141[In 1879 Mr. George Francis, of Adelaide, forwarded from the latter place a number of moths (a species of Anapæa) together with their larvæ (in alcohol) and cocoons (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. xvi), and in an accompanying note he stated that the male larva when living is of “a bright emerald green, with red and pink markings on the back, and yellow, black, and white streaks on the sides.” The male larva is described as being smaller than the female, and as possessing all the brilliant colours, the latter “having no red markings, but only white, yellow, and green, with a little black.” I was at first disposed to think that we might be dealing here with two distinct species having differently marked larvæ; but Mr. Francis this present year (1880) forwarded a large number of the living cocoons of this species, which I separated according to size, and, on the emergence of the moths (August), I found that all those from the small cocoons were males, and those from the larger cocoons females. There can be no doubt, therefore, that we have but one species in this case, the larva of which presents the remarkable phenomenon of sexual difference of coloration. As an analogous fact I may here mention the well-known case ofOrgyia Antiqua, the larva of which differs in the colour of the tufts of hair according to sex. R.M.]142[I have already given reasons for suspecting that the colour of green caterpillars may be due to the presence of chlorophyll (or some derivative thereof) in their tissues (see Proc. Zoo. Soc. 1873, p. 159). This substance appears to be one of great chemical stability, and, according to Chautard, who has detected it in an unaltered state in the tissues of certain leaf-feeding insects by means of its absorption spectrum (“Comp. Rend.” Jan. 13th, 1873), it resists the animal digestive processes (Ann. Ch. Phys. [5], iii., 1–56). If this view should be established by future observations, we must regard the green colour of caterpillars as having been produced, when protective, from phytophagic variability by the action of natural selection; and the absence of colour in internal feeders, above referred to, is only secondarily due to the exclusion of light, and depends primarily on the absence of chlorophyll in their food. In connection with this I may adduce the fact, that some few species ofNepticula(N. Oxyacanthella,N. Viscerella, &c.) are green, although they live in leaf-galleries where this colour can hardly be of use as a protection; but their food (hawthorn and elm) contains chlorophyll. See also note130, p.293. Further investigations in this direction are much needed. R.M.]143[The same applies toPseudoterpna Cytisaria, also feeding on broom at the same time of the year. The most striking cases of adaptive resemblance brought about by longitudinal stripes are to be found among fir and pine feeders, species belonging to the most diverse families (Hyloicus Pinastri,Trachea Piniperda,Fidonia Piniaria, &c., &c.) all being most admirably concealed among the needle-shaped leaves. R.M.]144The geographical distribution of the dark form indicates that in the case of this species also, the form referred to is replacing the yellow (green) variety. Whilst in the middle of Europe (Germany, France, Hungary) the dark form is extremely rare, in the south of Spain this variety, as I learn from Dr. Noll, is almost as common as the yellow one. I hear also from Dr. Staudinger that in South Africa (Port Natal) the dark form is somewhat the commoner, although the golden-yellow and, more rarely, the green varieties, occur there. I have seen a caterpillar and several moths from Port Natal, and these all agree exactly with ours. The displacement of the green (yellow) form by the dark soil-adapted variety, appears therefore to proceed more rapidly in a warm than in a temperate climate. [Eng. ed. Dr. Noll writes to me from Frankfort that the caterpillar ofAcherontia Atroposin the south of Spain does not, as with us, conceal itself by day in the earth, but on the stems underneath the leaves. “At Cadiz, on the hot, sandy shore,Solanum violaceumgrows to a height of three feet, and on a single plant I often found more than a dozenAtroposlarvæ resting with the head retracted. It can easily be understood why the lateral stripes are blue when one has seen the south EuropeanSolaneæ, on which this larva is at home.Solanum violaceumis scarcely green: violet tints alternate with brown, green, and yellow over the whole plant, and between these appear the yellow-anthered flowers, and golden-yellow berries of the size of a greengage. Thus it happens that the numerous thorns, an inch long, between which the caterpillar rests on the stem, pass from violet into shades of blue, red, green, and yellow.”]145[For Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale’s remarks on the habits of certain ocellated S. African Sphinx-larvæ see