The Relationship of Wolfram von Eschenbach and Chrestien.
The various arguments for and against the use of any other French source than Chrestien by Wolfram have been clearly summed up by G. Bötticher, Die Wolfram Literatur seit Lachmann, Berlin, 1880. The chief representative of the negative opinion is Birch-Hirschfeld, who first gives, Chapter VIII. of his work, a useful collection of passages relating to the Grail, the Castle, and the Quest, from both authors. His chief argument is this:—The Grail in all the romances except in Wolfram is a cup or vessel, but in Wolfram a stone, a peculiarity only to be explained by Wolfram’s ignorance of any source than Chrestien, and by the fact that the latter, in accordance with his usual practice of leaving objects and persons in as mysterious an atmosphere as possible, nowhere gives a clear description of the Grail. He undoubtedly would have done so if he had finished his work. Such indications as he gave led Wolfram, who did not understand the wordGraal, to think it was a stone. It is inconceivable that Kyot, if such a personage existed, should have so far departed from all other versions as not to picture the Grail as a vessel, inconceivable, again, that his account of it should have been just as vague as Chrestien’s, that he should have afforded Wolfram no hint of the real nature of the object. In Chrestien Perceval’s question refers to the Grail, but Wolfram, missing the significance of the holy vessel owing to the meagreness of the information respecting it given to him by Chrestien, was compelled to transform the whole incident, and to refer it solely to the sufferings of the wounded King. Again, Chrestien meant to utilise the sword, and to bring Gawain to the Grail Castle; but his unfinished work did not carry out his intention, and in Wolfram Gawain also fails to come to the Grail Castle; the sword is passed over in silence in the latter part of the poem.—Simrock, jealous for the credit of Wolfram, claimed for him the invention of all that could not be traced to Chrestien, resting the claim chiefly upon consideration of a sentimental patriotic nature.—In opposition to these views, although the fact is not denied that Wolfram followed Chrestien closely for the parts common to both, it is urged to be incredible that he, a German poet, should invent a prologue to Chrestien’s unfinished work connecting with an Angevin princely genealogical legend. It was also pointed out, with greatest fulness by Bartsch, Die Eigennamen im Parcival und Titurel, Germanist. Studien, II., 114,et seq., that the German poet givesa vast number of proper names which are not to be found in Chrestien, and that these are nearly all of French, and especially Southern French and Provençal origin.—Simrock endeavoured to meet this argument in the fifth edition of his translation, but with little success.—Bötticher, whilst admitting the weight of Birch-Hirschfeld’s arguments, points out the difficulties which his theory involves. If Wolfram simply misunderstood Chrestien and did not differ from him personally, why should he be at the trouble of inventing an elaborately feigned source to justify a simple addition to the original story? If he only knew of the Grail from Chrestien, what gave him the idea of endowing it, as he did, with mystic properties? Martin points out in addition (Zs. f. d. A., V. 87) that Wolfram has the same connection of the Grail and Swan Knight story as Gerbert, whom,ex hypothesi, he could not have known, and who certainly did not know him.—In his Zur Gralsage, Martin returned to the question of proper names, and showed that a varying redaction of a large part of the romance is vouched for by the different names which Heinrich von dem Türlin applies to personages met with both in Chrestien and in Wolfram. If, then, one French version, that followed by Heinrich, who is obviously a translator, is lost, why not another?
The first thorough comparison of Chrestien and Wolfram is to be found in Otto Küpp’s Unmittelbaren Quellen des Parzival, (Zs. f. d. Ph. XVII., l). He argues for Kyot’s existence. Some of the points he mentions in which the two poems differ, and in which Wolfram’s account has a more archaic character, may be cited: The mention of Gurnemanz’s sons; the food producing properties of the Grail on Parzival’s first visit; the reproaches of the varlet to Parzival on his leaving the Grail Castle, “You are a goose, had you but moved your lips and asked the host! Now you have lost great praise;”[160]the statement that the broken sword is to be made whole by dipping in the Lake Lac, and the mention of a sword charm by virtue of which Parzival can become lord of the Grail Castle; the mention that no one seeing the Grail could die within eight days. In addition Küpp finds that many of the names in Wolfram are more archaic than those of Chrestien. On the other hand, Küpp has not noticed that Chrestien has preserved a more archaic feature in the prohibition laid upon Gauvain not to leave for seven days the castle after he had undergone the adventure of the bed.
