THE CONTENTS.
I. AGORÈ:ORTHE POLITIES OF THE HOMERIC AGE.Political ideas of later GreecePage1Their strong development in Heroic Greece2Germ of the Law of Nations4Grote’s account of the Heroic Polities5Their peculiar features, Publicity and Persuasion6Functions of the king in the Heroic Polities8Nature of the Pelopid Empire9Degrees in Kingship and in Lordship10Four forms of Sovereignty12First tokens of change in the Heroic Polities12Shown by analysis of the Catalogue14Extended signs in the Odyssey17Altered sense ofΒασιλεὺςor King18New name of Queen20Disorganization caused by the War21Arrival of a new race at manhood22Increased weight of the nobles24Altered idea of the kingly office25The first instance of a bad King27Further change in the time of Hesiod28Veneration long adhering to the name31Five distinctive notes ofΒασιλῆεςin the Iliad32The nine GreekΒασιλῆεςof the Iliad35The case of Meges36Of Phœnix37Of Patroclus and Eurypylus38Conditions of Kingship in the Iliad39The personal beauty of the Kings40Custom of resignation in old age40Force of the termαἴζηος41Gymnastic superiority of the Kings44Their pursuit of Music and Song45Ulysses as artificer and husbandman46The Kings as Gentlemen47Achilles in particular48Tenderness and tears of the Greek chiefs49Right of hereditary succession50Right of primogeniture52The Homeric King (1) as Priest55(2) as Judge56(3) as General57(4) as Proprietor: theτέμενος58His revenues, from four sources in all59Burdens upon them61The political position of Agamemnon62The governing motives of the War64Position of Agamemnon in the army66His personal character67The relation of sovereign and subject a free one67The personal attendants of the King69The Aristocracy or chief proprietors69The Trades and Professions70The Slaves of the Homeric age72Theθῆτεςor hired servants74Supply of military service75Whether there was a peasant-proprietary77Political Economy of the Homeric age78The precious metals not a measure of value81Oxen in some degree a measure of value82Relative scarcity of certain metals84Mode of government of the Army85Its military composition88Chief descriptions of fighting men91The Battle and the Ambuscade92TheΒουλὴor Council of the Greeks94It subsisted in peace and in war97Opposition in theΒουλὴ98Agamemnon’s proposals of Return99The influence of Speech in the Heroic age102It was a subject of regular training103Varied descriptions of oratory in Homer104Achilles the paramount Orator105The orations of the poems106The power of repartee108The power of sarcasm109The faculty of debate in Homer111The discussion of the Ninth Iliad111Function of the Assembly in the Heroic age114The formal use of majorities unknown116The great decisions of the War taken there117It was not summoned exclusively by Agamemnon118Opposition in the Agorè by the chiefs119Opposition by Thersites120Grote’s judgment on the case of Thersites123How that case bears witness to the popular principle126As does the Agorè on the Shield126Mode of addressing the Assembly129Its decisions in the Seventh and Ninth Iliads129Division in the Drunken Assembly130Appeal of Telemachus to the Ithacan Assembly132Phæacian Assembly of the Eighth Odyssey134Ithacan Assembly of the Twenty-fourth136Councils or Assemblies of Olympus137Judicial functions of the Assembly139Assembly the central point of the Polity140The common soul orΤὶςin Homer141Imperfect organization of Heroic Polities143II. ILIOS.THE TROJANS COMPARED AND CONTRASTED WITH THE GREEKS.Relationship of Troy and Greece twofold145Greek names of deities found also in Troas147Include nearly all the greater deities150Worship of Vulcan in Troas151Worship of Juno and Gaia in Troas153Worship of Mercury in Troas154Worship of Scamander155Different view of Rivers in Troas158Essential character of Trojan River-worship160Trojan impersonations from Nature rare162Poverty of Mythology among the Trojans165Their jejune doctrine of a Future State166Redundance of life in the Greek system168Worship from hills169The nations compared as to external development of religion.