, p. 59.

[294]Here, in 1519, Charles V. celebrated an installation of the Golden Fleece—the only one ever held in Spain.—Ford’s Handbook, p. 413.

[295]Viage Lit., xviii. p. 142.

[296]Plate XVII.

[297]In nomine Dñi nostri Jesu Christi ad honorem sanctæ Mariæ fuit inceptum opus fabricæ ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Mari die Annuntiationis ejusdem, viii. Kal. Aprilis Anno DominiMCCCXXVIII.

[298]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. p. 61.

[299]Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 66.

[300]Plate XVII.

[301]Plate XVII.

[302]Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, xviii. 161.

[303]Arq. de España.

[304]Recuerdos, &c., de España, Cataluña, vol. i.

[305]An inscription is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 162, said to be cut on the jamb of the side doorway, which records the consecration of this church on June 17th, 1453.

[306]See Appendix.

[307]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 55. But Diego, ‘Historia de los Condes de Barcelona,’ p. 316, puts the foundation inA.D.1293.

[308]Villanueva, Viage Literario, xviii. 165, mentions the convent of San Francisco as still existing (in 1851).

[309]Parcerisa, Recuerdos, &c., Cataluña, i. p. 107.

[310]See previous page.

[311]Cean Bermudez, Arq. de Esp., i. 70.

[312]Hala de paños.

[313]See España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 2-3. See also the deed executed by Bishop Roger in 1015. “Nostra necessitate coacti causa ædificationis prædictæ ecclesiæ, quæ satis cognitum cunctis est esse destructa, &c.”—Esp. Sag., xliii. p. 423.

[314]See the act of consecration, España Sagrada, xliii. pp. 432-437, which declares the church to have been rebuilt “a fundamentis.”

[315]Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. p. 43.

[316]“Capitulum Gerundense in cerca nova ecclesiæ Gerundensis more solito congregatum, statuit, voluit et ordinavit, quod caput ipsius ecclesiæ de novo construeretur et edificaretur, et circumcirca ipsum novem cappellæ fierent, et in dormitorio veteri fieret sacristia. Et cura ipsius operis fuit commissa per dictum capitulum, venerabilibus Raimundo de Vilarico, archidiacono, et Amaldo de Monterotundo, canonico.”—España Sagrada, xlv. p. 3.

[317]“Dimitto etiam ad caput prædictæ ecclesiæ, vel ad cimborium argenteum faciendum, desuper altare Beatæ Mariæ ilia decem millia solidurum Barchinon: quæ ad illud dare promisseram jam est diu.”—Will of Guillermo Gaufredo, Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vol. xii. p. 184.

[318]Esp. Sag., vol. xliv. pp. 51, 320, 322.

[319]“Pateat universis,” “quod die Lunæ 4 Idus Marti intitulata anno Domini 1346. Reverendus in Christo Pater” “S. Tarrachonensis ecclesiæ archiepiscopus, altare majus Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ cathedralis Gerundensis ecclesiæ a loco antiquo ipsius ecclesiæ in quo construtum erat in capite novo operis ejusdem ut decuit translatum est,” &c. “De quibus omnibus ad perpetuam rei memoriam venerabilis vir Dominus Petrus Stephani Presbiter de capitulo et operarius memoratæ ecclesiæ mandavit unum et plura fieri instrumenta per me Notarium infrascriptum præsentibus ad hoc vocatis testibus,” &c. &c.—España Sagrada, xlv. pp. 373, 374.

[320]Or “sueldos,” Parcerisa. “Sous,” V. le Duc. = 1500 francs at the present day.

[321]Register entitled Curia del Vicariato de Gerona, Liber notulorum ab anno 1320, ad 1322, fol. 48, quoted in Esp. Sag. xlv. p. 373. See also Viollet le Duc, Dictionnaire Raisonné, i. p. 112. F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Cataluña, i. 146, says that the work was commenced in 1316, and that Enrique of Narbonne died in 1320.

