[253]The Great Ohoopee and Cannouchee rivers.
[253]The Great Ohoopee and Cannouchee rivers.
[254]The Ogeechee River.
[254]The Ogeechee River.
[255]From the wording of the Ranjel narrative, Aymay was on the east side of the Savannah River and Cutifachiqui on the west side. The latter town was not at Silver Bluff, South Carolina, as commonly thought, but further down the river. Cofitachequi (as Ranjel spells it) is proper Creek, and means Dog-wood Town.
[255]From the wording of the Ranjel narrative, Aymay was on the east side of the Savannah River and Cutifachiqui on the west side. The latter town was not at Silver Bluff, South Carolina, as commonly thought, but further down the river. Cofitachequi (as Ranjel spells it) is proper Creek, and means Dog-wood Town.
[256]This should be May 13, according to Ranjel.
[256]This should be May 13, according to Ranjel.
[257]In two days, according to Ranjel.
[257]In two days, according to Ranjel.
[258]This town is the Choualla of the Inca and the old Cherokee town of Qualla, which was located above the junction of the Tuckaseegee and Oconna-Luftee Rivers, in Swain County, North Carolina. From Cofitachequi the army took a northerly course, probably following the old Indian and traders' trail to old Fort Prince George, in Jackson County, South Carolina, and from there to Xualla.
[258]This town is the Choualla of the Inca and the old Cherokee town of Qualla, which was located above the junction of the Tuckaseegee and Oconna-Luftee Rivers, in Swain County, North Carolina. From Cofitachequi the army took a northerly course, probably following the old Indian and traders' trail to old Fort Prince George, in Jackson County, South Carolina, and from there to Xualla.
[259]The second day after leaving Xualla they camped at the junction of two rivers, according to Ranjel. This was probably at the junction of the Little Tennessee and Oconna-Luftee rivers.
[259]The second day after leaving Xualla they camped at the junction of two rivers, according to Ranjel. This was probably at the junction of the Little Tennessee and Oconna-Luftee rivers.
[260]It should be June 5, according to Ranjel.
[260]It should be June 5, according to Ranjel.
[261]Chiaha was evidently on the island at the junction of the Little Tennessee and Tennessee Rivers, in Loudon County, Tennessee.
[261]Chiaha was evidently on the island at the junction of the Little Tennessee and Tennessee Rivers, in Loudon County, Tennessee.
[262]This place was located on one of the islands in the Tennessee River, just above Chattanooga.
[262]This place was located on one of the islands in the Tennessee River, just above Chattanooga.
[263]Tali was located in the bend of the Tennessee River, just below Chattanooga. Here they left the river.
[263]Tali was located in the bend of the Tennessee River, just below Chattanooga. Here they left the river.
[264]Coça may not have been the Coosa of the last century, which was located some two miles north of Childersburg, in Talladega County, Alabama.
[264]Coça may not have been the Coosa of the last century, which was located some two miles north of Childersburg, in Talladega County, Alabama.
[265]Ranjel applies a similar description to an old town on the road, three days' march from Toasi or Tuasi.
[265]Ranjel applies a similar description to an old town on the road, three days' march from Toasi or Tuasi.
[266]This is probably not the modern town of that name, which was located above the elbow of the Tallapoosa River, in Tallapoosa County.
[266]This is probably not the modern town of that name, which was located above the elbow of the Tallapoosa River, in Tallapoosa County.
[267]Tascaluça is correct Creek (meaning Black Warrior), and Tastaluça, there can be little doubt, is a misspelling; nevertheless we think it better to present all the native names in the spellings of the Portuguese original.
[267]Tascaluça is correct Creek (meaning Black Warrior), and Tastaluça, there can be little doubt, is a misspelling; nevertheless we think it better to present all the native names in the spellings of the Portuguese original.
[268]From Ranjel's description of this place it is not improbable that Piachi was located on the north side of the Black Warrior River.
[268]From Ranjel's description of this place it is not improbable that Piachi was located on the north side of the Black Warrior River.
[269]Mauilla or Mabila may have been located on the prairie north of the Black Warrior and east of the Tombigbee River, in Greene County, Alabama.
[269]Mauilla or Mabila may have been located on the prairie north of the Black Warrior and east of the Tombigbee River, in Greene County, Alabama.
[270]"Only forty horsemen," according to Ranjel.
[270]"Only forty horsemen," according to Ranjel.
[271]This should be the fourteenth, according to Ranjel.
[271]This should be the fourteenth, according to Ranjel.
