“The day following they skirmished a little with their missive weapons, and both parties sent out detachments into the field to invite concurrence of the slaves, upon a promise of their freedom. A majority of the slaves came in to the assistance of the people, and the other party got eight hundred auxiliaries from the continent.”
It will be noticed thatοἰκετῶνin this passage is also translatedslave; but theοἰκετοςwas a slave whose condition was above the mereδοῦλος. In English the word will imply ahouse-slave. Theοἰκετοςenjoyed a greater portion of his master’s confidence, and consequently was under a less rigorous government. The truth of what Thucydides states is evident to those acquainted with the character: the higher class of slaves ever take sides with their masters in such cases. It is this word St. Paul uses, by whichhe describes the character of Onesimus in his letter to Philemon. He had acted as Paul’s house-slave at Rome.
Book iv. chap. 86.Ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον, ὑμῖνδεδουλωμένοιςὑπὸ Ἀθηνανίων ξυμμαχήσοντες.
“But, on the contrary, are to act in support of you, who are oppressed with Athenianbondage.”
Idem.Ὀυδὲ ἀσαφῆ, τὴν ἐλευθερίαν νομίζω ἐπιφέρειν, εἰ, τὸ πάτριον παρεὶς, τὸ πλέον τοῖς ὀλίγοις, ἤ τὸ ἔλασσον τοῖς πᾶσιδουλώσαιμι.
“I am convinced that liberty can never be re-established by me, if, disregarding ancient constitutions, Ienslavethe multitude to the few, or the few to the crowd.”
Chap. 87.Οἱ δὲ Ἕλληνες ἵνα μὴ κωλύωνται ὑφ’ ὑμῶνδουλείαςἀπαλλαγῆναι.
“For the sake of the Grecians, that they may not be obstructed by you in their deliverance frombondage.”
Chap. 92.Καὶ πρὸς τούτοις γε δὴ, οὅ καὶ μὴ τοὺς ἐγγὺς, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἄπωθεν πειρῶνταιδουλοῦσθαι, πῶς οὐ χρὴ καὶ ἐτὶ τὸ ἔσχατον ἀγῶνος ἐλθεῖν;
“Let me add further, that when men are bent onenslaving, not neighbours only, but such people as are more remote, how can it be judged improper to encounter such, so long as we can find ground whereon to stand?”
Idem.Οἷς δὲ γενναῖον, τήν τε αὑτῶν αἰεὶ ἐλευθεροῦν μάχῃ, καὶ τὴν ἄλλων μὴδουλοῦσθαιἀδίκως, ἀναγώνιστοι ἀπ’ αὐτων οὐκ ἀπίασι.
“But from men who were born to vindicate their own country for ever by thedintof arms, and never unjustly toenslaveanother, that from such men they shall not get away without that struggle which honour enjoins.”
Chap. 114.Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπὶδουλείᾳ.
“They had noenslavingviews.”
Chap. 118.Μήτε ἐλεύθερον, μήτεδοῦλον.
“Whether they be free men orslaves.”
Book v. chap. 9.Καὶ τῇδε ὑμῖν τῇ ἡμέρα, ἢ ἀγαθοῖς γενομένοις ἐλευθερίαν τε ὑπαρχειν, καὶ Λαχεδαιμονίων ξυμμάχοις κεκλῆσθαι, ἢ Ἀθηναίων τεδούλοις, ἢ τὰ ἄριστα ἄνευἀνδραποδισμοῦἢ θανατώσεως πράξητε, καὶδουλείανχαλεπωτέραν, ἢ πρὶν εἴχετε.
“That this very day, if you behave with valour, you are henceforth free, and will gain the honourable title of Lacedæmonian allies; otherwise you must continue to be theslavesof Athenians, where the best that can befall you, if neither sold forslavesnor put to death as rebels, will be a heavier yoke of tyranny than you ever yet have felt, while the liberty of Greece must by you for ever be obstructed.”
Chap. 23.Ἤν δὲ ἡδουλείαἐπανίστηται, ἐπικουρεῖν Ἀθηναίους Λακεδαιμονίοις παντὶ σθένει, κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν.
“That if there happen any insurrection among theHelots, the Athenians march to the succour of the Lacedæmonians with their whole strength, to the full extent of their power.”
In this instance the translator has substituted “Helots” forslaves, because the Helots were the slaves at Sparta, and the usual term by which slaves were designated in Lacedæmonia,Helotandδουλος, were synonymous terms there.
Chap. 27.Ὡς χρὴ, ἐπειδὴ Λακεδαιμόνιοι οὐκ ἐπ’ ἀγαθῷ, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶκαταδουλώσειτῆς Πελοποννήσου.
“That since the Lacedæmonians, not in order to serve, but toenslavePeloponnesus,” &c.
Chap. 29.Μὴ μετὰ Ἀθηναίων σφᾶς βούλωνται Λακεδαιμόνιοιδουλώσασθαι.
“That the Lacedæmonians might strike up a bargain with the Athenians toenslaveother states.”
Chap. 69.Καὶ ὑπὲρ ἀρχῆς ἅμα καὶδουλείας.
“Either such onslavery.”
Chap. 86.Περιγιγνομένοις μὲν τῷ δικαίῳ, καὶ δι’ αὐτο μὴ ἐνδοῦσι, πόλεμον ἡμῖν φέρουσαν, πεισθεῖσι δὲ,δουλείαν.
“Since if, superior in debate, we for that reason refuse submission, our portion must be war and if we allow your plea, from that moment we become yourslaves.”
