CONTENTS.
CONTENTS.
General Description of Steel, and Methods of Manufacture.—Cemented or Converted Steel. Blister, German, Shear, Double-shear. Crucible-steel, Bessemer, Open-hearth
Applications and Uses of the Different Kinds of Steel.—Crucible, Open-hearth, Bessemer
Alloy Steels and Their Uses.—Self-hardening, Manganese, Nickel, Silicon, Aluminum
Carbon.—General Properties and Uses. Modes of Introducing It in Steel. Carbon Tempers, How Determined. The Carbon-line. Effects of Carbon, in Low Steel, in High Steel. Importance of Attention to Composition
General Properties of Steel.—Four Conditions: Solid, Plastic, Granular, Liquid. Effects of Heat. Size of Grain. Recalescence, Magnetism. Effects of Cooling, Hardening, Softening, Checking. Effects of Forging or Rolling, Hot or Cold. Condensing, Hammer-refining, Bursting. Ranges of Tenacity, etc. Natural Bar, Annealed Bar, Hardened Bar, etc.
Heating.—For Forging; Hardening; Overheating; Burning; Restoring; Welding
Annealing
Hardening and Tempering.—Size of Grain; Refining at Recalescence; Specific-gravity Tests; Temper Colors; How to Break Work; a Word for the Workman
Effects of Grinding.—Glaze, Skin, Decarbonized Skin, Cracked Surfaces, Pickling
Impurities and Their Effects.—Cold-short. Red-short, Hot-short, Irregularities, Segregation, Oxides, etc., Wild Heats, Porosity. Removing Last Fractions of Hurtful Elements. Andrews Broken Rail and Propeller-shaft
Theories of Hardening.—Combined, Graphitic, Dissolved, Cement, Hardening and Non-hardening Carbon. Carbides. Allotropic Forms of Iron α, β, etc. Iron as an Igneous Rock or as a Liquid
Inspection.—Ingots, Bars, Finished Work. Tempers and Soundness of Ingots. Seams, Pipes, Laps, Burns, Stars
Specifications.—Physical, Chemical, and of Soundness and Freedom from Scratches, Sharp Re-entrant Angles, etc.
Humbugs
Conclusions
Definitions of Shop Terms Used