[322]The list of architects given by D. J. Villanueva (Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, xii. p. 172 et seq.) does not agree with this. The first he mentions is Jayme de Taverant, a Frenchman from Narbonne (and no doubt identical with Jaques de Favariis), in 1320. Francisco de Plana, a Catalan, held the post after him, and was removed in 1368 in favour of Pedro Coma (de Cumba), who was employed also at San Feliu, Gerona; and in 1397 Pedro de San Juan, “de natione Picardiæ,” was employed. Guillermo Boffiy succeeded him; in 1427 Rollinus Vautier, “diocesi Biterrensis,” was master of the works, and in 1430 Pedro Cipres succeeded him.

[323]The original is in the Liber Notularum. It is reprinted in España Sagrada, vol. xlv., appendix, pp. 227 to 244. Cean Bermudez has again reprinted it in Arq. de España, vol. i. pp. 261 to 275; and D. J. Villanueva in the appendix to vol. xii. of the Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, prints it in the original Catalan dialect.

[324]This key-stone has a sculpture of San Benito.—España Sagrada, vol. xliv. p. 420.

[325]Plate XVIII.

[326]España Sagrada, xliii. p. 200, and Appendix, p. 453.

[327]In my first design for the Crimean Memorial church which I am building at Constantinople, I had a vault thirty-eight feet in clear span, and this was objected to by a really accomplished critic as too bold and hazardous an experiment! What would have been said then of a vault twice as wide?

[328]I subjoin the dimensions of some of the largest French and other churches, in order that the dimensions of the nave of Gerona may be really appreciated.Albi58feet between the walls.Toulouse Cathedral63do.S. Jean Perpiñan60do.Amiens49centre to centre of column of nave.Paris48do.Bourges49do.Chartres50do.Cologne44do.Narbonne54do.Canterbury43do.do.of choir.York52do.do.of nave.Westminster Abbey38do.

[328]I subjoin the dimensions of some of the largest French and other churches, in order that the dimensions of the nave of Gerona may be really appreciated.

[329]Liber Notularum, fol. 31.

[330]The church was originally intended to have octagonal towers at the angles of the west front. Of these the south-west tower has been built up in Pagan style, and the north-west has never been built.

[331]España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. Villanueva, Viage Lit., xii. 175, gives the name of this artist as Antonio Claperos “obrer de ymagens.”

[332]See the description of this silver frontal in España Sagrada, vol. xlv. p. 8. The Historia de S. Narciso y de Gerona, by P. M. Roig y Yalpi, is quoted as authority for the statements given. See also the act of consecration of the cathedral inA.D.1038 (España Sagrada, xliii. p. 437), in which among the list of signatures at the end occurs the following passage:—“S. Ermessendis comitissæ quæ eadem die ad honorem Dei et Matris Ecclesiæ trescentas auri contulit uncias ad auream construendam tabulam;” and in a necrologium, from 1102 to 1313, occur the following entries: “1254. Pridie Kalendas Februarii obiit Guillelmus de Terradis, sacrista major, qui tabulam argenteam altari Beatæ Mariæ Cathedralis fieri fecit.” “1229. Kalendis Martii obiit Ermesendis Comitissa quæ hanc sedem ditavit et tabulam auream ac crucem Deo et Beatæ Mariæ obtulit, et ecclesiam multis ornamentis ornavit.”

[333]“Hic jacet Amaldus de Solerio, Archidiaconus Bisalduenensis qui etiam suis expensis propriis fecit fieri cimborium seu coopertam argenteam super altaro majori ecclesiæ Gerundensis. Obiit autem anno Dni. M.CCCXX. sexto, viii. Kal. Augusti.”

[334]See note3,p. 319.

[335]See Martene de Antiq. Eccl. Rit., lib. i. cap. iv. art. 3.

[336]“Galligans; in the old Latin, Galli Cautio. The name is taken from a little stream which washes its walls and falls into the Oña.”—Don J. Villanueva, Viage Lit., &c., xiv. 146.

[337]See ground-plan onPlate XVIII.

