[499]See p. 314, note 1.
[499]See p. 314, note 1.
[500]Meaning that the provinces of Tiguex and Tutahaco were those farthest down the valley.
[500]Meaning that the provinces of Tiguex and Tutahaco were those farthest down the valley.
[501]The pueblos of the Queres, or Keresan, family. See p. 327, note 3.
[501]The pueblos of the Queres, or Keresan, family. See p. 327, note 3.
[502]Toward the north, in the direction of Santa Fé.
[502]Toward the north, in the direction of Santa Fé.
[503]Ximena itself was Galisteo. The others were "Coquite" and the "Pueblo de los Silos." See p. 356, notes 2 and 3.
[503]Ximena itself was Galisteo. The others were "Coquite" and the "Pueblo de los Silos." See p. 356, notes 2 and 3.
[504]Pecos. See p. 355, note 2.
[504]Pecos. See p. 355, note 2.
[505]Jemez, including Giusiwá, Amushungkwá, Patoqua, and Astyalakwá. There are many ruins in the vicinity, including those of a large Spanish church at Giusiwá. Evidently some of the Sia villages are here included.
[505]Jemez, including Giusiwá, Amushungkwá, Patoqua, and Astyalakwá. There are many ruins in the vicinity, including those of a large Spanish church at Giusiwá. Evidently some of the Sia villages are here included.
[506]The Jemez villages about the Jemez Hot Springs, above the present Jemez pueblo. Castañeda here duplicates his provinces somewhat, as the Aguas Calientes pueblos were Jemez, Giusiwá being one of the most prominent.
[506]The Jemez villages about the Jemez Hot Springs, above the present Jemez pueblo. Castañeda here duplicates his provinces somewhat, as the Aguas Calientes pueblos were Jemez, Giusiwá being one of the most prominent.
[507]See p. 340, note 1. This group of Tewa villages doubtless included San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Yukiwingge. Jacona, Cuyamunque, and others were also occupied by the Tewas during this period, no doubt, but these may have been included in Castañeda's province of the Snowy Mountains.
[507]See p. 340, note 1. This group of Tewa villages doubtless included San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Yukiwingge. Jacona, Cuyamunque, and others were also occupied by the Tewas during this period, no doubt, but these may have been included in Castañeda's province of the Snowy Mountains.
[508]Taos. See p. 340, note 4.
[508]Taos. See p. 340, note 4.
[509]Sia, a Queres pueblo, probably included, with Santa Ana, in his "Quirix" group, above.
[509]Sia, a Queres pueblo, probably included, with Santa Ana, in his "Quirix" group, above.
[510]Castañeda lists seventy-one, probably having added others without altering the total here given.
[510]Castañeda lists seventy-one, probably having added others without altering the total here given.
[511]The trend of the Rio Grande is really southwestward until after the southern limit of the old Pueblo settlements is passed. Perhaps Castañeda had in mind the southeastward course of the stream farther south "toward Florida," as mentioned later in this paragraph. He is probably here speaking from hearsay, as the exploration downstream was not made by the main body.
[511]The trend of the Rio Grande is really southwestward until after the southern limit of the old Pueblo settlements is passed. Perhaps Castañeda had in mind the southeastward course of the stream farther south "toward Florida," as mentioned later in this paragraph. He is probably here speaking from hearsay, as the exploration downstream was not made by the main body.
[512]This would give a total Pueblo population of about 70,000, whereas it could scarcely have much exceeded Castañeda's estimated number of men alone.
[512]This would give a total Pueblo population of about 70,000, whereas it could scarcely have much exceeded Castañeda's estimated number of men alone.
[513]Ruy Lopez de Villalobos sailed from Acapulco, Mexico, in command of four vessels, in 1542, discovered the Caroline and Pelew archipelagos and sighted Caesarea Caroli, believed to be Luzon, of the Philippine group. Later he established a colony on an island which he called Antonio or Saragan. Supplies failing, he despatched three of the vessels to Mexico, but these were wrecked. Forced by hunger to flee to Amboina, Villalobos was imprisoned by the Portuguese. One of his men, escaping, carried the news to Mexico in 1549.