[272]According to Ranjel they crossed a large river at a town called Moçulixa which was located one-half league from Taliepataua, and recrossed the river at Cabusto. Apparently Cabusto was above the Sipsey River and west of the Tombigbee River, while Moçulixa was below the former and east of the latter stream.
[272]According to Ranjel they crossed a large river at a town called Moçulixa which was located one-half league from Taliepataua, and recrossed the river at Cabusto. Apparently Cabusto was above the Sipsey River and west of the Tombigbee River, while Moçulixa was below the former and east of the latter stream.
[273]The east side of the Tombigbee River, and probably in the northern part of Monroe County, Mississippi.
[273]The east side of the Tombigbee River, and probably in the northern part of Monroe County, Mississippi.
[274]This town was located about one mile northwest of Redland, in Pontotoc County, Mississippi.
[274]This town was located about one mile northwest of Redland, in Pontotoc County, Mississippi.
[275]This province was located on the lower Tallahatchie River, and the town burned by the Indians, as mentioned by Ranjel, was probably located in Tallahatchie County.
[275]This province was located on the lower Tallahatchie River, and the town burned by the Indians, as mentioned by Ranjel, was probably located in Tallahatchie County.
[276]Chicacilla of the Inca, which was probably located about three and one-half miles north of Chicaça.
[276]Chicacilla of the Inca, which was probably located about three and one-half miles north of Chicaça.
[277]This should be Tuesday.
[277]This should be Tuesday.
[278]This fort and ford were on the Tallahatchie River, and probably at or near New Albany, in Union County, Mississippi. From here the army turned to the westward.
[278]This fort and ford were on the Tallahatchie River, and probably at or near New Albany, in Union County, Mississippi. From here the army turned to the westward.
[279]The Mississippi.
[279]The Mississippi.
[280]The crossing was made either at Council Bend or Walnut Bend, in Tunica County, Mississippi, in a straight line some twenty-five to thirty-eight miles below Memphis.
[280]The crossing was made either at Council Bend or Walnut Bend, in Tunica County, Mississippi, in a straight line some twenty-five to thirty-eight miles below Memphis.
[281]This was Fifteen-Mile Bayou, and the crossing-place was probably near the southeast corner of St. Francis County, Arkansas.
[281]This was Fifteen-Mile Bayou, and the crossing-place was probably near the southeast corner of St. Francis County, Arkansas.
[282]This place was probably located near the mouth of Tyronza River.
[282]This place was probably located near the mouth of Tyronza River.
[283]Tyronza River.
[283]Tyronza River.
[284]It was on Wednesday, June 29, that they entered Pacaha. This place was probably located in the vicinity of Osceola, Mississippi County, Arkansas, but not further northward.
[284]It was on Wednesday, June 29, that they entered Pacaha. This place was probably located in the vicinity of Osceola, Mississippi County, Arkansas, but not further northward.
[285]It was from Chicaça that the expedition was sent. This province was probably located in the northeastern part of Mississippi, extending from Baldwyn, Prentiss County, to the Tennessee River, in Tishomingo County.
[285]It was from Chicaça that the expedition was sent. This province was probably located in the northeastern part of Mississippi, extending from Baldwyn, Prentiss County, to the Tennessee River, in Tishomingo County.
[286]St. Francis River.
[286]St. Francis River.
[287]This place was on the west side of the St. Francis River, in the northern part of Lee County or the southern part of St. Francis County, Arkansas.
[287]This place was on the west side of the St. Francis River, in the northern part of Lee County or the southern part of St. Francis County, Arkansas.
[288]This may have been Lake Michigamia of the French maps, which ceased to exist after the New Madrid earthquakes.
[288]This may have been Lake Michigamia of the French maps, which ceased to exist after the New Madrid earthquakes.
[289]They crossed four swamps, according to Ranjel, which were the L'Anguille River, Big Creek, Bayou de Vue, and Cache River.
[289]They crossed four swamps, according to Ranjel, which were the L'Anguille River, Big Creek, Bayou de Vue, and Cache River.
[290]Coligoa was in the valley of Little Red River, and before arriving there, they crossed White River below the mouth of Little Red River, in Woodruff County, Arkansas.
[290]Coligoa was in the valley of Little Red River, and before arriving there, they crossed White River below the mouth of Little Red River, in Woodruff County, Arkansas.
[291]According to Ranjel, before arriving at this place they passed through Calpista, where there was a flowing salt spring. This spring was on the bank of Little Red River, in Cleburne County.