note129, p.290. R.M.]146[Some experiments with the caterpillar ofC. Elpenor, confirming these results, have been made by Lady Verney. See “Good Words,” Dec. 1877, p. 838. R.M.]147[The eye-spots onCh. Neriihave thus been supposed by some observers to be imitations of the flowers of the periwinkle, one of its food-plants. See, for instance, Sir John Lubbock’s “Scientific Lectures,” p. 51. R.M.]148“On Insects and Insectivorous Birds,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 21.149Ibid., p. 27.150[Messrs. Weir and Butler inform me that they have not experimented with Sphinx-larvæ. R.M.]151[It appears that the nauseous character of these last butterflies is to a certain extent retained after death, as I found that in an old collection which had been destroyed by mites, the least mutilated specimens were species ofDanaisandEuplæa, genera which are known to be distasteful when living, and to serve as models for mimicry. See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. xii. R.M.]152[This bears out the view expressed in a previous note129, p.290, that the grotesque attitude and caudal tentacles are more for protection against ichneumons than against larger foes. R.M.]153These experiments, as already mentioned above, were not made with the common German lizard (Lacerta Stirpium), but with the large South EuropeanLacerta Viridis.154Thus, Boisduval states of this caterpillar, which in Provence lives onEuphorbia esulaand allied species:—“Its resemblance to a serpent, and its brilliant colour, permit of its being easily discovered.” This was written in 1843, long before natural selection was thought of.155Or some other extinct analogously-marked species.156[See Darwin’s remarks on the struggle for life being most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species “Origin of Species,” 6th ed. p. 59. R.M.]157[Compare this with Darwin’s remarks on “analogous variations,” “Origin of Species,” 6th ed., p. 125. R.M.]158“Zoologische Studien auf Capri. II. Lacerta muralis cærula, ein Beitrag zur Darwin’schen Lehre.” Leipzig, 1874. [The subject of colour-variation in lizards has been much discussed in “Nature” since the publication of the above mentioned essay; see vol. xix., pp. 4, 53, 97, and 122, and vol. xx., pp. 290 and 480. R M.]159“Über die Berechtigung der Darwin’schen Theorie.” Leipzig, 1868. See also the previous essay “On the Seasonal Dimorphism of Butterflies,” pp.112–116.160[Mr. A. G. Butler has recently advanced the view that this family is not allied to theSphingidæ, but is related on the one side to thePyrales, and on the other to theGelechiidæ. See his paper “On the Natural Affinities of the Lepidopterous FamilyÆgeriidæ,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 121. R.M.]161I am indebted to my esteemed colleague, Prof. Gestäcker, for the knowledge of this specimen.162Cat. Lep. East India Co.,Pl. VIII.163Such a residue is distinctly visible inS. Ocellatus: see Fig. 70,Pl. VII.164[The question here also suggests itself as to why thedorsalline should not have been the primary longitudinal stripe, seeing that such a marking is almost naturally produced in many caterpillars by the food in the alimentary canal; or, in other words, why has not natural selection taken advantage of such an obvious means of producing a stripe in cases where it would have been advantageous? In answer to this I may state, that in large numbers of species the dorsal line has thus become utilized; but in the case of large caterpillars resting among foliage, it can be easily seen that light lateral (i.e.subdorsal) stripes, are more effective in breaking the homogeneity of the body than a dorsal line only slightly darker than the general ground-colour. Lateral lines are in fact visible fromtwo directions of space. If a caterpillar thus marked be placed on a twig, these lines are visible when we look at the creature’s back or at either side. That the subdorsal are therefore the primary lines, as shown by Dr. Weismann’s observations of the ontogeny of many of theSphingidæ, is quite in harmony with the view of their having been produced by natural selection. R.M.]165“Die Darwin’sche Theorie. Elf Vorlesungen über die Entstehung der Thiere und Pflanzen durch Naturzüchtung.” 