[513]Ruy Lopez de Villalobos sailed from Acapulco, Mexico, in command of four vessels, in 1542, discovered the Caroline and Pelew archipelagos and sighted Caesarea Caroli, believed to be Luzon, of the Philippine group. Later he established a colony on an island which he called Antonio or Saragan. Supplies failing, he despatched three of the vessels to Mexico, but these were wrecked. Forced by hunger to flee to Amboina, Villalobos was imprisoned by the Portuguese. One of his men, escaping, carried the news to Mexico in 1549.
[514]"The Spanish text," remarks Mr. Winship, "fully justifies Castañeda's statement that he was not skilled in the arts of rhetoric and geography."
[514]"The Spanish text," remarks Mr. Winship, "fully justifies Castañeda's statement that he was not skilled in the arts of rhetoric and geography."
[515]Castañeda here contradicts himself, as Pecos, Acoma, and the Zuñi and Tusayan groups of pueblos are not in the valley of the Rio Grande.
[515]Castañeda here contradicts himself, as Pecos, Acoma, and the Zuñi and Tusayan groups of pueblos are not in the valley of the Rio Grande.
[516]Previously called antimony. See p. 355, note 1.
[516]Previously called antimony. See p. 355, note 1.
[517]After leaving Cicuye (Pecos) the army marched down the river for four days, crossed the stream over a bridge that they had built, and then reached the Staked Plain of Texas by travelling first a northeasterly then a southeasterly course. See Pt. 1, chap. 19.
[517]After leaving Cicuye (Pecos) the army marched down the river for four days, crossed the stream over a bridge that they had built, and then reached the Staked Plain of Texas by travelling first a northeasterly then a southeasterly course. See Pt. 1, chap. 19.
[518]The Rio Colorado.
[518]The Rio Colorado.
[519]That is, if the writer overlooks the settlements (one of them called Cona) in the ravines of the headwaters of the Texas streams, about the eastern escarpment of the Staked Plain, previously mentioned.
[519]That is, if the writer overlooks the settlements (one of them called Cona) in the ravines of the headwaters of the Texas streams, about the eastern escarpment of the Staked Plain, previously mentioned.
[520]The salt lakes near the Texas-New Mexico boundary. Further allusion to these salt lakes is made in Pt. 1, chap. 21.
[520]The salt lakes near the Texas-New Mexico boundary. Further allusion to these salt lakes is made in Pt. 1, chap. 21.
[521]The well-known travois of the plains tribes. The poles were those used to support the tents, or tipis, and were usually of cedar.
[521]The well-known travois of the plains tribes. The poles were those used to support the tents, or tipis, and were usually of cedar.
[522]Some of the tribes of Texas, however, especially the Attacapa and the Tonkawa, were noted as cannibals.
[522]Some of the tribes of Texas, however, especially the Attacapa and the Tonkawa, were noted as cannibals.
[523]The sign language was in general use among the tribes of the great plains, rendered necessary by the diversity of languages. See Mallery,Introduction to the Study of Sign Language(Washington, 1880); Clark,Indian Sign Language(1885).
[523]The sign language was in general use among the tribes of the great plains, rendered necessary by the diversity of languages. See Mallery,Introduction to the Study of Sign Language(Washington, 1880); Clark,Indian Sign Language(1885).
[524]The "jerked beef" of the later frontiersmen.
[524]The "jerked beef" of the later frontiersmen.
[525]Thepemmicanof the Indians.
[525]Thepemmicanof the Indians.
[526]Castañeda is sometimes confused in his directions. In this instance unless "west" (poniente) is a slip of the pen, he evidently forgot that the army travelled for weeks to the north, "by the needle," after journeying for some distance toward sunrise from the ravines of western Texas.
[526]Castañeda is sometimes confused in his directions. In this instance unless "west" (poniente) is a slip of the pen, he evidently forgot that the army travelled for weeks to the north, "by the needle," after journeying for some distance toward sunrise from the ravines of western Texas.
[527]This flora is characteristic of the upper plains generally, and the passage has been quoted by students of the route to show that Quivira lay both in Kansas and in Nebraska.
[527]This flora is characteristic of the upper plains generally, and the passage has been quoted by students of the route to show that Quivira lay both in Kansas and in Nebraska.
[528]Note the character of the houses as one of the chief means of determining the inhabitants of Quivira. See p. 337, note 1.