Chap. 92.Καὶ πῶς χρήσιμον ἂν ξυμβαίη ἡμίνδουλεῦσαι, ὥσπερ καὶ ὑμῖν ἄρξαι;
“And how can it turn as beneficial for us to become yourslavesas it will be for you to be our masters?”
Chap. 100.Ἤπου ἄρα, εἰ τοσαύτην γε ὑμεῖς τε, μὴ παυσθῆναι ἀρχῆς, καὶ οἱδουλεύοντεςἤδη, ἀπαλλαγῆναι, τὴν παρακινδύνευσιν ποιοῦνται, ἡμῖν γε, τοῖς ἔτι ἐλευθέροις, πολλὴ κακότης καὶ δειλία, μὴ πᾶν πρὸ τοῦ δουλεῦσαι ἐπεξελθεῖν.
“If this be, and if you, ye Athenians, can readily embark in so many perils to prevent the desolation of your empire; if states, by youenslaved, can do as much to throw off your yoke, must it not be wretchedly base and cowardly in us, who yet are free, to leave any method, even to the last extremity, untried of avertingslavery.”
Book vi. chap. 20.Ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ παρόντι ἃ γιγνώσκω σημανῶ. ἐπὶ γὰρ πόλεις, ὡς ἐγὼ ἀκοη αἰσθάνομαι, μέλλομεν ἰέναι μεγάλας, καὶ οὔθ’ ὑπηκόους ἀλλήλων, οὔτε δεομένας μεταβολῆς, ᾗ ἂν ἐκ βιαίου τὶςδουλείαςἄσμενος ἐς ῥᾴω μετάστασιν χωροίη.
“According to the last information I have been able to procure, we are now going to invade a number of powerful cities; cities independent of one another, nor standing in need of public revolutions; which people, who cringe under the yoke ofslavery, might easily embrace, in order to render their condition more supportable.”
Chap. 27.Μηνύειν ἀδεῶς τὸν βουλόμενον καὶ ἀστῶν καὶ ξένων καὶδούλων.
“He should boldly inform the public of it, whether he were a citizen, or a foreigner, or aslave.”
Chap. 76.Δουλωσαμένουςἔχειν.
“They hold fast riveted the yoke ofslavery.”
Idem.Καταδουλώσεως.“Byenslaving,” &c.
Chap. 77.Ὡςἐδουλώθησαν.“Who will beslaves,” &c.
Chap. 80.Δουλείαν“Slave,” &c.
Chap. 82.Οὕς ξυγγενεῖς φασὶν ὄντας ἡμᾶς Συρακούσιοιδεδουλῶσθαι.
“Whom the Syracusans say we thought proper toenslave, though connected with us by ties of blood.”
Idem.Δουλείανδὲ αὐτοί τε ἐβούλοντο ὑμῖν τὸ αὐτὸ ἐπενεγκεῖν.
“They madeslaverytheir choice, and in the same miserable fate would have been glad to envelop us.”
Chap. 83.Καὶ οὐδουλωσόμενοι, μὴ παθεῖν δὲ μᾶλλον τοῦτο κωλύσοντες.
“So far from the view ofenslavingthem to ourselves, that we are solely intent on preserving them from being enslaved by others.”
Chap. 84.Ὅν ἀλόγως ἡμᾶς φησὶδουλωσαμένους.
“Whom, after unjustlyenslaving,” &c.
Chap. 88.Πλὴν καθόσον εἰ τὴν Σικελίαν ᾤοντο αὐτουςδουλώσεσθαι.
“Save only the ambition they showed ofenslavingSicily.”
Book vii. chap. 75.Μέγιστον γὰρ δὴ το διάφορον τοῦτο τῷ Ἑλληνικῷ στρατεύματι ἐγένετο, οἷς ἀντι μὲν τοῦ ἄλλουςδουλωσομένουςἥκειν.
“For a most cruel turn of fortune this really proved to a Grecian army; who, coming hither toenslaveothers, were departing now with the sad alternative of fearing to be made slaves themselves.”
Book viii. chap. 15.Τάς τε τῶν Χίων ἑπτὰ ναῦς, αἳ αὐτοῖς ξυνεπολιόρκουν τὰς ἐν τῷ Πειραιῷ, ἀπαγαγόντες, τοὺς μὲνδούλουςἐξ αὐτῶν ἠλευθέρωσαν, τοὺς δ’ ἐλευθέρους κατέδησαν.
“Having, moreover, fetched off the seven vessels belonging to the Chians, which assisted in forming the blockade at Piræus, they set at liberty theslaveswho were on board them, and threw all the freemen into prison.”
Chap. 43.Ἐνῆν γὰρ καὶ νήσους ἁπάσας πάλινδουλεύειν.
“For thus he might be enabled once more toenslaveall the islands.”
Chap. 48.Δουλεύεινμᾶλλον, &c.
LESSON VI.
Xenophon,Memorabilia, &c.
Book i. chap. 3, § 11.Ὦ τλῆμον, ἔφη ὁ Σωχράτης, καὶ τί ἂν οἴει παθεῖν, καλὸν φιλήσας; αρ’ οὐκ ἂν αὐτίκα μάλαδοῦλοςμὲν εἶναι ἀντ’ ἐλευθέρου;
“Miserum te, ait Socrates, quid eventurum tibi existimas, si formosum osculeris? annon subitò pro liberoservusesses?”Leunclavius.
Chap. 5. § 2.Δούλωδ’ ἀκρατεῖ ἐπιτρέψαιμεν ἂν ἢ βοσκήματα ἢ ταμιεῖα ἢ ἔργων επιστασίαν;
“Et servo intemperanti num vel pecora, vel penum, vel ut operi præesset, committeremus?”Leunc.