—1. Temples1702. As to endowments in land, orτεμένεα1723. As to Groves’ἄλσεα1734. As to Statues of the Gods1745. As to Seers or Diviners1776. As to the Priesthood: Priesthood in Greece179Priesthood in later Greece183Priesthood among the Trojans184Comparative observance of sacrifice187The Trojans more given to religious observances189Homer’s different modes of handling for Greece and Troy190Moral superiority of his Greeks on the whole192Homer’s account of the abduction of Helen193The Greek estimate of Paris197Its relation to prevailing views of Marriage200And to Greek views of Homicide202The Trojan estimate of Paris205Public opinion less developed in Troy206The Trojans more sensual and false207Trojan ideas and usages of Marriage210The family of Priam211Stricter ideas among the Greeks215Trojan Polity less highly organized216Rule of Succession in Troy217Succession to the throne of Priam219Paris, most probably, was his eldest son221Position of Priam and his dynasty in Troas223Meaning ofΤροίηand ofἼλιος224Evidence from the Trojan Catalogue225Extent of his sovereignty and supremacy228Polity of Ilios: theΒασιλεύς232The Assembly232The greater weight of Age in Troy234The absence of aΒουλὴin Troy236The greater weight of oratory in Greece239Trojans less gifted with self-command242And with intelligence generally244Difference in the pursuits of high-born youth245Difference as toαἰδὼς246Summary of differences247III. THALASSA.THE OUTER GEOGRAPHY OF THE ODYSSEY.Why it deserves investigation249Principal heads of the inquiry251The two Spheres of Inner and Outer Geography252Limits of the Inner Geography255The intermediate or doubtful zone257The Sphere of the Outer Geography260The two Keys of the Outer Geography261The traditional interpretations valueless262Manifest dislocations of actual nature263Postulates for examining the Outer Geography264The Winds of Homer265Special notices of Eurus and Notus267Of Zephyr and Boreas268Points of the Compass for the two last270For the two first272Scheme of the four Winds273Signification of Eurus273Homeric distances and rates of speed275Particulars of evidence on speed277The northward sea-route to the Euxine280Evidence from Il. xiii. 1-6281From Od. vii. 319-26282From Od. v. 44-57283From Od. xxiv. 11-13285Amalgamated reports of the Ocean-mouth287Open-sea passage to the Ocean-mouth289Homeward passage by the Straits, why preferred290Three maritime routes to the Ocean-mouth291Its two possible originals in nature292Straits of Yenikalè as Ocean-mouth294Summary of facts from Phœnician reports295Two sets of reports are blended into one296The site of Ææa; North-western hypothesis298North-eastern hypothesis300Argument from theΠλαγκταὶ302From the Island Thrinacie302Local notes of Ææa303Site of Ogygia304Argument from the flight of Mercury305From the floatage of Ulysses306From his homeward passage308Site of Scylla relatively to the Dardanelles309Why Ææa cannot lie North-westward311Construction of Od. xii. 3, 4312Construction of Od. v. 276, 7315Genuineness of the passage questionable316Its real meaning317Homer’s indications of geographical misgivings318Stages of the tour of Ulysses to Ææa (i-vi.)320Ææa and the Euxine (vi-viii.)325Remaining stages (viii-xi.)327Directions and distances from Ææa onwards329Tours of Menelaus and Ulysses compared331The earth of Homer probably oval334Points of contact with Oceanus337The Caspian and Persian Gulf belong to Oceanus338Contraction and compression of the Homeric East340Outline of Homer’s terrestrial system342Map of Earth according to Homer343EXCURSUS I.Parentage and Extraction of Minos.On the genuineness of Il. xiv. 317-27344On the sense of the line Il. xiv. 321346Collateral testimony to the extraction of Minos347EXCURSUS II.On the line Odyss. v. 277.Points of the question stated349Senses ofδεξιὸςandἀριστερὸς350Illustrated from Il. xiii352On the force of the Homericἐπὶ354Force ofἐπὶwithἀριστερὰ356Illustrated from Il. ii. 353. Od. xxi. 141358From Il. i. 597. vii. 238. xii. 239, 249359From Il. xxiii. 