[528]Note the character of the houses as one of the chief means of determining the inhabitants of Quivira. See p. 337, note 1.
[529]The Jaramillo narrative says Capottan or Capotean.
[529]The Jaramillo narrative says Capottan or Capotean.
[530]Possibly the Kaw or Kansa Indians. See Pt. 3, chap. 4.
[530]Possibly the Kaw or Kansa Indians. See Pt. 3, chap. 4.
[531]Compare Herrera,Historia General, dec. vi., lib. ix., cap. xii., Vol. III., p. 207 (ed. 1730); Gomara,Historia General, cap. CCXIIII. (1553); Mota Padilla,Historia de la Conquista, 1742, p. 167 (1870); and specially Bandelier inAmerican Catholic Quarterly Review, XV. 551-565 (Philadelphia, July, 1890).
[531]Compare Herrera,Historia General, dec. vi., lib. ix., cap. xii., Vol. III., p. 207 (ed. 1730); Gomara,Historia General, cap. CCXIIII. (1553); Mota Padilla,Historia de la Conquista, 1742, p. 167 (1870); and specially Bandelier inAmerican Catholic Quarterly Review, XV. 551-565 (Philadelphia, July, 1890).
[532]The Missouri-Mississippi.
[532]The Missouri-Mississippi.
[533]The Harahey of Jaramillo's account—evidently the Pawnee country, about the Platte River, Nebraska. The "Relacion del Suceso,"Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology(Washington, 1896), spells it Harale.
[533]The Harahey of Jaramillo's account—evidently the Pawnee country, about the Platte River, Nebraska. The "Relacion del Suceso,"Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology(Washington, 1896), spells it Harale.
[534]The North and the South seas are the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans respectively.
[534]The North and the South seas are the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans respectively.
[535]See Cabeza de Vaca's narrative in the present volume.
[535]See Cabeza de Vaca's narrative in the present volume.
[536]Mr. Winship calls attention to Mota Padilla's reasons for the failure of the expedition: "It was most likely the chastisement of God that riches were not found on this expedition, because, when this ought to have been the secondary object of the expedition, and the conversion of all those heathen their first aim, they bartered with fate and struggled after the secondary; and thus the misfortune is not so much that all those labors were without fruit, but the worst is that such a number of souls have remained in their blindness."Historia de la Conquista, 1742, p. 166 (repr. 1870).
[536]Mr. Winship calls attention to Mota Padilla's reasons for the failure of the expedition: "It was most likely the chastisement of God that riches were not found on this expedition, because, when this ought to have been the secondary object of the expedition, and the conversion of all those heathen their first aim, they bartered with fate and struggled after the secondary; and thus the misfortune is not so much that all those labors were without fruit, but the worst is that such a number of souls have remained in their blindness."Historia de la Conquista, 1742, p. 166 (repr. 1870).
[537]According to theRelacion del Suceso: "Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas started off for Mexico, who, besides the fact that his arm was very bad, had permission from the viceroy on account of the death of his brother. Ten or twelve who were sick went with him, and not a man among them all who could fight." Cardenas, it will be recalled, had broken his arm. See Pt. 1, chap. 19.
[537]According to theRelacion del Suceso: "Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas started off for Mexico, who, besides the fact that his arm was very bad, had permission from the viceroy on account of the death of his brother. Ten or twelve who were sick went with him, and not a man among them all who could fight." Cardenas, it will be recalled, had broken his arm. See Pt. 1, chap. 19.
[538]Of 1541-1542.
[538]Of 1541-1542.
[539]Cardenas had "reached the town of the Spaniards and found it burned and two Spaniards and many Indians and horses dead, and he returned to the river on this account." (Relacion del Suceso.)
[539]Cardenas had "reached the town of the Spaniards and found it burned and two Spaniards and many Indians and horses dead, and he returned to the river on this account." (Relacion del Suceso.)
[540]Compare the spelling of this name on p. 297.
[540]Compare the spelling of this name on p. 297.
[541]That is, to poison their arrows.
[541]That is, to poison their arrows.
[542]The San Pedro, in Sonora near the Arizona boundary. The Indians who made this attack may have been the Sobaipuri.
[542]The San Pedro, in Sonora near the Arizona boundary. The Indians who made this attack may have been the Sobaipuri.