§ 3.Ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴ γὲ μηδὲδοῦλονἀκρατῆ δεξαίμεθ’ ἂν, πῶς οὐκ ἄξιον αὑτόν γε φυλάξασθαι τοιοῦτον γενέσθαι;
“Enimvero si neservumquidem intemperantem accepturi simus, quî non operæ pretium sit cavere ne quis ipse talis fiat?”Leunc.
§ 5.Ἢ τίς οὐκ ἂν, ταῖς ἡδοναῖςδουλεύων, αἰσχρῶς διατεθείη καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχήν;
“Quis voluptatibusserviensnon turpiter tum corpore tum animo affectus sit?”Leunc.
Ibid.Ἐμοὶ μὲν δοκεῖ, νὴ τὴν Ἥραν, ἐλευθέρω μὲν ἀνδρὶ εὐκτέον εἶναι, μὴ τυχεῖνδούλουτοιότου,δουλεύονταδὲ ταῖς τοαύταις ἡδοναῖς, ἱκετεύειν τοὺς θεοὺς, δεσποτῶν ἀγαθῶν τυχεῖν.
“Equidem ita profectò statuo, homini libero optandum esse, ut hujusmodiservumnon consequatur, atque illi qui voluptatibus ejusmodi servit deos esse obsecrandos ut dominos bonos nanciscatur.”Leunc.
Book ii. chap. 1. § 11.Ἀλλ’ ἐγώ τοι, ἔφη ὁ Ἀρίστιππος, οὐδὲ εἰς τὴνδουλείαναὖ ἐμαυτὸν τάττω· ἀλλ’ εἶναι τις μοὶ δοκεῖ μέοη τούτων ὁδὸς, ἣν πειρῶμαι βαδίζειν, οὔτε δι’ ἀρχῆς, οὔτε διὰδουλείας, ἀλλὰ δι’ ἐλευθερίας, ἥπερ μάλιστα πρὸς εὐδαιμονίανἄγει.(12)Ἀλλ’, εἰ μέντοι, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, ὥπερ οὔτε δι’ ἀρχῆς οὔτε διὰδουλείαςἡ ὁδὸς αὕτη φέρει, οὕτω μηδὲ δι’ ἀνθρώπων, ἴσως ἂν τι λέγοις.
“I surely, says Aristippus, do not place myself in slavery; but my doctrine is, that the condition equally free from the objections of those who govern and of those who are inslavery, is true liberty. But, says Socrates, the condition of which you speak, beyond the influences affecting those who bear rule or those inslavery, can never exist among men; for,” &c. § 12.ὡςδούλοιςχρῆσθαι—“for safety they desireslavery.”
§ 13.Ἕως ἂν πείσωσιν ἑλέσθαιδουλεύεινἀντὶ τοῦ πολεμεῖν τοῖς χρείττοσι;
“Donec persuaserint eisservirepotiùs quàm bellum cum potioribus gerere?”
§ 15.Ἦ διότι καὶδοῦλοςἂν οἴει τοιοῦτος εἶναι, ἷιος μηδενὶ δεσπότῃ λυσιτελεῖν;
“An quòd talem teservumesse putas, qui nulli domino prosit?”
Chap. 6. § 9.Χαλεπὸν δὲ καὶ δήσαντα κατέχειν, ὥσπερδοῦλον.
“Neque minùs difficile vinctum retinere tanquamservum.”Leunc.
Chap. 7. § 3 and 4.Ὅτι νὴ Δί’, ἕφη, ὁ μὲνδούλουςτρέφει, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐλευθέρους.(4)Καὶ πότερον, ἒφη, τοὺς παρὰ σοὶ ἐλευθέρους οἴει βελτίους εἶναι ἢ τοὺς παρὰ Κεράμωνιδούλους;
“By Jupiter, (says Aristarchus,)the reason is obvious. He (Ceramon) rears upslaves, while I only employ freemen. Well, then, truly, says (Socrates), which do you esteem the most valuable, your freemen or Ceramon’sslaves?”
Chap. 8. § 4.Χαλεπῶς ἂν, ἔφη, ἐγὼ, ὦ Σώκρατες,δουλείανὑπομείναιμι. Καὶ μὴν οἵ λε ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι προστατεύοντες, καὶ τῶν δημοσίων ἐπιμελόμενοι οὐδουλοπρεπέστεροιἕνεκα τούτου, ἀλλ’ ἐλευθεριώτεροι νομίζονται.
“But it is difficult, O Socrates, for me to submit toslavery. But (says Socrates) high political officers, and all those who have charge of public affairs, are not esteemed to be in aslavishemployment, but in that which is the most appropriate to the most elevated of freemen.”
Book iii. chap. 12. § 2.Πολλοὶ δὲ δι’ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ζῶντες ἁλίσκονται, καὶ ἁλόντες ἤτοιδουλεύουσιτὸν λοιπὸν βίον, ἐὰν οὕτω τύχωσι, τὴν χαλεπωτάτηνδουλείαν.
“Many endure the most burdensomeslavery, produced by their having been taken captives in war, and as captives,slavesthemselves through the remainder of life.”