[291]According to Ranjel, before arriving at this place they passed through Calpista, where there was a flowing salt spring. This spring was on the bank of Little Red River, in Cleburne County.
[292]After leaving Tatalicoya they came to a great river, according to Ranjel. This was White River.
[292]After leaving Tatalicoya they came to a great river, according to Ranjel. This was White River.
[293]This province was in the region of northwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
[293]This province was in the region of northwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory.
[294]Tanico was located on the east side of Grand or Neosho River, in the Indian Territory.
[294]Tanico was located on the east side of Grand or Neosho River, in the Indian Territory.
[295]Buffalo skins are meant.
[295]Buffalo skins are meant.
[296]The Boston Mountains.
[296]The Boston Mountains.
[297]According to Ranjel they entered the plains on the second day after leaving Quipana. Before doing so, they crossed the Arkansas River, probably at the old ford, located some fifteen miles above Fort Smith.
[297]According to Ranjel they entered the plains on the second day after leaving Quipana. Before doing so, they crossed the Arkansas River, probably at the old ford, located some fifteen miles above Fort Smith.
[298]This town was located within thirty miles east of Fort Smith, and on the south side of the Arkansas River.
[298]This town was located within thirty miles east of Fort Smith, and on the south side of the Arkansas River.
[299]This place was located in the province of Chaguate.
[299]This place was located in the province of Chaguate.
[300]This province should not be confounded with the province of Aays, which was located to the southward of Red River, in Texas.
[300]This province should not be confounded with the province of Aays, which was located to the southward of Red River, in Texas.
[301]This crossing-place was to the northward of Pine Bluff, and probably in Jefferson County.
[301]This crossing-place was to the northward of Pine Bluff, and probably in Jefferson County.
[302]This place was on Big Bayou Meto, near the southeast corner of town 6, range 5, east, in Jefferson County.
[302]This place was on Big Bayou Meto, near the southeast corner of town 6, range 5, east, in Jefferson County.
[303]Nilco was located a few miles southeast of Arkansas Post, on section 30, town 8, south, range 2, west, in Desha County, where there is a large mound.
[303]Nilco was located a few miles southeast of Arkansas Post, on section 30, town 8, south, range 2, west, in Desha County, where there is a large mound.
[304]Guachoya was in the vicinity of Arkansas City, in Desha County, and possibly at or near the large mound one mile to the northward.
[304]Guachoya was in the vicinity of Arkansas City, in Desha County, and possibly at or near the large mound one mile to the northward.
[305]Sunday was the sixteenth of April.
[305]Sunday was the sixteenth of April.
[306]This province was probably on Saline River, in Saline County. From here they turned to the south-southeast.
[306]This province was probably on Saline River, in Saline County. From here they turned to the south-southeast.
[307]The fourth of July was Tuesday.
[307]The fourth of July was Tuesday.
[308]This town and lake were on the west side of Quachita River, about two miles south of Arkadelphia, in Clark County.
[308]This town and lake were on the west side of Quachita River, about two miles south of Arkadelphia, in Clark County.
[309]The twentieth of July was Thursday.
[309]The twentieth of July was Thursday.
[310]Probably on Prairie de Roane, near Hope.
[310]Probably on Prairie de Roane, near Hope.
[311]Little River, in Hempstead County.
[311]Little River, in Hempstead County.
[312]Red River.
[312]Red River.
[313]This ford was located about three miles east of the line between Texas and Arkansas, in the latter state, and is known as White Oak Shoals.
[313]This ford was located about three miles east of the line between Texas and Arkansas, in the latter state, and is known as White Oak Shoals.
[314]This was apparently to the southward of Gainesville, Texas, the town being located just west of the "Lower Cross Timbers," on the prairie.
[314]This was apparently to the southward of Gainesville, Texas, the town being located just west of the "Lower Cross Timbers," on the prairie.
[315]This place was apparently located in the "Upper Cross Timbers." The Spaniards here turned to the southward.
[315]This place was apparently located in the "Upper Cross Timbers." The Spaniards here turned to the southward.
[316]Waco. The town was evidently located on the Brazos River, near old Fort Belknap, in Young County, Texas.
[316]Waco. The town was evidently located on the Brazos River, near old Fort Belknap, in Young County, Texas.
[317]These two provinces were to the southeast of Guasco, in the Brazos valley.
[317]These two provinces were to the southeast of Guasco, in the Brazos valley.