[338]Don J. Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. p. 150, asserts that these cloisters are not earlier than the fourteenth century, though I notice that some of the inscriptions which he gives from them are of earlier date.

[339]Parcerisa describes this little church as that of S. Daniel, but I was unable on the spot to learn its dedication. I believe, however, that its dedication is to S. Nicolas, and that S. Daniel is a larger church of later date. In España Sagrada, xlv. p. 185 et seq., some account is given of the foundation of S. Daniel. This took place in 1017, Bishop Roger having sold the church to Count Ramon, and Ermesendis his wife, for 100 ounces of gold, which were to be spent on the fabric of the cathedral. The Countess, after the death of the Count, endowed the church, and the deed still preserved recounts how that “Ego Ermesendis inchoavi prædictam ecclesiam edificare et Deo auxiliante volo perficere.” An architectural description of the present church is given by Villanueva, Viage Literario, xiv. 158, from which it seems that it is a Greek cross in plan, and mainly of the fourteenth century, with an altar in a crypt below the high altar, constructed in 1343: and if this account is correct, this small twelfth-century church cannot be S. Daniel.

[340]S. Felix.

[341]España Sagrada, xlv. p. 41.

[342]Extract from the book entitled “Obra = Recepte et Expense, ab anno 1365;” It.: Solvi discº. R. Egidii Not. Gerunde v die Septembris, annoM.CCC.LX.VIII., pro instrumento facto inter Capitalum hujus Eccle. et P. Zacoma magistrum operis Cloquerii noviter incepti et est certum quod in isto instrumento continentur in efectu ista.—Pº, Quod ille proficue procuret ipsum opus dictum evitando expensas inordinatas quantum in ipso fuerit, et hoc juravit. It.: Quod aliud opus accipere non valeat sine licencia operarii. It.: Quod quotiescumque fuerit in ipso opere factus apparatus operandi quod vocatus quocumque opere dimisso operetur in nostro opere: in premissis fuit exceptum opus Pontis majoris in quo jam prius extitit obligatus et convenit quando ipso fuerit in ipso opere Pontis vel in alio quod una hora diei sine lexiare—videat illos qui operabuntur vel parabunt lapides desbrocar in ipso opere. Et est sibi concessum dare pro qualibet die faoner quod fuerit in opere predictoIIIISS. et uni ejus famuloIvelIIsecundum ministeria ipsorum.—It.: Ulteris ammatian dare sibi de gratiaCXLSS. (sueldos), segons lo temps empero que obraran. Car per lo temps que no obraran en lo Cloquer ne en padrera no deu res pendrer mes deu esser dedecet dels detsCXLSS. pro rata temporis, et quantitatis.”—España Sagrada, App., xlv. p. 248. See Spanish translation do., p. 73. In an old Kalendar, of Gerona, printed in España Sagrada, xliv. p. 399, is the following paragraph, which refers to the works of Pedro Zacoma:—“An. 1368 fuit inceptus lo Pont non de mense Madii; á 9 Aug. ejusdem anni fuit inceptus lo Cloquer de Saut Fehu.”

[343]A memorandum in the book of the ‘Obra,’ under date 1385, describes the various works in the fortification then in progress, and mentions “P. Comas, maestro mayor,” España Sagrada, xlv. p. 45. Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Cataluña, says that the spire was finished in 1581. But I think he has been misled by some repairs of the steeple rendered necessary after the destruction of the upper part of the spire in this year by lightning, and mentioned in the Actas Capitulares.

[344]Roussillon belonged to the Kings of Aragon fromA.D.1178. Perpiñan was taken, after a vigorous resistance, by Louis XI. in 1474, restored to Spain, and finally taken by the French in A.D. 1642.

[345]An illustration of this organ is given in M. Viollet le Duc’s Dictionary of French Architecture.

[346]Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España, vol. xiv. p. 106.

[347]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 179.

[348]SeePlate XIX.

[349]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, vii. 180.