Book iv. chap. 2. § 33.Τί δέ; τὸν Δαίδαλον, ἔφη, οὐκ ἀκήκοας, ὅτι ληφθεὶς ὑπὸ Μίνω διὰ τὴν σοφίαν, ἠναγκάζετο ἐκείνῳδουλεύειν, καὶ τῆς τε πατρίδος ἅμα καὶ τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἐστερήθη, καὶ ἐπιχειρῶν ἀποδιδράσκειν μετὰ τοῦ υἱου τόν τε παῖδα ἀπώλεσε καὶ αὐτος οὐκ ἠδυνήθη σωθῆναι, ἀλλ’ ἀπενεχθεὶς εἰς τοὺς βαρβάρους πάλιν ἐκεῖἐδούλευε;
“Is it truly so? You have not heard (says Socrates) that Dædalus, captured, deprived of his liberty, and torn from his country and forced intoslavery, on account of his knowledge and wisdom was detained by Minos; and, when afterwards attempting to make his escape with his son, who was slain in the attempt, was not able to save himself, but was seized by the barbarians and again forced intoslavery.”
Ibid.Ἄλλους δὲ πόσους οἴει διὰ σοφίαν ἀναρπάστους πρὸς βασιλέα γεγονέναι, καὶ ἐκεῖδουλεύειν;
“How many others are born and remain creeping, fawning about the king (of Persia); and because he deems them his, he thereenslavesthem.”
Chap 5. § 5.Δουλείανδὲ ποίαν κακίστην νομίζεις εἶναι; Ἐγὼ μὲν, ἔφη, τὴν παρὰ τοῖς κακίστοις δεσπόταις. Τὴν κακίστην ἄραδουλείανοἱ ἀκρατεῖς δουλεύουσιν;
Of which Leunclavius gives the following:“Pessimamservitutem. Et quam esse arbitraris? Eam ait, quæ apud pessimos dominosserviatur. Ergone intemperantesservitutempessimamserviunt?”
For the benefit of the mere English scholar, we give it thus: “Now, where do you esteem the most degraded slavery? Why, to be sure, says he, when the master is most degraded. It follows then, (says Socrates,) that the slaves of intemperance are the most degraded ofslaves.”
In the 30th section of the defence of Socrates before his judges, by Xenophon, we find thus:—
Ὥστε φημὶ, αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τῇδουλοπρεπεῖδιατριβῇ, ἣν ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῷ παρεσκεύακεν, οὐ διαμενεῖν.
By Leunclavius:“Itaque aio, non permansurum in illoservilivitæ genere, quod pater ei præscripsit.”
We offer: “So that, I said, it is not becoming that his son should remain in an occupation only proper for aslave, in which alone his father educated him.”
At the close of the 23d chapter of the first book of Xenophon’s Cyropædia, we find:
Πολλοὶ δὲ, οἷς ἐξῆν φίλοις χρῆσθαι, καὶ ἢν ποιεῖν καὶ ἢν πάσχειν, τούτοιςδούλοιςμᾶλλον βουληθέντες η φιλοις χρῆσθαι, ὑπ’ αὐτῶν τούτων δίκην ἔδοσαν.
“There are instances of many, who, when they might have used others as their friends in a mutual intercourse of good offices, and who, choosing to hold them rather asslavesthan as friends, have met with revenge and punishment at their hands.”Ashley.
Book iii. § 2.Καὶ γαρ ἔστιν, ἔφη ὁ Κῦρος, καλὸν μάχεσθαι, ὅπως μὴ ποτέ τιςδοῦλοςμέλλοι γενήσεσθαι· ἢν δὲ δὴ ἢ πολέμω κρατηθεὶς, ἢ καὶ ἄλλον τινὰ τρόπονδουλωθεὶς, ἐπιχειρῶν τις φαίνηται τοὺς δεσπότας αποστερεῖν ἑαυτοῦ, τοῦτον σὺ, πρῶτος εἰπὲ, πότερον ὡς ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα καὶ καλὰ πράττοντα τιμᾷς, ἢ ὡς ἀδικοῦντα, ἢν λάβῃς, κολάζεις; κολάζω, ἔφη, &c.
“It is indeed noble, said Cyrus, to fight, in order not to be made a slave! But if a man be conquered in war, or by other means be reduced toslavery, and be found attempting to throw off his masters, do you yourself first pronounce whether you reward and honour such a one as an honest man, and as one that does noble things, or, if you take him, do you punish him as one that acts unjustly? I punish him, said he.”Ashley.
Ibid.Ἢν ᾗ, νὴ Δί’, ἑαυτῷ σύνοιδεν ἐλευθερίας μὲν ἐπιθυμήσας,δοῦλοςδ’ ὡς οὐδεπώποτε γενόμενος.
“Why, by Jupiter, being conscious of himself that, affecting his liberty, he has become by far much more of a slave than ever.”
Ibid.Οἴει οὖν τι, ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης, μᾶλλονκαταδουλοῦσθαιἀνθρωώους τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ φόβου;
“Can you, said Tigranes, imagine what brings men into yielding toslaverymore effectually than very great fear?”
Ibid.καὶ δεσμὸν φοβούμενοι, οὗτοι μὲν οὔτε σίτου οὔθ’ ὑπνου δύνανται τυγχάνειν διὰ τὸν φόβον οἱ δὲ ἤδη μὲν φυγάδες, ἤδη δ’ ἡττημένοι, ἤδη δὲδουλεύοντες, ἔστιν ὅτε δύνανται καὶ μᾶλλον τῶν εὐδαιμόνων ἐσθίειν τε καὶ καθεύδειν.
“They that are at sea, and dread shipwreck, and they that fear servitude and chains, are neither able to eat nor sleep for fear: but they who are already under banishment, who are already conquered, and alreadyslaves, are often in a condition to eat and sleep better than the fortunate themselves.”Ashley.