[318]Probably the Double Mountain fork of Brazos River. The crossing was probably made at the south angle of the river, in the northwestern part of Fisher County, Texas.
[318]Probably the Double Mountain fork of Brazos River. The crossing was probably made at the south angle of the river, in the northwestern part of Fisher County, Texas.
[319]A continuous forest extends from old Fort Belknap to the eastern slope of the "Staked Plains," and is the only one through which they could have marched for ten days to the westward.
[319]A continuous forest extends from old Fort Belknap to the eastern slope of the "Staked Plains," and is the only one through which they could have marched for ten days to the westward.
[320]I.e., less than a peck.
[320]I.e., less than a peck.
[321]This name should be Ayays,—the old crossing-place on the Arkansas River, above Pine Bluff.
[321]This name should be Ayays,—the old crossing-place on the Arkansas River, above Pine Bluff.
[322]The town was located above the mouth of the Arkansas River, in Desha County, Arkansas.
[322]The town was located above the mouth of the Arkansas River, in Desha County, Arkansas.
[323]The fanega of Lisbon was somewhat more than a pint.
[323]The fanega of Lisbon was somewhat more than a pint.
[324]This province was on White River, and the town was probably in the southern part of Monroe County, Arkansas, possibly at Indian Bay.
[324]This province was on White River, and the town was probably in the southern part of Monroe County, Arkansas, possibly at Indian Bay.
[325]This was a channel connecting the Mississippi River with Bayou Macon, and was located in the northern part of Chicot County, Arkansas.
[325]This was a channel connecting the Mississippi River with Bayou Macon, and was located in the northern part of Chicot County, Arkansas.
[326]From the time and distance travelled, this place was at the Vicksburg Bluffs.
[326]From the time and distance travelled, this place was at the Vicksburg Bluffs.
[327]The Inca gives the distance as being seven hundred and fifty leagues. The real distance was about seven hundred and twenty miles.
[327]The Inca gives the distance as being seven hundred and fifty leagues. The real distance was about seven hundred and twenty miles.
[328]At that time the Atchafalaya probably formed the lower course of Red River, the latter not having cut through to the Mississippi, and it was its current that they encountered.
[328]At that time the Atchafalaya probably formed the lower course of Red River, the latter not having cut through to the Mississippi, and it was its current that they encountered.
[329]Or Pánuco. A Mexican river which flows into the Gulf about a hundred and fifty miles north of Vera Cruz.
[329]Or Pánuco. A Mexican river which flows into the Gulf about a hundred and fifty miles north of Vera Cruz.
[330]The viceroy.
[330]The viceroy.
[331]Henry, cardinal archbishop of Evora, uncle of King John III., great uncle of King Sebastian, and himself King of Portugal from 1578 to 1580.
[331]Henry, cardinal archbishop of Evora, uncle of King John III., great uncle of King Sebastian, and himself King of Portugal from 1578 to 1580.
[332]For information concerning the author of this narrative, see the Introduction.
[332]For information concerning the author of this narrative, see the Introduction.
[333]Mendoza was first viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), serving from 1535 to 1550, when he was ordered to Peru as its second viceroy. He reached Lima in September, 1551, and died July 21 of the year following.
[333]Mendoza was first viceroy of New Spain (Mexico), serving from 1535 to 1550, when he was ordered to Peru as its second viceroy. He reached Lima in September, 1551, and died July 21 of the year following.
[334]Castañeda is supposed to have been writing at Culiacan, in western Mexico, about 1565.
[334]Castañeda is supposed to have been writing at Culiacan, in western Mexico, about 1565.
[335]The Seven Cities of Cibola. See p. 287, note 1; p. 300, note 1.
[335]The Seven Cities of Cibola. See p. 287, note 1; p. 300, note 1.