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1875, p. 195.166[In the following species, already mentioned in previous notes, the oblique stripes are bounded at their upper extremities by a conspicuous subdorsal line:—Acosmeryx Anceus, Cram.;Sphinx Cingulata, Fabr.;Pachylia Ficus, Linn.;P. Syces, Hübn. InPseudosphinx Cyrtolophia, Butl., the oblique white stripes, beautifully shaded with pink, run into the white pink-bordered dorsal line, so that when seen from above the markings present the appearance of the midrib and lateral veins of a leaf, and are probably specially adapted for this purpose. R.M.]167[The dorsal line as well as the oblique stripes is present in the caterpillar ofSmerinthus Tartarinovii, Ménét.; and inAmbulyx Gannascus, Stoll., the oblique stripes are bounded above by a subdorsal line, as in the species named in the preceding note. R.M.]168Cat. Lep. East India Co., Pl. XI.169[Compare this with Darwin’s “Origin of Species” (1st. ed. p. 440), where it is stated that when an animal, during any part of its embryonic career, is active, and has to provide for itself, “the period of activity may come on earlier or later in life; but whenever it comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life is just as perfect and beautiful as in the adult animal. From such special adaptations the similarity of the larvæ or active embryos of allied animals is sometimes much obscured.” R.M.]170[For Fritz Müller’s application of this principle to the case of certain groups of Brazilian butterflies seeAppendix II. to this Part. R.M.]
141[In 1879 Mr. George Francis, of Adelaide, forwarded from the latter place a number of moths (a species of Anapæa) together with their larvæ (in alcohol) and cocoons (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. xvi), and in an accompanying note he stated that the male larva when living is of “a bright emerald green, with red and pink markings on the back, and yellow, black, and white streaks on the sides.” The male larva is described as being smaller than the female, and as possessing all the brilliant colours, the latter “having no red markings, but only white, yellow, and green, with a little black.” I was at first disposed to think that we might be dealing here with two distinct species having differently marked larvæ; but Mr. Francis this present year (1880) forwarded a large number of the living cocoons of this species, which I separated according to size, and, on the emergence of the moths (August), I found that all those from the small cocoons were males, and those from the larger cocoons females. There can be no doubt, therefore, that we have but one species in this case, the larva of which presents the remarkable phenomenon of sexual difference of coloration. As an analogous fact I may here mention the well-known case ofOrgyia Antiqua, the larva of which differs in the colour of the tufts of hair according to sex. R.M.]
141[In 1879 Mr. George Francis, of Adelaide, forwarded from the latter place a number of moths (a species of Anapæa) together with their larvæ (in alcohol) and cocoons (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1879, p. xvi), and in an accompanying note he stated that the male larva when living is of “a bright emerald green, with red and pink markings on the back, and yellow, black, and white streaks on the sides.” The male larva is described as being smaller than the female, and as possessing all the brilliant colours, the latter “having no red markings, but only white, yellow, and green, with a little black.” I was at first disposed to think that we might be dealing here with two distinct species having differently marked larvæ; but Mr. Francis this present year (1880) forwarded a large number of the living cocoons of this species, which I separated according to size, and, on the emergence of the moths (August), I found that all those from the small cocoons were males, and those from the larger cocoons females. There can be no doubt, therefore, that we have but one species in this case, the larva of which presents the remarkable phenomenon of sexual difference of coloration. As an analogous fact I may here mention the well-known case ofOrgyia Antiqua, the larva of which differs in the colour of the tufts of hair according to sex. R.M.]
142[I have already given reasons for suspecting that the colour of green caterpillars may be due to the presence of chlorophyll (or some derivative thereof) in their tissues (see Proc. Zoo. Soc. 1873, p. 159). This substance appears to be one of great chemical stability, and, according to Chautard, who has detected it in an unaltered state in the tissues of certain leaf-feeding insects by means of its absorption spectrum (“Comp. Rend.” Jan. 13th, 1873), it resists the animal digestive processes (Ann. Ch. Phys. [5], iii., 1–56). If this view should be established by future observations, we must regard the green colour of caterpillars as having been produced, when protective, from phytophagic variability by the action of natural selection; and the absence of colour in internal feeders, above referred to, is only secondarily due to the exclusion of light, and depends primarily on the absence of chlorophyll in their food. In connection with this I may adduce the fact, that some few species ofNepticula(N. Oxyacanthella,N. Viscerella, &c.) are green, although they live in leaf-galleries where this colour can hardly be of use as a protection; but their food (hawthorn and elm) contains chlorophyll. See also note130, p.293. Further investigations in this direction are much needed. R.M.]