Ibid.Τὸν δ’ ἐμὸν πατέρα, ἔφη, νῦν πῶς δοκεῖς διακεῖσθαι τὴν ψυζὴὃν, ὃς οὐ μόνον περὶ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ ἐμοῦ, καὶ περὶ γυναικὸς, καὶ περὶ πάντων τῶν τέκνωνδουλείαςφοβεῖται;
“In what state of mind then, said he, do you take my father to be, he who fears not only for his own life, but that his wife, myself, and all his children will be plunged intoslavery?”
Ibid.Ἀλλὰ μὰ Δι’, ἔφη, οὐκ ἐκεῖνον ἐθεώμην. Ἀλλὰ τίνα μὴν; ἔφη ὁ Τιγράνης. Τὸν εἰπόντα, νὴ Δία, ὡς τῆς αὑτοῦ ψυχῆς ἂν πρίαιτο ὥστε μή μεδουλεύειν.
“Truly, said she, I did not look at him. At whom then did you look? said Tigranes. At him who said, that to save me fromservitudehe would ransom me at the expense of his own life.”Ashley.
Ibid.Ὡς ὀλιγα δυνάμενοι προορᾷν ἄνθρωποι περὶ τοῦ μέλλοντος, πολλὰ ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν. Νῦν γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἐγὼ, ἐλευθερίαν μὲν μηχανᾶσθαι ἐπιχειρήσας,δοῦλοςὡς οὐδεπώποτε ἐγενόμην· ἐπεὶ δ’ ἑάλωμεν, σαφῶς ἀπολωλέναι νομίσαντες, νῦν ἀναφαινόμεθα σεσωσμένοι ὡς οὐδεπώποτε.
“How few things in futurity are we men able to foresee! and how many projects do we undertake! I have endeavoured upon this occasion to obtain liberty, and I have become more aslavethan ever: and, after having been made a captive, and thinkingour destruction certain, we now again appear to be in a condition of greater safety and security than ever.”Ashley.
Book iv. chap. 8.Αὐτίκα μάλα ὄψεσθε, ὥσπερδούλωνἀπο διδρασκοντων καὶ εὑρημενων, τοὺς μὲν ἱκετεύοντας αὐτῶν, τοὺς δὲ φεύγοντας, τοὺς δ’ οὐδὲ ταῦτα φρονεῖν δυναμένους.
“You will see them, likeslavesthat have run away and are discovered, some supplicating for mercy, some flying, and some without presence of mind enough to do either.”Ashley.
Chap. 18.Ἐαν δέ τις ὐμων, καὶ ἰὼν ὡς ἡμᾶς εὐνοϊκῶς καὶ πράττων τι καὶ διδάσκων φαίνηται, τοῦτον ἡμεῖς ὡς εὐεργέτην καὶ φίλον, οὐχ ὡςδοῦλον, περιέψομεν.
“But, then, if you shall come to us, and shall appear to do any action, or give any information, in friendship and good-will to us, him will we treat as a benefactor and a friend, not as aslave.”
Chap. 23.Αὐτος δὲ ὁ Κῦρος ἀνειπεῖν ἐκέλευσεν, εἴ τις εἴη ἐν τῷ Ἀσσυρίων ἢ Σύρων ἢ Ἀραβίων στρατεύματι ἀνὴρδοῦλος, ἢ Μήδων, ἢ Περσῶν, ἢ Βακτριανῶν, ἢ Καρῶν, ἢ Κιλίκων, ἢ Ἑλλήνων, ἢ ἀλλοθέν ποθεν Βεβιασμένος, ἐκφαίνεσθαι.
“Cyrus himself ordered them to make proclamation, that whateverslavethere might be, either in the Assyrian, Syrian, or Arabian armies, whether he were Mede, Persian, Bactrian, Carian, Cilician, or Greek, or of any other country, forced to serve, that he should appear.”Ashley.
Chap. 24.Ἔχθιστος ὢν ἐμοὶ, ἥκω πρὸς σὲ, καὶ ἱκέτης προσπίπτω, καὶ δίδωμί σοι ἐμαυτὸνδοῦλονκαὶ σύμμαχον, σὲ δέ τιμωρὸν αἰτοῦμαι ἐμοὶ γενέσθαι.
“I bow myself at your feet, a suppliant, and give myself aslaveto you, and a confederate in the war.”
Book v. chap. 1.Καὶ τοίνυν ὁμοίαν ταῖςδούλαιςεἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα.
“And was clothed in the same manner as were herfemale slaves.”
Ibid.Ἀλλ’ ἐγὼ, ἔφη, ἑώρακα καὶ κλαίοντας ὑπὸ λύπης δι’ ἔρωτα, καὶδουλεύοντάςγε τοῖς ἐρωμένοις· καὶ μάλα κακὸν νομίζοντας, πρίν γε ἐρᾷν, τὸδουλεύειν.
“But I have seen, says he, people in grief and tears when in love,slavesto those with whom they were in love, yet they deemedslaverya very great evil when not in love.”
Chap. 32.Οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοῶ τοῦτ’, ἔφη, ὅτι οὐ σύ μου μόνον μείζων εἶ, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἐμοὶδοῦλοιισχυροτεροι ἐμου ὑπαντιάζουσί μοι, καὶ, &c.
“I am not ignorant, says he, that you are above me, but that my ownslavesare above me in power,” &c.
Book vi. chap. 26.Καὶ Κύρῳ δὲ δοκῶ μεγάλην τινὰ ἡμᾶς χάριν ὀφείλειν, ὅτι με, αἰχμάλωτον γενομένην καὶ ἐξαιρεθεῖσαν ἑαυτῷ, οὔτε με ὡςδούληνἠξίωσε κεκτῆσθαι, οὔτε ὡς ἐλευθέραν ἐν ἀτίμῳ ὀνόματι· διεφύλαξε δέ σοι ὥσπερ ἀδελφοῦ γυναῖκα λαβών.