[336]Nuño Beltrán de Guzman was appointed governor of Pánuco, Mexico, in 1526, assuming the office in May, 1527. In December he became president of the Audiencia, the administrative and judicial board which governed the province, and in the following year participated in the trial of Cortés, his personal and political enemy, for strangling his wife to death in 1522. Guzman's barbarous cruelty, especially to the natives, whom he enslaved and bartered for his personal gain, resulted in a protest to the crown by Bishop Zumárraga, and in the hope of finding new fields for the gratification of his avarice he raised a large force, including 10,000 Aztecs and Tlascaltecs, and started from Mexico late in 1529 to explore the northwest (later known as Nueva Galicia), notwithstanding Cortés had already penetrated the region.He conquered the territory through which he passed, laying waste the settlements and fields and inflicting unspeakable punishment on the native inhabitants. Guzman built a chapel at Tonalá, which formed the beginning of the settlement of the present city of Guadalajara, named from his native town in Spain; he also founded the towns of Santiago de Compostela and San Miguel Culiacan, in Tepic and Sinaloa respectively, and started on his return journey late in 1531. Meanwhile a new Audiencia had arrived in New Spain, and Guzman was summoned to appear at the capital. This he refused to do, and when Luis de Castilla was sent by Cortés, the captain-general of the province, to subdue him, Guzman captured him and his force of 100 men by a ruse. In May, 1533, the king commanded him to submit to the provincial authorities; many of his friends and adherents deserted him, and he was stripped of his title as governor of Pánuco. In 1536 (March 17) the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre was appointedjuez de residencia, an officer whose duty was to conduct a rigid investigation of the accounts and administration of governmental officials—this time with special reference to Guzman. By Torre's order, Guzman was arrested and confined in jail until 1538, when his case was appealed to Spain; but from this he received no comfort. He was banished to Torrejon de Velasco, where he died in 1544, penniless and despised.
[336]Nuño Beltrán de Guzman was appointed governor of Pánuco, Mexico, in 1526, assuming the office in May, 1527. In December he became president of the Audiencia, the administrative and judicial board which governed the province, and in the following year participated in the trial of Cortés, his personal and political enemy, for strangling his wife to death in 1522. Guzman's barbarous cruelty, especially to the natives, whom he enslaved and bartered for his personal gain, resulted in a protest to the crown by Bishop Zumárraga, and in the hope of finding new fields for the gratification of his avarice he raised a large force, including 10,000 Aztecs and Tlascaltecs, and started from Mexico late in 1529 to explore the northwest (later known as Nueva Galicia), notwithstanding Cortés had already penetrated the region.
He conquered the territory through which he passed, laying waste the settlements and fields and inflicting unspeakable punishment on the native inhabitants. Guzman built a chapel at Tonalá, which formed the beginning of the settlement of the present city of Guadalajara, named from his native town in Spain; he also founded the towns of Santiago de Compostela and San Miguel Culiacan, in Tepic and Sinaloa respectively, and started on his return journey late in 1531. Meanwhile a new Audiencia had arrived in New Spain, and Guzman was summoned to appear at the capital. This he refused to do, and when Luis de Castilla was sent by Cortés, the captain-general of the province, to subdue him, Guzman captured him and his force of 100 men by a ruse. In May, 1533, the king commanded him to submit to the provincial authorities; many of his friends and adherents deserted him, and he was stripped of his title as governor of Pánuco. In 1536 (March 17) the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre was appointedjuez de residencia, an officer whose duty was to conduct a rigid investigation of the accounts and administration of governmental officials—this time with special reference to Guzman. By Torre's order, Guzman was arrested and confined in jail until 1538, when his case was appealed to Spain; but from this he received no comfort. He was banished to Torrejon de Velasco, where he died in 1544, penniless and despised.
[337]Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca y Capitan General de la Nueva España y de la Costa del Sur. He arrived at Vera Cruz in July, 1529.
[337]Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca y Capitan General de la Nueva España y de la Costa del Sur. He arrived at Vera Cruz in July, 1529.
[338]The best discussion of the stories of the Seven Caves and the Seven Cities is in A. F. Bandelier'sContributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States, inPapers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, V. (Cambridge, 1890).
[338]The best discussion of the stories of the Seven Caves and the Seven Cities is in A. F. Bandelier'sContributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States, inPapers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, V. (Cambridge, 1890).
[339]See the narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in the present volume.
[339]See the narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in the present volume.
[340]See the account of this journey by Marcos de Niza inColeccion de Documentos Inéditos de Indias, III. 325-351; Ramusio,Terzo Volume delle Navigationi(Venice, 1556); Hakluyt,Voyages, IX. 125-144 (1904); Ternaux-Compans,Voyages, IX. 249-284 (1838); and an English translation by Fanny Bandelier inThe Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca(1905).Cf.also A. F. Bandelier, "The Discovery of New Mexico by Fray Marcos of Nizza," inMagazine of Western History, IV. 659-670 (Cleveland, 1886).
