[190]
In 1731 Schurig, in hisSyllepsilogia, devoted more than a hundred pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.
In 1731 Schurig, in hisSyllepsilogia, devoted more than a hundred pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.
[191]
J. W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in hisManual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg),Das Versehen der Frauen, 1899.Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Préjugés Populaires sur les Envies,"Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie, Paris, June 18, 1891. Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne speaks cautiously.
J. W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in hisManual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg),Das Versehen der Frauen, 1899.Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Préjugés Populaires sur les Envies,"Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie, Paris, June 18, 1891. Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne speaks cautiously.
[192]
J. G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (Journal of American Medical Association, December 9, 1899.)
J. G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (Journal of American Medical Association, December 9, 1899.)
[193]
J. Clifton Edgar,The Practice of Obstetrics, second edition, 1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American Gynæcological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various eminent gynæcologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less cautiously. (Transactions of the American Gynæcological Society, vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data on the question (Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, pp. 81,et seq.) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions seems fully established. On the other side, see G. W. Cook,American Journal of Obstetrics, September, 1889, and H. F. Lewis,ib., July, 1899.
J. Clifton Edgar,The Practice of Obstetrics, second edition, 1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American Gynæcological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various eminent gynæcologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less cautiously. (Transactions of the American Gynæcological Society, vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data on the question (Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, pp. 81,et seq.) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions seems fully established. On the other side, see G. W. Cook,American Journal of Obstetrics, September, 1889, and H. F. Lewis,ib., July, 1899.
[194]
Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, vol. xvii, 1892.
Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, vol. xvii, 1892.
[195]
J. W. Ballantyne,Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo, p. 45.
J. W. Ballantyne,Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo, p. 45.
[196]
W. C. Dabney, "Maternal Impressions," Keating'sCyclopædia of Diseases of Children, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.
W. C. Dabney, "Maternal Impressions," Keating'sCyclopædia of Diseases of Children, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.
[197]
Féré,Sensation et Mouvement, Chapter XIV, "Sur la Psychologie du Fœtus."
Féré,Sensation et Mouvement, Chapter XIV, "Sur la Psychologie du Fœtus."
[198]
J. Thomson, "Defective Co-ordination in Utero,"British Medical Journal, September 6, 1902.
J. Thomson, "Defective Co-ordination in Utero,"British Medical Journal, September 6, 1902.
[199]
H. Campbell,Nervous Organization of Man and Woman, p. 206;cf.Moll,Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis, bd. i, p. 264. Many authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the later months.Cf.Brénot,De l'influence de la copulation pendant la grosseisse, 1903.
H. Campbell,Nervous Organization of Man and Woman, p. 206;cf.Moll,Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis, bd. i, p. 264. Many authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the later months.Cf.Brénot,De l'influence de la copulation pendant la grosseisse, 1903.
[200]
Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia of pregnancy.
Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia of pregnancy.
[201]
Vinay,Traité des Maladies de la Grossesse, 1894, pp. 51, 577; Mongeri, "Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft."Allegemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (Uric Acid, sixth edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with excess of uric acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression, dyspepsia, asthma) are absent, and considers that the common idea that women do not easily take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well founded.
Vinay,Traité des Maladies de la Grossesse, 1894, pp. 51, 577; Mongeri, "Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft."Allegemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (Uric Acid, sixth edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with excess of uric acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression, dyspepsia, asthma) are absent, and considers that the common idea that women do not easily take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well founded.
[202]
Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: "It is impossible to escape the conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present recognized." H. H. Donaldson,The Growth of the Brain, p. 352.
Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: "It is impossible to escape the conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present recognized." H. H. Donaldson,The Growth of the Brain, p. 352.
[203]
The state of menstruation is in many respects an approximation to that of pregnancy; see,e.g., Edgar'sPractice of Obstetrics, plates 6 6 and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual changes in the breasts and the external sexual parts to the changes of pregnancy;cf.Havelock Ellis,Man and Woman, fourth edition, Chapter XI, "The Functional Periodicity of Woman."
The state of menstruation is in many respects an approximation to that of pregnancy; see,e.g., Edgar'sPractice of Obstetrics, plates 6 6 and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual changes in the breasts and the external sexual parts to the changes of pregnancy;cf.Havelock Ellis,Man and Woman, fourth edition, Chapter XI, "The Functional Periodicity of Woman."
[204]
Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes pregnant, "She has smelt the moon-flower"—a flower believed to grow on the so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by its smell. Ploss and Bartels,Das Weib, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.
Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes pregnant, "She has smelt the moon-flower"—a flower believed to grow on the so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by its smell. Ploss and Bartels,Das Weib, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.
[205]
This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an extremely important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all events during the latter part of pregnancy; see,e.g., Pinard,Gazette des Hôpitaux, November 28, 1895, andAnnales de Gynécologie, August, 1898.
This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an extremely important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all events during the latter part of pregnancy; see,e.g., Pinard,Gazette des Hôpitaux, November 28, 1895, andAnnales de Gynécologie, August, 1898.
[206]
Ploss and Bartels,op. cit., Chapter XXIX; Κρυπτάδια, vol. viii, p. 143.
Ploss and Bartels,op. cit., Chapter XXIX; Κρυπτάδια, vol. viii, p. 143.
[207]
Griffith Wilkin,British Medical Journal, April 8, 1905.
Griffith Wilkin,British Medical Journal, April 8, 1905.
[208]
Weininger,Geschlecht und Charakter, p. 107. I may remark that a recent book, Ellis Meredith'sHeart of My Heart, is devoted to a seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be avoided.
Weininger,Geschlecht und Charakter, p. 107. I may remark that a recent book, Ellis Meredith'sHeart of My Heart, is devoted to a seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be avoided.