“Then I think we are both under great obligation to Cyrus, who, when I was captured, and chosen and selected particularly for him, thought proper not to receive me as aslave, nor even as a free woman of low standing, but detained me under such restraint as if I had been his brother’s wife.”
Book vii. chap. 20.Καὶ πάντας δὲ τοὺς ἀόπλους τῶν ὑποχειρίων γενομένων σφενδονᾷν ἠνάγκαζε μελετᾷν, νομίζων τοῦτο τὸ ὅπλονδουλικώτερονεἶναι.
“All those whom he conquered, he compelled to practise with the sling, which he deemed more suitable forslaves.”
Chap. 30.Νόμος γαρ ἐν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἀιδιός ἐστιν, ὅταν πολεμούντων πόλις ἁλῷ, τῶν ἑλόντων εἶναι καὶ τὰ σώματα τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει καὶ τὰ χρήματα.
“For it is a perpetual law among all men, that when a city is taken from an enemy, both the persons and treasures of the inhabitants belong to the captors.”Ashley.
Ibid.Θάλπους μὲν οὖν καὶ ψύχους, καὶ σίτων καὶ ποτῶν, καὶ πόνων καὶ ὕπνου ἀνάγκη καὶ τοῖςδούλοιςμεταδιδόναι.
“In heat, and in cold, in meat and drink, in work and rest, we necessarily allow ourslavesa portion.”
Ibid.Ὅτι, ἐπεὶ κεκτήμεθαδούλους, τούτους κολάσομεν, ἢν πονηροὶ ὦσι; καὶ τί προσήκει αὐτὸν ὄντα πονηρὸν πονηρίας ἕνεκα ηἢ βλακείας ἄλλους κολάζειν;
“When we acquireslaves, we punish them if they are slothful and vicious. But does it become him who is slothful and vicious himself, to punish others for vice and sloth?”
Book viii. chap. 1.Τοσοῦτον δὲ διαφέρειν ἡμᾶς δεῖ τῶνδούλων,ὅσον οἱ μὲνδοῦλοι, ἄκοντες τοῖς δεσπόταις ὑπηρετοῦσιν· ἡμᾶς δὲ, εἴπερ ἀξιοῦμεν ἐλεύθεροι εἶναι, ἑκόντας δεῖ ποιεῖν, ὅ τι πλείστου ἄξιον φαίνεται εἶναι.
“We ought to distinguish ourselves so far fromslaves, as thatslavesdo service to their masters against their wills; and if we desire to be free, we ought willingly to perform what appears to be most excellent and worthy.”Ashley.
Chap. 14.Οὓς δ' αὖ κατεσκεύαζεν εἰς τὸδουλεύειν, τούτους οὔτε μελετᾷν τῶν ἐλευθερίων πόνων οὐδένα παρώρμα, οὔτε ὅπλα κεκτῆσθαι ἐπέτρεπεν.
“But in the management ofslaves,” &c.
Chap. 41.Βουλοίμην δ’ ἂν ὑμᾶς καὶ τοῦτο κατανοῆσαι, ὅτι τούτων, ὧν νῦν ὑμῖν παρακελεύομαι, οὐδὲν τοῖςδούλοιςπροστάττω.
“And I desire likewise that you should observe, that of all these orders that I now give you, I give none to those that are ofservilecondition.”
Chap. 47.Καὶ τοὺς μὲν φίλους ἐπεῖδον δι’ ἐμοῦ εὐδαίμονας γενομένους, τοὺς δὲ πολεμίους ὑπ’ ἐμοῦδουλωθέντας.
“By my means my friends have been made happy, and my enemiesenslaved.”
In Xenophon’s Expedition of Cyrus, usually termed theAnabasis, book i. chap. 9, we find—
Ὥστε φαίνεσθαι τοὺς μὲν ἀγαθοὺς, εὐδαιμονεστάτος, τοὺς δὲ κακοὺςδούλουςτούτων ἀξιοῦν εἶναι.
“So that brave men were looked upon as most fortunate, and cowards as deserving to be theirslaves.”Spelman.
Ibid.Παρὰ μὲν Κύρου,δούλουὄντος, οὐδεὶς ἀπῄει πρὸς βασιλέα.
“No one, not even aslave, ever deserted Cyrus to go to the king.”
Book ii. chap. 3.Δοῦλοιδὲ πολλοὶ εἵποντο.
“They were attended by a great manyslaves.”
Chap. 5.Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα τῶν βαρβάρων τινὲς ἱππέων, διὰ τοῦ πεδίου ἐλαύνοντες, ᾧτινι ἐντυγχάνοιεν Ἕλληνι ἢδούλωἢ ἐλευθέρῳ, πάντας ἔκτεινον.׳ “After this, some of the barbarian horse, scouring the plains,killed all the Greeks they met with, both freemen andslaves.”Spelman.
Ibid.Ἑαυτοῦ γὰρ εἶναι φησὶν, ἐπείπερ Κύρου ἦσαν τοῦ ἐκείνουδούλου.
“For, he says, they are his, having belonged to hisslaveCyrus.”
Book iii. chap. 1.Ἡμᾶς δὲ, οἷς κηδεμὼν μὲν οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ἐστρατεύσαμεν δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτον ὡςδοῦλονἀντὶ βασιλέως ποιήσοντες καὶ ἀποκτενοῦντες, εἰ δυναίμεθα, τί ἄν οἰόμεθα παθεῖν;
“How then will he treat us, who have no support, and who have made war on him, with the design to reduce him from the condition of a king to that of aslave, and, if in our power, to put him to death?”