[340]See the account of this journey by Marcos de Niza inColeccion de Documentos Inéditos de Indias, III. 325-351; Ramusio,Terzo Volume delle Navigationi(Venice, 1556); Hakluyt,Voyages, IX. 125-144 (1904); Ternaux-Compans,Voyages, IX. 249-284 (1838); and an English translation by Fanny Bandelier inThe Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca(1905).Cf.also A. F. Bandelier, "The Discovery of New Mexico by Fray Marcos of Nizza," inMagazine of Western History, IV. 659-670 (Cleveland, 1886).
[341]Bandelier,Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Am. ser., V. (1890), p. 104, says this was Topia, in Durango, a locality since noted for its rich mines.
[341]Bandelier,Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Am. ser., V. (1890), p. 104, says this was Topia, in Durango, a locality since noted for its rich mines.
[342]The Pacific.
[342]The Pacific.
[343]Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, wife of Philip I., and mother of Charles V.
[343]Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, wife of Philip I., and mother of Charles V.
[344]In a letter of the Viceroy Mendoza to the King, April 17, 1540, Samaniego is mentioned as the warden of a fortress.
[344]In a letter of the Viceroy Mendoza to the King, April 17, 1540, Samaniego is mentioned as the warden of a fortress.
[345]The correct date is 1540. Castañeda carries the error throughout his narration, although he gives the year correctly in the preface.
[345]The correct date is 1540. Castañeda carries the error throughout his narration, although he gives the year correctly in the preface.
[346]An error forHernandode Alarcon.
[346]An error forHernandode Alarcon.
[347]That is, from a point on the Pacific coast in latitude 19° to another in latitude 21° 30´.
[347]That is, from a point on the Pacific coast in latitude 19° to another in latitude 21° 30´.
[348]See Alarcon's narrative translated by Hakluyt in hisVoyages, IX. 279-318 (ed. 1904), and also Buckingham Smith,Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida(1857), p. 1.
[348]See Alarcon's narrative translated by Hakluyt in hisVoyages, IX. 279-318 (ed. 1904), and also Buckingham Smith,Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida(1857), p. 1.
[349]The province of Nueva Galicia, explored under Guzman's direction. See p. 285, note 1.
[349]The province of Nueva Galicia, explored under Guzman's direction. See p. 285, note 1.
[350]For this locality see p. 299, note 1.
[350]For this locality see p. 299, note 1.
[351]Culiacan, or San Miguel Culiacan, as it was named by Guzman, is in central Sinaloa. Castañeda was a resident of this town and evidently joined the expedition there.
[351]Culiacan, or San Miguel Culiacan, as it was named by Guzman, is in central Sinaloa. Castañeda was a resident of this town and evidently joined the expedition there.
[352]Chichilticalli, or the "Red House," was so named by the Aztec Indians on account of its color. It was doubtless situated on or near the Rio Gila, east of the mouth of the San Pedro, probably not far from the present Solomonsville in southern Arizona.
[352]Chichilticalli, or the "Red House," was so named by the Aztec Indians on account of its color. It was doubtless situated on or near the Rio Gila, east of the mouth of the San Pedro, probably not far from the present Solomonsville in southern Arizona.
[353]The Zuñi River, within the present Arizona. Its waters are very muddy in springtime, which is the only time of the year that it flows into the Little Colorado.
[353]The Zuñi River, within the present Arizona. Its waters are very muddy in springtime, which is the only time of the year that it flows into the Little Colorado.
[354]This was the Zuñi Indian pueblo of Hawikuh, one of their seven villages, from which Coronado wrote to the Viceroy Mendoza, dating his letter "from the province of Cevola, and this city of Granada, the 3d of August, 1540." (See Winship's translation inFourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 552-563.) Hawikuh, or "Granada," was situated about fifteen miles southwest of the present Zuñi, near the Zuñi River, in New Mexico, and its ruins are still to be seen. This was the pueblo in which Estévan doubtless lost his life the year before, and which was viewed from an adjacent height by Fray Marcos. Hawikuh was the seat of a mission established by the Franciscans in 1629; it was abandoned in 1670 after having been raided by the Apaches and its priest killed. The name "Cibola," now and later applied to Hawikuh, is believed to be a Spanish form ofShiwina, the Zuñi name for their tribal range.Cibololater became the term by which the Spaniards of Mexico designated the bison.