[543]See p. 368, note 2.
[543]See p. 368, note 2.
[544]Fray Luis Descalona, or De Escalona, or De Ubeda. For references on these friars, see p. 365, note 1. See also p. 355, note 2.
[544]Fray Luis Descalona, or De Escalona, or De Ubeda. For references on these friars, see p. 365, note 1. See also p. 355, note 2.
[545]Gen. W. W. H. Davis, in hisSpanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 231, gives the following extract, translated from an old Spanish MS. at Santa Fé: "When Coronado returned to Mexico, he left behind him, among the Indians of Cibola, the father Fray Francisco Juan de Padilla, the father Fray Juan de la Cruz, and a Portuguese named Andres del Campo. Soon after the Spaniards departed, Padilla and the Portuguese set off in search of the country of the Grand Quivira, where the former understood there were innumerable souls to be saved. After travelling several days, they reached a large settlement in the Quivira country. The Indians came out to receive them in battle array, when the friar, knowing their intentions, told the Portuguese and his attendants to take to flight, while he would await their coming, in order that they might vent their fury on him as they ran. The former took to flight, and, placing themselves on a height within view, saw what happened to the friar. Padilla awaited their coming upon his knees, and when they arrived where he was they immediately put him to death. The same happened to Juan de la Cruz, who was left behind at Cibola, which people killed him. The Portuguese and his attendants made their escape, and ultimately arrived safely in Mexico, where he told what had occurred." In reply to a request for further information regarding this manuscript, General Davis stated that when he revisited Santa Fé, a few years ago, he learned that one of his successors in the post of governor of the territory, having despaired of disposing of the immense mass of old documents and records deposited in his office, by the slow process of using them to kindle fires, had sold the entire lot—an invaluable collection of material bearing on the history of the Southwest and its early European and native inhabitants—as junk. (Winship.) The governor referred to was Rev. William A. Pile, appointed by President Grant and serving in 1869-1870.
[545]Gen. W. W. H. Davis, in hisSpanish Conquest of New Mexico, p. 231, gives the following extract, translated from an old Spanish MS. at Santa Fé: "When Coronado returned to Mexico, he left behind him, among the Indians of Cibola, the father Fray Francisco Juan de Padilla, the father Fray Juan de la Cruz, and a Portuguese named Andres del Campo. Soon after the Spaniards departed, Padilla and the Portuguese set off in search of the country of the Grand Quivira, where the former understood there were innumerable souls to be saved. After travelling several days, they reached a large settlement in the Quivira country. The Indians came out to receive them in battle array, when the friar, knowing their intentions, told the Portuguese and his attendants to take to flight, while he would await their coming, in order that they might vent their fury on him as they ran. The former took to flight, and, placing themselves on a height within view, saw what happened to the friar. Padilla awaited their coming upon his knees, and when they arrived where he was they immediately put him to death. The same happened to Juan de la Cruz, who was left behind at Cibola, which people killed him. The Portuguese and his attendants made their escape, and ultimately arrived safely in Mexico, where he told what had occurred." In reply to a request for further information regarding this manuscript, General Davis stated that when he revisited Santa Fé, a few years ago, he learned that one of his successors in the post of governor of the territory, having despaired of disposing of the immense mass of old documents and records deposited in his office, by the slow process of using them to kindle fires, had sold the entire lot—an invaluable collection of material bearing on the history of the Southwest and its early European and native inhabitants—as junk. (Winship.) The governor referred to was Rev. William A. Pile, appointed by President Grant and serving in 1869-1870.
[546]When Antonio de Espejo visited Cibola, or Zuñi, in 1583, he found three Indians, natives of Mexico, who had been left by Coronado but who had forgotten their mother tongue. He also found crosses that had been erected by Coronado.
[546]When Antonio de Espejo visited Cibola, or Zuñi, in 1583, he found three Indians, natives of Mexico, who had been left by Coronado but who had forgotten their mother tongue. He also found crosses that had been erected by Coronado.
[547]There were two settlements in Sonora bearing this name, one occupied by the Eudeve and the other by the Tegui division of the Opata. The latter village, which was probably the one referred to by Castañeda, was situated on the Rio de Oposura, a western tributary of the Yaqui, eight leagues east of San José Matape. It became the seat of the Jesuit mission of Santa María in 1629.