Book vii. chap. 4.Ὁ δ’ εἶπεν· Ἀλλ’ ἔγωγε ἱκανὴν νομίζω νῦν δίκην ἔχειν, εἰ οὗτοιδοῦλοιἔσονται ἀντ’ ἐλευθέρων.
“And then he said, but I think myself sufficiently revenged, if these people, instead offreemen, are to be madeslaves.”
Chap. 7.Σοῦ μὲν γὰρ κρατοῦντος,δουλείαὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς· κρατουμένου δὲ σοῦ, ἐλευθερία.
“For if you conquer, they areslaves,—but if you are conquered, they are free.”
Herodotusof Halicarnassus.
WE often find the wordδοῦλος, and its various derivatives, in the plain, the simple narrative of this author. His use of the term is as follows:
Book i. chap. 7.Παρὰ τούτων δὲ Ἡρακλεῖδαι ἐπιτραφθέντες ἔσχον τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκ θεοπροπίου, ἐκδούληςτε τῆς Ἰαρδάνου γεγονότες καὶ Ἡρακλέος.
“The Heraclidæ are descended from Hercules and afemale slaveof Jardanus.”
Chap. 27.Λαβεῖν ἀρώμενοι Λυδοὺς ἐν θαλάσση, ἵνα ὑπερτῶν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρω οικημένων Ἑλλήνων τίσωνταί σε, τοὺς σὺδουλώσαςἔχεις;
“Can they wish for a better opportunity than to meet the Lydians on the Ocean, to revenge those of the Greeks reduced by you toslaveryon the continent?”
Chap. 94.Λυδοὶ μὲν δὴ ὑπὸ Πέρσῃσιδεδούλωντο.
“Thus the Lydians wereenslavedby the Persians.”
Chap. 95.Καὶ ἀπωσάμενοι τὴνδουλοσύνηνἠλευθερώθησαν.
“And rejectingslavery, they becamefree.”
Chap. 114.Ὦ βασιλεῦ, ὑπὸ τοῦ σοῦδούλου.
“O king! by yourslave.”
Chap. 126.Οὐδένα πόνονδουλοπροπέαἔχουσι.
“Slavishemployment,” &c.
Chap. 129.Καὶ ἄλλὰ λέγων ἐς αὐτὸν θυμαλγέα ἔπεα, καὶ δὴ καὶ εἴρετό μιν πρὸς τὸ ἑωυτοῦ δεῖπνον, τό μιν ἐκεῖνος σαρξὶ τοῦ παιδὸς ἐθοίνισε, ὅ τι εἴη ἡ ἐκείνουδουλοσύνηἀντὶ τῆς βασιληΐης.
“Among other things, he asked him what was his opinion of that supper, in which he had compelled a father to feed on the flesh of his child; a supper which had reduced him from a monarch to aslave.”Beloe.
Ibid.Ἀδικώτατον δὲ, ὅτι τοῦ δείπνου εἵνεκεν Μήδουςκατεδούλωσε.
“(He said that he was) most wicked, on the account of the supper, toenslavethe Medes.”
Ibid.Νῦν δὲ Μήδους μὲν ἀναιτίους τούτου ἐόνταςδουλουςἀντὶ δεσποτέων γεγονέναι, Πέρσας δὲδούλουςἐόντας τὸ πρὶν Μήδων νῦν γεγονέναι δεσπότας.
“The Medes, who were certainly not accessary to the provocation given, had exchanged situations with theirslaves. The Persians, who were formerly theslaves, were now the masters.”
Chap. 170.Καὶ οὕτω ἀπαλλαχθέντας σφέαςδουλοσύνηςεὐδαιμονήσειν.
“And thus, freed fromslavery, deem themselves happy.”
Chap. 173.Καὶ ἢν μὲν γε γυνὴ ἀστὴδούλωσυνοικήσῃ, γενναῖα τὰ τέκνα νενόμισται.
“If any free woman marries aslave, the children of such marriage are reputed free.”Beloe.
Chap. 174.Οἱ μέν νῦν Κᾶρες οὐδὲν λαμπρὸν ἔργον ἀποδεξάμενοιἐδουλώθησαν.
“The Carians made little or no exertion, and were easilyenslaved.”
Chap. 210.Ὃς ἀντὶ μὲνδούλωνἐποίησας ἐλευθέρους Πέρσας εἶναι.
“You have raised the Persians fromslaveryto freedom.”Beloe.
Book ii. chap. 1.Ὡςδούλουςπατρωΐους ἐόντας ἐνόμιζε.
“He considered them asslavesby right of inheritance.”
Chap. 56.Ἔπειταδουλεύουσααὐτόθι ἱδρύσασθαι ὑπὸ φηγῷ πεφυχυίῃ Διὸς ἱρὸν.
“Although in a state ofslavery, she there constructed, under a green spreading beech, a natural little temple to her god.”
Book iii. chap. 125.Ὅσοι δὲ ῇσαν ξεῖνοί τε καὶδοῦλοιτῶν ἑπομένων, ἐνἀνδραπόδωνλόγῳ ποιεύμενος εἶχε.
“All the strangers, and theirslavesaccompanying them, were detained inbondage.” See 1Tim.i. 10.
Chap. 138.Καί σφεαςδουλεύονταςἐνθαῦτα Γίλλος.
“And they beingenslaved, Gillus immediatelyransomed them,” &c.