[354]This was the Zuñi Indian pueblo of Hawikuh, one of their seven villages, from which Coronado wrote to the Viceroy Mendoza, dating his letter "from the province of Cevola, and this city of Granada, the 3d of August, 1540." (See Winship's translation inFourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 552-563.) Hawikuh, or "Granada," was situated about fifteen miles southwest of the present Zuñi, near the Zuñi River, in New Mexico, and its ruins are still to be seen. This was the pueblo in which Estévan doubtless lost his life the year before, and which was viewed from an adjacent height by Fray Marcos. Hawikuh was the seat of a mission established by the Franciscans in 1629; it was abandoned in 1670 after having been raided by the Apaches and its priest killed. The name "Cibola," now and later applied to Hawikuh, is believed to be a Spanish form ofShiwina, the Zuñi name for their tribal range.Cibololater became the term by which the Spaniards of Mexico designated the bison.
[355]The houses were built in terrace fashion, one above the other, the roof of one tier forming a sort of front yard for the tier of houses next above it.
[355]The houses were built in terrace fashion, one above the other, the roof of one tier forming a sort of front yard for the tier of houses next above it.
[356]The war cry or "loud invocation addressed to Saint James before engaging in battle with the Infidels."—Captain John Stevens'sDictionary.
[356]The war cry or "loud invocation addressed to Saint James before engaging in battle with the Infidels."—Captain John Stevens'sDictionary.
[357]See Cabeza de Vaca's narrative in the present volume. The place was at or near the present Ures, on the Rio Sonora in Sonora, Mexico.
[357]See Cabeza de Vaca's narrative in the present volume. The place was at or near the present Ures, on the Rio Sonora in Sonora, Mexico.
[358]Whence the name of the present state of Sonora.
[358]Whence the name of the present state of Sonora.
[359]Evidently a Seri Indian. The Seri are a wild tribe speaking an independent language and occupying the island of Tiburon and the adjacent Sonora coast of the Gulf of California. They are noted for their stature. For an account of this people, see McGee inSeventeenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1 (1898).
[359]Evidently a Seri Indian. The Seri are a wild tribe speaking an independent language and occupying the island of Tiburon and the adjacent Sonora coast of the Gulf of California. They are noted for their stature. For an account of this people, see McGee inSeventeenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pt. 1 (1898).
[360]Believed to be in the present Sonora valley, where it opens out into a broader plain a number of miles above Ures.
[360]Believed to be in the present Sonora valley, where it opens out into a broader plain a number of miles above Ures.
[361]This should be September.
[361]This should be September.
[362]It is not without interest to record here the finding, in 1886, in western Kansas, of a sword-blade, greatly corroded, but still bearing sufficient trace of the name "Juan Gallego" to enable its determination, as well as the inscription "No me saques sin razon. No me embaines sin honor." See W. E. Ritchey inMail and Breeze, Topeka, Kansas, July 26, 1902.
[362]It is not without interest to record here the finding, in 1886, in western Kansas, of a sword-blade, greatly corroded, but still bearing sufficient trace of the name "Juan Gallego" to enable its determination, as well as the inscription "No me saques sin razon. No me embaines sin honor." See W. E. Ritchey inMail and Breeze, Topeka, Kansas, July 26, 1902.
[363]These were evidently the Cocopa, a Yuman tribe, whose descendants still inhabit the lower Rio Colorado, which is the Rio del Tison of this narrative. The Cocopa now number perhaps 800.
[363]These were evidently the Cocopa, a Yuman tribe, whose descendants still inhabit the lower Rio Colorado, which is the Rio del Tison of this narrative. The Cocopa now number perhaps 800.
[364]It had been supposed that Lower California, the "Isle of the Marquis" (Cortés), was an island, yet notwithstanding its determination as a peninsula it appeared as an island on maps of a much later period.
[364]It had been supposed that Lower California, the "Isle of the Marquis" (Cortés), was an island, yet notwithstanding its determination as a peninsula it appeared as an island on maps of a much later period.
[365]The rafts, orbalsas, referred to, were made by tying together a large number of reeds. The vessel was wide at the middle and pointed at the ends, and was very buoyant.
[365]The rafts, orbalsas, referred to, were made by tying together a large number of reeds. The vessel was wide at the middle and pointed at the ends, and was very buoyant.
[366]Vacapan was apparently an Opata pueblo, or rather two pueblos, on a branch of the Rio Yaqui, which the Spaniards passed through shortly before reaching Corazones (Ures) on the Rio Sonora. The preserved cactus fruit is regarded highly by all the Indians of the general region even to-day, and in season they subsist largely upon it. The saguara (Cereus giganteus), or great columnar cactus, furnishes the chief supply.