142[I have already given reasons for suspecting that the colour of green caterpillars may be due to the presence of chlorophyll (or some derivative thereof) in their tissues (see Proc. Zoo. Soc. 1873, p. 159). This substance appears to be one of great chemical stability, and, according to Chautard, who has detected it in an unaltered state in the tissues of certain leaf-feeding insects by means of its absorption spectrum (“Comp. Rend.” Jan. 13th, 1873), it resists the animal digestive processes (Ann. Ch. Phys. [5], iii., 1–56). If this view should be established by future observations, we must regard the green colour of caterpillars as having been produced, when protective, from phytophagic variability by the action of natural selection; and the absence of colour in internal feeders, above referred to, is only secondarily due to the exclusion of light, and depends primarily on the absence of chlorophyll in their food. In connection with this I may adduce the fact, that some few species ofNepticula(N. Oxyacanthella,N. Viscerella, &c.) are green, although they live in leaf-galleries where this colour can hardly be of use as a protection; but their food (hawthorn and elm) contains chlorophyll. See also note130, p.293. Further investigations in this direction are much needed. R.M.]
143[The same applies toPseudoterpna Cytisaria, also feeding on broom at the same time of the year. The most striking cases of adaptive resemblance brought about by longitudinal stripes are to be found among fir and pine feeders, species belonging to the most diverse families (Hyloicus Pinastri,Trachea Piniperda,Fidonia Piniaria, &c., &c.) all being most admirably concealed among the needle-shaped leaves. R.M.]
143[The same applies toPseudoterpna Cytisaria, also feeding on broom at the same time of the year. The most striking cases of adaptive resemblance brought about by longitudinal stripes are to be found among fir and pine feeders, species belonging to the most diverse families (Hyloicus Pinastri,Trachea Piniperda,Fidonia Piniaria, &c., &c.) all being most admirably concealed among the needle-shaped leaves. R.M.]
144The geographical distribution of the dark form indicates that in the case of this species also, the form referred to is replacing the yellow (green) variety. Whilst in the middle of Europe (Germany, France, Hungary) the dark form is extremely rare, in the south of Spain this variety, as I learn from Dr. Noll, is almost as common as the yellow one. I hear also from Dr. Staudinger that in South Africa (Port Natal) the dark form is somewhat the commoner, although the golden-yellow and, more rarely, the green varieties, occur there. I have seen a caterpillar and several moths from Port Natal, and these all agree exactly with ours. The displacement of the green (yellow) form by the dark soil-adapted variety, appears therefore to proceed more rapidly in a warm than in a temperate climate. [Eng. ed. Dr. Noll writes to me from Frankfort that the caterpillar ofAcherontia Atroposin the south of Spain does not, as with us, conceal itself by day in the earth, but on the stems underneath the leaves. “At Cadiz, on the hot, sandy shore,Solanum violaceumgrows to a height of three feet, and on a single plant I often found more than a dozenAtroposlarvæ resting with the head retracted. It can easily be understood why the lateral stripes are blue when one has seen the south EuropeanSolaneæ, on which this larva is at home.Solanum violaceumis scarcely green: violet tints alternate with brown, green, and yellow over the whole plant, and between these appear the yellow-anthered flowers, and golden-yellow berries of the size of a greengage. Thus it happens that the numerous thorns, an inch long, between which the caterpillar rests on the stem, pass from violet into shades of blue, red, green, and yellow.”]