[350]The subjects are as follows:—1. The Marriage of the Blessed Virgin.2. The Annunciation.3. The Salutation.4. The Nativity.5. The Adoration of the Magi.6. The Flight into Egypt.7. The Presentation in the Temple.8. The Dispute with the Doctors.9. The Money-changers driven out of the Temple.10. The Crucifixion.11. The Entry into Jerusalem.12. The Last Supper.13. The Agony in the Garden.14. The Betrayal.15. Our Lord before Pilate.16. The Scourging.17. Our Lord bearing His Cross.18. The Resurrection.19. The Descent into Hell.The subjects begin at the upper left-hand corner, and are continued from left to right, the subjects 1 to 9 being on the left, and 11 to 19 on the right of the Crucifixion.

[350]The subjects are as follows:—

The subjects begin at the upper left-hand corner, and are continued from left to right, the subjects 1 to 9 being on the left, and 11 to 19 on the right of the Crucifixion.

[351]To those who know them I need hardly say that the remains of the Anglo-Saxon vestments found in S. Cuthbert’s tomb, and preserved at Durham, are perhaps the most exquisitely delicate works in existence—so delicate that a magnifying glass is necessary in order to understand at all the way in which the work has been done. This Florentine work, of a later age, quite makes up in art for what it lacks in minute delicacy of execution when compared with S. Cuthbert’s vestments.

[352]Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, ix. p. 17.

[353]I do not forget the successful defence of Lérida, in the sixteenth century, against the Prince de Condé; it is one of which the people may well be proud: but this was before the desecration of the cathedral.

[354]Vol. xlvii. De la Santa Iglesia de Lérida en su estado moderno. Su autor el Doctor Don Pedro Sainz de Baranda.

[355]I give a few notes from the rules of this church as agreed on at the Synods. In 1240: No priest to say mass more than once in a day, save in case of great necessity. Priests to administer the sacrament of penance in the sight of all in the church. Godchildren are prohibited from marrying the children of their god-parents of baptism or confirmation. Mendicants are forbidden to celebrate on portable altars (super archas). Clergy are ordered to have a piscina near the altar, where, after receiving, they may wash their hands and the chalice. In a Synod held in 1318, it is ordered that, as many corpses are interred in churches which ought not to be, for the future none shall be so save that of the patron, or of some one who has built a chapel or endowed a chaplain.

[356]“Anno Domini MCCIII. et xi. Cal. Aug. sub Innocentio Papa III. venerabili, Gombaldo huic ecclesiæ presidente inclitus Rex Petrus II. et Ermengandus Comes Urgullen. primarium istius fabricæ lapidem posuerunt, Berengario Obicionis operario existente. Petrus Percumba Magister et fabricator.”—Esp. Sag. xlvii, p. 17.

[357]Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 81.

[358]“Anno Dñi MCCLXXVIII. ii Cal. Novembris Dominus G. de Montecatheno ix Ilerd. Eps. consecravit hanc Eccm. et concessit xl dies indulgencie per omnes octavas et constituit ut festum dedicationis celebraretur semper in Dominica prima post festum S. Luce.”—España Sagrada, xlvii. p. 33.

[359]Viage Lit., vol. xvi, p. 83.

[360]“Cum nos concesserimus dari operi claustri Ecclesie Sedis civitatis Illerde sex mille pedras somadals de petraria domus predicte de Gardenio: ideo vobis dicimus et mandamus quatenus dictas sex mille pedras de dicta petraria operario dicte Ecclesie recipere libere permitatis convertendas seu imponendas in opere supradicto. Datum Illerde duodecimo calendas Septembris anno Domini M.CCC.X.—Ex. Arch. reg. Barc. grat. 9 Jacob. II. fol. 145b.

[361]Esp. Sag., xlvii, p. 46.

[362]Ibid., p. 47.

[363]The inscription on this bell was as follows:—“Christus. Rex. venit. in. pace. et. Deus. homo. factus. est. Chtus. vincit. Chtus. regnat. Chtus. ab. omn. mal. nos. defendat. Fuit. factum. per magistrum. Joannem. Adam. anno. Dñi. 1418 in mense. Aprili.—Viage Lit. á las Iglesias de España, xvi. 89.