[366]Vacapan was apparently an Opata pueblo, or rather two pueblos, on a branch of the Rio Yaqui, which the Spaniards passed through shortly before reaching Corazones (Ures) on the Rio Sonora. The preserved cactus fruit is regarded highly by all the Indians of the general region even to-day, and in season they subsist largely upon it. The saguara (Cereus giganteus), or great columnar cactus, furnishes the chief supply.
[367]The well-known Rocky Mountain sheep. As late as twenty years ago some of the mountain ranges of southeastern Arizona, especially the Catalina Mountains, were noted for this animal.
[367]The well-known Rocky Mountain sheep. As late as twenty years ago some of the mountain ranges of southeastern Arizona, especially the Catalina Mountains, were noted for this animal.
[368]Compare Chapter 13. These two groups of pueblos were not the same.
[368]Compare Chapter 13. These two groups of pueblos were not the same.
[369]Castañeda speaks as a member of the "army," not of the advance guard. See the preceding chapter.
[369]Castañeda speaks as a member of the "army," not of the advance guard. See the preceding chapter.
[370]These lines were drawn in corn meal and must not be crossed. To this day similar lines of meal are made across a trail when certain ceremonies are being performed. The Spaniards were now at the pueblo of Awatobi, the first village of the Hopi (Moqui) people of Tusayan, in northeastern Arizona, reached in coming from the southward. It was destroyed by the other Hopi villagers in 1700, because the Awatobi people favored the re-establishment of the Spanish mission that had been destroyed in the great Pueblo revolt of 1680.
[370]These lines were drawn in corn meal and must not be crossed. To this day similar lines of meal are made across a trail when certain ceremonies are being performed. The Spaniards were now at the pueblo of Awatobi, the first village of the Hopi (Moqui) people of Tusayan, in northeastern Arizona, reached in coming from the southward. It was destroyed by the other Hopi villagers in 1700, because the Awatobi people favored the re-establishment of the Spanish mission that had been destroyed in the great Pueblo revolt of 1680.
[371]Castañeda, speaking from hearsay with respect to the Tovar expedition, errs in this statement, as the Hopi were the principal cotton growers and weavers of all the Pueblos. Later Spanish accounts all agree on this point. Indeed, even now the Hopi cotton kilts, sashes, and ceremonial robes are bartered throughout the Pueblo region.
[371]Castañeda, speaking from hearsay with respect to the Tovar expedition, errs in this statement, as the Hopi were the principal cotton growers and weavers of all the Pueblos. Later Spanish accounts all agree on this point. Indeed, even now the Hopi cotton kilts, sashes, and ceremonial robes are bartered throughout the Pueblo region.
[372]Piñon nuts.
[372]Piñon nuts.
[373]Obtained by trade with the Rio Grande Pueblos, who mined them in the Cerillos, southeast of Santa Fé, New Mexico. It is from the same deposits that much of the "matrix turquoise" of our present-day commerce is derived.
[373]Obtained by trade with the Rio Grande Pueblos, who mined them in the Cerillos, southeast of Santa Fé, New Mexico. It is from the same deposits that much of the "matrix turquoise" of our present-day commerce is derived.
[374]See the reference to the Cocopa Indians met by Melchior Diaz, in Chapter 10.
[374]See the reference to the Cocopa Indians met by Melchior Diaz, in Chapter 10.
[375]The Grand Cañon of the Colorado, now visited and described by white men for the first time.
[375]The Grand Cañon of the Colorado, now visited and described by white men for the first time.
[376]The Giralda, or celebrated bell-tower of the Cathedral of Seville, which is 275 feet high.
[376]The Giralda, or celebrated bell-tower of the Cathedral of Seville, which is 275 feet high.
[377]The report of Alvarado, translated by George Parker Winship, is published in theFourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology(Washington, 1896).
[377]The report of Alvarado, translated by George Parker Winship, is published in theFourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology(Washington, 1896).
[378]This is the pueblo of Acoma, about fifty miles east of Zuñi. It occupies the summit of the same rocky mesa, 357 feet high, that it did in Coronado's time. The name here given is doubtless an attempt to give the Zuñi designation,Hákukia, fromAko, the name by which it is known to the Acoma people. The present population is 650. Acoma has the distinction of being the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States.
[378]This is the pueblo of Acoma, about fifty miles east of Zuñi. It occupies the summit of the same rocky mesa, 357 feet high, that it did in Coronado's time. The name here given is doubtless an attempt to give the Zuñi designation,Hákukia, fromAko, the name by which it is known to the Acoma people. The present population is 650. Acoma has the distinction of being the oldest continuously occupied settlement in the United States.