144The geographical distribution of the dark form indicates that in the case of this species also, the form referred to is replacing the yellow (green) variety. Whilst in the middle of Europe (Germany, France, Hungary) the dark form is extremely rare, in the south of Spain this variety, as I learn from Dr. Noll, is almost as common as the yellow one. I hear also from Dr. Staudinger that in South Africa (Port Natal) the dark form is somewhat the commoner, although the golden-yellow and, more rarely, the green varieties, occur there. I have seen a caterpillar and several moths from Port Natal, and these all agree exactly with ours. The displacement of the green (yellow) form by the dark soil-adapted variety, appears therefore to proceed more rapidly in a warm than in a temperate climate. [Eng. ed. Dr. Noll writes to me from Frankfort that the caterpillar ofAcherontia Atroposin the south of Spain does not, as with us, conceal itself by day in the earth, but on the stems underneath the leaves. “At Cadiz, on the hot, sandy shore,Solanum violaceumgrows to a height of three feet, and on a single plant I often found more than a dozenAtroposlarvæ resting with the head retracted. It can easily be understood why the lateral stripes are blue when one has seen the south EuropeanSolaneæ, on which this larva is at home.Solanum violaceumis scarcely green: violet tints alternate with brown, green, and yellow over the whole plant, and between these appear the yellow-anthered flowers, and golden-yellow berries of the size of a greengage. Thus it happens that the numerous thorns, an inch long, between which the caterpillar rests on the stem, pass from violet into shades of blue, red, green, and yellow.”]
145[For Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale’s remarks on the habits of certain ocellated S. African Sphinx-larvæ see note129, p.290. R.M.]
145[For Mr. J. P. Mansel Weale’s remarks on the habits of certain ocellated S. African Sphinx-larvæ see note129, p.290. R.M.]
146[Some experiments with the caterpillar ofC. Elpenor, confirming these results, have been made by Lady Verney. See “Good Words,” Dec. 1877, p. 838. R.M.]
146[Some experiments with the caterpillar ofC. Elpenor, confirming these results, have been made by Lady Verney. See “Good Words,” Dec. 1877, p. 838. R.M.]
147[The eye-spots onCh. Neriihave thus been supposed by some observers to be imitations of the flowers of the periwinkle, one of its food-plants. See, for instance, Sir John Lubbock’s “Scientific Lectures,” p. 51. R.M.]
147[The eye-spots onCh. Neriihave thus been supposed by some observers to be imitations of the flowers of the periwinkle, one of its food-plants. See, for instance, Sir John Lubbock’s “Scientific Lectures,” p. 51. R.M.]
148“On Insects and Insectivorous Birds,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 21.
148“On Insects and Insectivorous Birds,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1869, p. 21.
149Ibid., p. 27.
149Ibid., p. 27.
150[Messrs. Weir and Butler inform me that they have not experimented with Sphinx-larvæ. R.M.]
150[Messrs. Weir and Butler inform me that they have not experimented with Sphinx-larvæ. R.M.]
151[It appears that the nauseous character of these last butterflies is to a certain extent retained after death, as I found that in an old collection which had been destroyed by mites, the least mutilated specimens were species ofDanaisandEuplæa, genera which are known to be distasteful when living, and to serve as models for mimicry. See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. xii. R.M.]
151[It appears that the nauseous character of these last butterflies is to a certain extent retained after death, as I found that in an old collection which had been destroyed by mites, the least mutilated specimens were species ofDanaisandEuplæa, genera which are known to be distasteful when living, and to serve as models for mimicry. See Proc. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. xii. R.M.]
152[This bears out the view expressed in a previous note129, p.290, that the grotesque attitude and caudal tentacles are more for protection against ichneumons than against larger foes. R.M.]
152[This bears out the view expressed in a previous note129, p.290, that the grotesque attitude and caudal tentacles are more for protection against ichneumons than against larger foes. R.M.]
153These experiments, as already mentioned above, were not made with the common German lizard (Lacerta Stirpium), but with the large South EuropeanLacerta Viridis.
153These experiments, as already mentioned above, were not made with the common German lizard (Lacerta Stirpium), but with the large South EuropeanLacerta Viridis.
154Thus, Boisduval states of this caterpillar, which in Provence lives onEuphorbia esulaand allied species:—“Its resemblance to a serpent, and its brilliant colour, permit of its being easily discovered.” This was written in 1843, long before natural selection was thought of.