[364]See plan,Plate XX.

[365]There are said to be three doorways from the cloister to the church.—Viage Lit., xvi. 86.

[366]See reference to this porch at p. 349.

[367]As,e.g., at S. Etienne, Nevers.

[368]“During the episcopate of Romeo de Cescomes, 1361-80, the work of the principal altar was ordered to be concluded, and it was forbidden to say mass there from All Saints’ day till the following month of May, 1376.”

[369]See plan,Plate VIII.

[370]There is a very fair inn at Lérida, the Parador de San Luis, pleasantly situated on the bank of the Segre; and the railway from Barcelona to Zaragoza, passing by Lérida, makes it easy of access.

[371]Parcerisa, Recuerdos y Bellezas de España, Aragon, p. 120.

[372]Almudévar has a picturesque castle, with a chapel on its eastern side, but I was unable to examine it.

[373]Cean Bermudez (Arq. i. 83) says that the work was commenced inA.D.1400, and not finished untilA.D.1515.

[374]See plan,Plate XXI.

[375]It will be seen that the plan is exactly the same as that of the church of Las Huelgas, Burgos (seePlate II.), and the cathedral at Tudela (Plate XXIV.).

[376]This reredos cost 5500 crowns (escudos) or libras jaquesas.—- Cean Bermudez, Arq. de España, i. 218.—Damian Forment is said to have studied under Donatello, which seems, however, on a comparison of dates, to have been all but impossible. The epitaph on his monument in the cloister here described him as “arte statuaria Phidiæ, Praxitelisque Æmulus,” a statement which must be accepted with the reserve usual in such cases.—Bellas Artes en España, ii. p. 132.

[377]See Ainsa, Historia de Huesca, lib. 4.

[378]See ground-plan onPlate XXI.

[379]Parcerisa, Aragon, p. 157.

[380]Views of Jaca and San Juan de la Peña are given by F. J. Parcerisa, ‘Recuerdos y Bellezas de España,’ Aragon.

[381]Seu, Sedes, See.

[382]I am reminded by this of a curious passage of somewhat similar character in the life of Sir Christopher Wren, which is to be gathered out of the entries in the old parish books of St. Dionis Backchurch, Fenchurch-street. Here Sir Christopher built a steeple, and when it was nigh completion the grave question arose whether they should have an anchor for a weather-cock. Sir Christopher preferred it, and some of the parishioners, of course, opposed it. They appealed to the bishop, and after many interviews it was at last decided that the bishop should meet them at Sir Christopher’s at 8 o’clock a.m. to settle the matter, Sir Christopher’s “gentleman” (who was always treated to something to drink by the churchwarden when he came to the church) having made the engagement. The bishop was punctual to his appointment, but Sir Christopher seems to have gone out for an early walk and forgotten all about it; and finally, the Bishop of London, having waited an hour for the great man, retired in despair, but ordered Sir Christopher’s weathercock to be adopted.

[383]The following inscription on the Cimborio fixes the date of it’s completion: “Cimborium quo hoc in loco Benedictus Papa XIII. Hispanus, patria Arago, gente nobili Luna exstruxerat, vetustate collapsum, majori impensa erexit amplissimus, illustrisque Alphonsus Catholici Ferdinandi, Castellæ, Arago, utriusque Siciliæ regis filius, q. gloria finatur, anno 1520.”

[384]Don P. de la Escosura (España Art. y Mon.), iii. 93, attributes this tower and the church to the twelfth century, but, I feel confident, without good ground for doing so, as far as the former is concerned.

[385]Vol. ii., plate 45.

[386]Madoz, xiv. pp. 595-599.

[387]SeePlate XXII.

[388]The fact is worthy of record, because in these days, though it is often manifestly convenient to use a different material from that which was used by our ancestors, there are many well-disposed people who object to such a course, as being an unwarrantable departure from old precedents; yet, if our forefathers’ example is to be followed, we ought to do as they would have done in our circumstances.

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