335-7360From Il. ii. 526362Application to Od. v. 277364Another sense prevailed in later Greek365IV. AOIDOS.SECT. I.On the Plot of the Iliad.The Theory of Grote on the structure of the poem366Offer related in the Ninth Book and its rejection369Restitution and gifts not the object of Achilles371The offer was radically defective373Apology needed in particular375Consistency maintained in and after Il. ix377Skilful adjustment of conflicting aims379Glory given to Achilles380Glory given to Greece380Trojan inferiority mainly in the Chiefs382But it pervades the poem384In the Chiefs it is glaring385Conflicting exigencies of the plan387Greeks superior even without Achilles388Harmony in relative prominence of the Chiefs389Retributive justice in the two poems392The sufferings of Achilles394Double conquest over his will395SECT. II.The Sense of Beauty in Homer: human, animal, and inanimate.His sense of Beauty alike pure and strong397Degeneracy of the popular idea had begun398Illustrated by the series of Dardanid traditions, (1) Ganymede398(2) Tithonus, (3) Anchises400(4) Paris and Venus401Homer’s sense of Beauty in the human form402His treatment of the Beauty of Paris402Beauty among the Greek chieftains404Ascribed also to the nation405Beauty of Nireus406Of Nastes and of Euphorbus407Beauty placed among the prime gifts of man408Homer’s sense of Beauty in animals409Especially in horses410As to their movements411As to their form and colour413Homer’s sense of Beauty in inanimate nature416The instance of Ithaca417Germ of feeling for the picturesque in Homer419Close relation of Order and Beauty420Causes adverse to the development of the germ421Beauty of material objects absorbed in their Life423SECT. III.Homer’s perception and use of Number.The traditional character of aptitudes425Conceptions of Number not always definite in childhood427Nor even in manhood428No calculations in Homer430Greek estimate of the discovery of Number431Enumerative addition in Od. iv. 412, 451432Highest numerals of the poems432The three hundred and sixty fat hogs434The Homericἑκατομβὴ435The numerals expressive of value436His silence as to the numbers of the armies439Especially in the Greek Catalogue440Case of the Trojan bivouac442Case of the herds and flocks in Od. xiv.443Hesiod’s age of the Nymphs444Case of the cities of Crete445No scheme of chronology in Homer446Case of the three Decades of years448Meaning of theγενεὴof Homer449Homer reckons time by generations451Some difficulties of the Decades taken literally452Uses of the proposed interpretation455SECT. IV.Homer’s Perceptions and Use of Colour.Modern perceptions of colour usually definite457Signs of immature perception in Homer458His chief adjectives of colour459His quasi-adjectives of colour460Applications ofξανθὸς,ἐρυθρὸς,πορφύρεος460Ofκύανοςandκυάνεος462Ofφοίνιξ465Ofπόλιος466The quasi-adjectives of colour;χλωρὸς467Theαἰθαλόειςof Homer468Theῥοδόειςandῥοδοδάκτυλος469Theἰόεις,ἰοειδὴς,ἰοδνεφὴς470Theοἴνοψandμιλτοπάρηος472Αἴθωνand its cognates; alsoἀργὸς,αἴολος473Γλαυκὸς,γλαυκῶπις,γλαυκιόων474Χάροπος,σιγαλόεις,μαρμάρεος,ἠεροειδὴς475Conflict of the colours assigned to the same object475Great predominance of white and black476Remarkable omissions to specify colour477In the case of the horse among others479In the case of human beauty, and of Iris482In the case of the heavens483Causes of this peculiar treatment of colour483License of poetry in the matter of colour484Illustrated from Shakespeare485Homer’s contracted means of training in colour487His system one of light and dark488Colour in the later Greek language491Greek philosophy of colour493Nature of our advantage over Homer495Note onκύανοςandχαλκός.Meanings forκύανοςheretofore suggested496Probably a native blue carbonate of copper497Χαλκὸςto be