154Thus, Boisduval states of this caterpillar, which in Provence lives onEuphorbia esulaand allied species:—“Its resemblance to a serpent, and its brilliant colour, permit of its being easily discovered.” This was written in 1843, long before natural selection was thought of.
155Or some other extinct analogously-marked species.
155Or some other extinct analogously-marked species.
156[See Darwin’s remarks on the struggle for life being most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species “Origin of Species,” 6th ed. p. 59. R.M.]
156[See Darwin’s remarks on the struggle for life being most severe between individuals and varieties of the same species “Origin of Species,” 6th ed. p. 59. R.M.]
157[Compare this with Darwin’s remarks on “analogous variations,” “Origin of Species,” 6th ed., p. 125. R.M.]
157[Compare this with Darwin’s remarks on “analogous variations,” “Origin of Species,” 6th ed., p. 125. R.M.]
158“Zoologische Studien auf Capri. II. Lacerta muralis cærula, ein Beitrag zur Darwin’schen Lehre.” Leipzig, 1874. [The subject of colour-variation in lizards has been much discussed in “Nature” since the publication of the above mentioned essay; see vol. xix., pp. 4, 53, 97, and 122, and vol. xx., pp. 290 and 480. R M.]
158“Zoologische Studien auf Capri. II. Lacerta muralis cærula, ein Beitrag zur Darwin’schen Lehre.” Leipzig, 1874. [The subject of colour-variation in lizards has been much discussed in “Nature” since the publication of the above mentioned essay; see vol. xix., pp. 4, 53, 97, and 122, and vol. xx., pp. 290 and 480. R M.]
159“Über die Berechtigung der Darwin’schen Theorie.” Leipzig, 1868. See also the previous essay “On the Seasonal Dimorphism of Butterflies,” pp.112–116.
159“Über die Berechtigung der Darwin’schen Theorie.” Leipzig, 1868. See also the previous essay “On the Seasonal Dimorphism of Butterflies,” pp.112–116.
160[Mr. A. G. Butler has recently advanced the view that this family is not allied to theSphingidæ, but is related on the one side to thePyrales, and on the other to theGelechiidæ. See his paper “On the Natural Affinities of the Lepidopterous FamilyÆgeriidæ,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 121. R.M.]
160[Mr. A. G. Butler has recently advanced the view that this family is not allied to theSphingidæ, but is related on the one side to thePyrales, and on the other to theGelechiidæ. See his paper “On the Natural Affinities of the Lepidopterous FamilyÆgeriidæ,” Trans. Ent. Soc. 1878, p. 121. R.M.]
161I am indebted to my esteemed colleague, Prof. Gestäcker, for the knowledge of this specimen.
161I am indebted to my esteemed colleague, Prof. Gestäcker, for the knowledge of this specimen.
162Cat. Lep. East India Co.,Pl. VIII.
162Cat. Lep. East India Co.,Pl. VIII.
163Such a residue is distinctly visible inS. Ocellatus: see Fig. 70,Pl. VII.
163Such a residue is distinctly visible inS. Ocellatus: see Fig. 70,Pl. VII.
164[The question here also suggests itself as to why thedorsalline should not have been the primary longitudinal stripe, seeing that such a marking is almost naturally produced in many caterpillars by the food in the alimentary canal; or, in other words, why has not natural selection taken advantage of such an obvious means of producing a stripe in cases where it would have been advantageous? In answer to this I may state, that in large numbers of species the dorsal line has thus become utilized; but in the case of large caterpillars resting among foliage, it can be easily seen that light lateral (i.e.subdorsal) stripes, are more effective in breaking the homogeneity of the body than a dorsal line only slightly darker than the general ground-colour. Lateral lines are in fact visible fromtwo directions of space. If a caterpillar thus marked be placed on a twig, these lines are visible when we look at the creature’s back or at either side. That the subdorsal are therefore the primary lines, as shown by Dr. Weismann’s observations of the ontogeny of many of theSphingidæ, is quite in harmony with the view of their having been produced by natural selection. R.M.]