Chap. 140.Ἐμοὶ μήτε χρυσὸν, ὦ βασιλεῦ, μήτε ἄργυρον δίδου, ἀλλ’ ἀνασωσάμενος μοι δὸς τὴν πατρίδα Σάμον, τὴν νῦν ἀδελφεοῦ τοῦ ἐμοῦ Πολυχράτεος ἀποθανόντος ὑπὸ Ὀροίτεω ἔχειδοῦλοςἡμέτερος, ταύτην μοι δὸς ἄνευ τε φόνου καὶἐξανδραποδίσιος.
“I would have neither gold nor silver; give me Samos, my country, and deliver it fromservitude. Since the death of Polycrates, my brother, whom Orœtes slew, it hath been in the hands of one of ourslaves. Give me this, without any effusion of blood, or reducing my countrymen to servitude.” (Beloe.) See 1Tim.i. 10.
Chap. 153.Ἀπείπας τοῖσιδούλοισιμηδενὶ φράζειν τὸ γεγονὸς ἐβουλεύετο.
“He counselledwith himself about thatwhich was foretold, thatBabylonshould not be reduced toslaveryuntil thisprodigyshould be brought forth.”
Book iv. chap. 1.Αἱ γὰρ τῶν Σκυθέων γυναῖκες, ὥς σφι οἱ ἄνδρες ἀπῆσαν χρόνον πολλὸν, ἐφοίτεον παρὰ τοὺςδούλους.
“For the women, deprived so long of their husbands, had associated with theirslaves.”Beloe.
Chap. 2.Τοὺς δὲδούλουςοἱ Σκύθαι πάντας τυφλοῦσι τοῦ γάλακτος εἵνεκεν τοῦ πίνουσι ποιεῦντες ῷδε.
“It is a custom with the Scythians, to deprive all theslavesof sight, on the account of the milk, which is their customary drink.”Beloe.
Chap. 3.Ἐκ τούτων δὴ ὦν σφι τῶνδούλωνκαὶ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐπετράφη νεότης.
“From the union of theseslaveswith the Scythian women, a numerous progeny was born.”Beloe.
Ibid.Δούλοισιτοῖσι ἑμετέροισι μαχόμενοι αὐτοί τε ἐλάσσονες κτεινόμενοι γινόμεθα.
“In this contest with ourslaves, every action diminishes our number.”Beloe.
Ibid.Μαθόντες ὥς εἰσι ἡμέτεροιδοῦλοι.
“They will be impressed with a sense of theirservilecondition.”Beloe.
Book v. chap. 35.Ὁ δὲ τῶνδούλωντὸν πιστότατον ἀποξυρήσας τὴν κεφαλὴν ἔστιξε καὶ ἀνέμεινε ἀναφῦναι τὰς τρίχας.
“He therefore took one of the most faithful of hisslaves, and inscribed what we have mentioned on his skull, being first shaved.”Beloe.
Chap. 49.Ἰώνων παῖδαςδούλουςεἶναι ἀντ’ ἐλέυθερων ὄνειδος καὶ ἄλγος μέγιστον μὲν αὐτοῖσι ἡμῖν, ἔτι δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν ὑμῖν, ὅσῳ προέστατε τῆς Ἑλλάδος· νῦν ὦν πρὸς θεῶν τῶν Ἑλλενίων ῥύσασθε Ἴωνας ἐκδουλοσύνης, ἄνδρας ὁμαίμονας.
“The Ionians, who ought to be free, are in a state ofservitude; which is not only disgraceful, but also a source of the extremest sorrow to us, as it must be to you, who are so pre-eminent in Greece. I entreat you therefore, by the gods of Greece, torelievethe Ionians fromslavery, who are connected with you by the ties of consanguinity.”Beloe.
Book vi. chap. 83.Ἄργος δὲ ἀνδρῶν ἐχηρώθε οὕτω ὥστε οἱδοῦλοιαὐτῶν ἔσχον πάντα τὰ πρήγματα ἄρχοντές τε καὶδιέποντες, ἐς ὃ ἐπήβησαν οἱ τῶν ἀπολομένων παῖδες, ἔπειτα σφεας οὗτοι ἀνακτώμενοι ὀπίσω ἐς ἑωυτοὺς τὸ Ἄργος ἐζέβαλον· ἐζωθεύμενοι δὲ οἱδοῦλοιμάχη ἔσχον Τίρυνθα. τέως μὲν δή σφι ἦν ἄρθμια ἐς ἀλλήλους, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐς τοὺςδούλουςἦλθε ἀνὴρ μάντις Κλέανδρος, γένος ἐὼν Φιγαλεὺς ἀπ’ Ἀρκαδίης· οὗτος τοὺςδούλουςἀνέγνωσε ἐπιθέσθαι τοῖσι δεσπότῃσι.
“Argos, however, was deprived of so many of its citizens, that theslavesusurped the management of affairs, and executed the offices of government; but when the sons of those who had been slain grew up, they obtained possession of the city, and after some contest expelled theslaves, who retired to Tyrinthe, which they seized. They for a time forebore to molest each other, till Cleander, a soothsayer, and an Arcadian of the district of Phigalis, came among theslaves, when he persuaded the slaves to attack their masters.”
Book ix. chap. 48.Ἐν Ἀθηναίοισί τε τὴν πρόπειραν ποιευμένους αὐτούς τε ἀντιαδούλωντῶν ἡμετέρων τασσομένους.
“We see you delegating to the Athenians the more dangerous attempt of opposing us, and placing yourselves against ourslaves.”Beloe.
In the “Libellus de Vitâ Homeri,” attributed to Herodotus, in the 23d section we find the wordσυνδούλῳ, used to mean afellow-slave.