understood as hardened copper499SECT. V.Homer and some of his successors in Epic Poetry; particularly Virgil and Tasso.Milton’s place among Epic poets500Difficulty of comparing him with Homer501The same as to Dante501Æneid and Iliad; their resemblances and contrasts502Contrast between form and spirit in the Æneid503Catalogue in the Iliad and in the Æneid504Character of Æneas in the Æneid505Character of Æneas in the Iliad507The fine character of Turnus508The false position of Virgil before Augustus509Difficulty of learning the poet from the poem510His false position as to religion, liberty, and nationality511Untruthfulness hence resulting512Homer is misapprehended through Virgil513In minor matters, e. g. Simois and Scamander513Νεκυΐαof Homer and of Virgil515Ethnological and genealogical dislocations516Action of the Twelfth Æneid520Unfaithful imitations of details521Maltreatment of the Homeric characters522And of the Homeric Mythology and Ethics523Æneas and Dido in the Shades beneath525The woman characters of Homer and Virgil527Virgil’s insufficient care of minor proprieties528And of the order of natural phenomena529Use of exaggeration in Homer and in Virgil530Contrast of principal aims respectively531Character of the Bard; not found in Virgil532Post-Homeric change in the idea of the Poet’s office533Virgil’s poetical disadvantages534Comparison of the Trojan War with the Crusades535Rinaldo and Achilles535Exaggerations of bulk in Homer and in Tasso536Mr. Hallam’s judgment on the Jerusalem537Tasso’s poetical disadvantages538The man Achilles in relation to the Iliad539Liberation of the Sepulchre in relation to theGerusalemme540Intrusion of incongruous elements542Relative prominence of Tancredi and Rinaldo543The Woman-characters of Tasso544The Armida of Tasso545Her resemblances and inferiority to Dido546Her passion ill-sustained546Obtrusiveness of the amatory element548The Affront of Gernando549Difference in modes of describing personages551Battles and Similes of Tasso552Inferiority of the Return in theGerusalemme553Tasso’s greatness except as compared with Homer554SECT. VI.Some principal Homeric Characters in Troy.Hector: Helen: Paris.Homer’s character-drawing power555Corruption of the later tradition556Why specially destructive in his case557Mure’s treatment of the Homeric characters558The character of Hector set off with generalities558It became the basis for that of Orlando559The martial heroism of Hector second-rate559His boastfulness his only moral fault561Hectoring and Rodomontading562Hector’s sense of the guilt and shame of Paris563His responsibilities beyond his strength565Brightness of his character as to the affections567His piety, gentleness, and equity568Inequality of his character as a whole569Apparent reason for it569Opposite views of the character of Helen571Homer’s intention with respect to it572Two adverse mentions of her only574Homer’s epithets and simile for Helen575The case of Bathsheba576As to the free agency of Helen577Picture of Helen in Il. iii.572In Il. vi., Il. xxiv., Od. iv.581The marriage with Deiphobus583General estimate of the Homeric Helen584The character of Paris585His apathy, levity, and selfishness586His place in the War587Relation of his intellect to his morality588SECT. VII.The declension of the great Homeric Characters in the later Tradition.Physical conditions of the Greek Theatre590Absolute dependence on the popular taste592General obliteration of the finer distinctions593Mutilation of the Helen of Homer593The Helen of Euripides595Of Isocrates and of Virgil597Characters of Achilles and Ulysses in Homer598Mutilation of the Ulysses of Homer601Of the Achilles of Homer602The Achilles of Statius604Homeric characters in Seneca605New relative position of Trojans and Greeks606Trojanism in England608Imitations of Homeric characters by Tasso609The Troilus and Cressida610Shirley’s Ajax and Ulysses612Racine’s Iphigénie613Racine’s Andromaque614Conclusion615