164[The question here also suggests itself as to why thedorsalline should not have been the primary longitudinal stripe, seeing that such a marking is almost naturally produced in many caterpillars by the food in the alimentary canal; or, in other words, why has not natural selection taken advantage of such an obvious means of producing a stripe in cases where it would have been advantageous? In answer to this I may state, that in large numbers of species the dorsal line has thus become utilized; but in the case of large caterpillars resting among foliage, it can be easily seen that light lateral (i.e.subdorsal) stripes, are more effective in breaking the homogeneity of the body than a dorsal line only slightly darker than the general ground-colour. Lateral lines are in fact visible fromtwo directions of space. If a caterpillar thus marked be placed on a twig, these lines are visible when we look at the creature’s back or at either side. That the subdorsal are therefore the primary lines, as shown by Dr. Weismann’s observations of the ontogeny of many of theSphingidæ, is quite in harmony with the view of their having been produced by natural selection. R.M.]
165“Die Darwin’sche Theorie. Elf Vorlesungen über die Entstehung der Thiere und Pflanzen durch Naturzüchtung.” 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1875, p. 195.
165“Die Darwin’sche Theorie. Elf Vorlesungen über die Entstehung der Thiere und Pflanzen durch Naturzüchtung.” 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1875, p. 195.
166[In the following species, already mentioned in previous notes, the oblique stripes are bounded at their upper extremities by a conspicuous subdorsal line:—Acosmeryx Anceus, Cram.;Sphinx Cingulata, Fabr.;Pachylia Ficus, Linn.;P. Syces, Hübn. InPseudosphinx Cyrtolophia, Butl., the oblique white stripes, beautifully shaded with pink, run into the white pink-bordered dorsal line, so that when seen from above the markings present the appearance of the midrib and lateral veins of a leaf, and are probably specially adapted for this purpose. R.M.]
166[In the following species, already mentioned in previous notes, the oblique stripes are bounded at their upper extremities by a conspicuous subdorsal line:—Acosmeryx Anceus, Cram.;Sphinx Cingulata, Fabr.;Pachylia Ficus, Linn.;P. Syces, Hübn. InPseudosphinx Cyrtolophia, Butl., the oblique white stripes, beautifully shaded with pink, run into the white pink-bordered dorsal line, so that when seen from above the markings present the appearance of the midrib and lateral veins of a leaf, and are probably specially adapted for this purpose. R.M.]
167[The dorsal line as well as the oblique stripes is present in the caterpillar ofSmerinthus Tartarinovii, Ménét.; and inAmbulyx Gannascus, Stoll., the oblique stripes are bounded above by a subdorsal line, as in the species named in the preceding note. R.M.]
167[The dorsal line as well as the oblique stripes is present in the caterpillar ofSmerinthus Tartarinovii, Ménét.; and inAmbulyx Gannascus, Stoll., the oblique stripes are bounded above by a subdorsal line, as in the species named in the preceding note. R.M.]
168Cat. Lep. East India Co., Pl. XI.
168Cat. Lep. East India Co., Pl. XI.
169[Compare this with Darwin’s “Origin of Species” (1st. ed. p. 440), where it is stated that when an animal, during any part of its embryonic career, is active, and has to provide for itself, “the period of activity may come on earlier or later in life; but whenever it comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life is just as perfect and beautiful as in the adult animal. From such special adaptations the similarity of the larvæ or active embryos of allied animals is sometimes much obscured.” R.M.]
169[Compare this with Darwin’s “Origin of Species” (1st. ed. p. 440), where it is stated that when an animal, during any part of its embryonic career, is active, and has to provide for itself, “the period of activity may come on earlier or later in life; but whenever it comes on, the adaptation of the larva to its conditions of life is just as perfect and beautiful as in the adult animal. From such special adaptations the similarity of the larvæ or active embryos of allied animals is sometimes much obscured.” R.M.]
170[For Fritz Müller’s application of this principle to the case of certain groups of Brazilian butterflies seeAppendix II. to this Part. R.M.]
170[For Fritz Müller’s application of this principle to the case of certain groups of Brazilian butterflies seeAppendix II. to this Part. R.M.]