[547]There were two settlements in Sonora bearing this name, one occupied by the Eudeve and the other by the Tegui division of the Opata. The latter village, which was probably the one referred to by Castañeda, was situated on the Rio de Oposura, a western tributary of the Yaqui, eight leagues east of San José Matape. It became the seat of the Jesuit mission of Santa María in 1629.
[548]See pp. 346, 347. Petatlan is an Aztec word signifying "place of the petates," or mats, referring to the character of the native dwellings.
[548]See pp. 346, 347. Petatlan is an Aztec word signifying "place of the petates," or mats, referring to the character of the native dwellings.
[549]June 24, 1542.
[549]June 24, 1542.
[550]See p. 360, note 2.
[550]See p. 360, note 2.
[551]The Indians of this vicinity had a similar regard for Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. See the narrative in the present volume.
[551]The Indians of this vicinity had a similar regard for Cabeza de Vaca and his companions. See the narrative in the present volume.
[552]The kersey, or coarse woollen cloth out of which the habits of the Franciscan friars were made. Hence the name Grey Friars. (Winship.) Various attempts were made to manufacture the hair into garments, especially stockings, but the ventures did not prove profitable. See Hornaday, "The Extinction of the American Bison,"Report of the United States National Museumfor 1886-1887.
[552]The kersey, or coarse woollen cloth out of which the habits of the Franciscan friars were made. Hence the name Grey Friars. (Winship.) Various attempts were made to manufacture the hair into garments, especially stockings, but the ventures did not prove profitable. See Hornaday, "The Extinction of the American Bison,"Report of the United States National Museumfor 1886-1887.
[553]The cross is common to the Indians and always has been. It often is symbolic of the morning and the evening stars. Those referred to as having been seen by Coronado's men at Acoma were characteristic prayer-sticks, the downy feathers representing the breath of life. Such are still in common use by the Pueblo Indians.
[553]The cross is common to the Indians and always has been. It often is symbolic of the morning and the evening stars. Those referred to as having been seen by Coronado's men at Acoma were characteristic prayer-sticks, the downy feathers representing the breath of life. Such are still in common use by the Pueblo Indians.
[554]Probably dried corn-husk.
[554]Probably dried corn-husk.
[555]The northeastern province of New Spain.
[555]The northeastern province of New Spain.
[556]That is, he travelled from the Quivira province, in the present Kansas, southwestwardly to Mexico.
[556]That is, he travelled from the Quivira province, in the present Kansas, southwestwardly to Mexico.
[557]Zacatecas.
[557]Zacatecas.
[558]This wild tribe inhabited chiefly the region of the present state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. They were known also as Cuachichiles and Quachichiles.
[558]This wild tribe inhabited chiefly the region of the present state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. They were known also as Cuachichiles and Quachichiles.
[559]The dictionary of Dominguez says: "Isla de negros; ó isla del Almirantazgo, en el grande Océano equinoccial; grande isla de la América del Norte, sobre la costa oeste." Apparently the location of this island gradually drifted westward with the increase of geographical knowledge, until it was finally located in the Philippine group. (Winship.)
[559]The dictionary of Dominguez says: "Isla de negros; ó isla del Almirantazgo, en el grande Océano equinoccial; grande isla de la América del Norte, sobre la costa oeste." Apparently the location of this island gradually drifted westward with the increase of geographical knowledge, until it was finally located in the Philippine group. (Winship.)
[560]This would indicate that the bronze cannon which Coronado left at Sia pueblo were worthless.
[560]This would indicate that the bronze cannon which Coronado left at Sia pueblo were worthless.
[561]The Gulf of California (which had been navigated by Cortés) and the Rio Colorado.
[561]The Gulf of California (which had been navigated by Cortés) and the Rio Colorado.
Transcriber's note:Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error, and in the following cases: Castaneda has been changed to Castañeda and Relacion to Relación.The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.In the index for Mesa, "Spanish soldier", the transcriber has changed the page number 538 to 376.
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error, and in the following cases: Castaneda has been changed to Castañeda and Relacion to Relación.
The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
In the index for Mesa, "Spanish soldier", the transcriber has changed the page number 538 to 376.