Küpp has not noticed that some of the special points he singles out in Wolfram are likewise to be found in Chrestien’s continuators,e.g., the mention of the sons of Gurnemanz, by Gerbert.
I believe I have the first pointed out the insistence by both Wolfram and Gerbert upon the hero’s love to and duty towards his wife.
The name of Parzival’s uncle in Wolfram, Gurnemanz, is nearer to the form in Gerbert, Gornumant, than to that in Chrestien, Gonemant.
The matter may be summed up thus: it is very improbable that Wolfram should have invented those parts of the story found in him alone; the parts common to him and Chrestien are frequently more archaic in his case; there are numerous points of contact between him and Gerbert. All this speaks for another French source than Chrestien. On the other hand, it is almost inconceivable that such a source should have presented the Grail as Wolfram presents it.
I cannot affect to consider the question decidedly settled one way or the other, and have, therefore, preferred to make no use of Wolfram. I would only point out that if the contentions of the foregoing studies be admitted, they strongly favour the genuineness of the non-Chrestien section of Wolfram’s poem,[161]though I admit they throw no light upon his special presentment of the Grail itself.
The Prologue to the Grand St. Graal and the Brandan Legend.
I believe the only parallel to this prologue to be the one furnished by that form of the Brandan legend of which Schröder has printed a German version (Sanct Brandan) at Erlangen, in 1871, from a MS. of the fourteenth century, but the first composition of which he places (p. 15) in the last quarter of the twelfth century. The text in question will be found pp. 51,et seq.: Brandan, a servant of God, seeks out marvels in rare books, he finds that two paradises were on earth, that another world was situated under this one, so that when it is here night it is day there, and of a fish so big that forests grew on his back, also that the grace of God allowed some respite every Saturday night to the torments of Judas. Angry at all these things he burnt the book. But the voice of God spake to him, “Dear friend Brandan thou hast done wrong, and through thy wrath I see My wonders lost.” The holy Christ bade him fare nine years on the ocean, until he see whether these marvels were real or a lie. Thereafter Brandan makes ready a ship to set forth on his travels.
This version was very popular in Germany. Schröder prints a Low German adaptation, and a chap book one, frequently reprinted during the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. But besides this form there was another, now lost, which can be partially recovered from the allusions to it in the Wartburg Krieg, a German poem of the thirteenth and early fourteenth century, and which is as follows:—An angel brings Brandan a book from heaven: Brandan finds so many incredible things in it that he taxes book and angel with lying, and burns the book. For his unfaith he must wander till he find it. God’s grace grants him this at last; an angel gives him the sign of two fires burning, which are the eyes of an ox, upon whose tongue he shall find the book. He hands it to Uranias, who brings it toScotland(i.e., of course Ireland) Schröder, p. 9.
The closeness of the parallel cannot be denied, and it raises many interesting questions, which I can here only allude to. The Isle of Brandan has always been recognized as a Christian variant of the Celtic Tír-na n-Og, the Land of the Shades, Avalon. Schröder has some instructive remarks on this subject, p. 11. The voyage of Brandan maythus be compared with that of Bran, the son of Febal (supra,p. 232), both being versions of the wide-spread myth of a mortal’s visit to the otherworld. It is not a little remarkable that in the Latin legend, which differs from the German form by the absence of the above-cited prologue, there is an account (missing in the German), of a “conopeus” (“cover” or “canopy,”)cf.Ducange and Diez,sub voce; the old French version translates it by “Pavillon of the colour of silver but harder than marble, and a column therein of clearest crystal.” And on the fourth day they find a window and therein a “calix” of the same nature as the “conopeus” and a “patena” of the colour of the column (Schröder, p. 27, and Note 41).
Thus there is a formal connection between the Brandan legend and the Grail romances in the prologue common to two works of each cycle, and there is a likeness of subject-matter between the Brandan legend and the older Celtic traditions which I have assumed to be the basis of the romances. But German literature likewise supplies evidence of a connection between Brandan and Bran. Professor Karl Pearson has referred me to a passage in the Pfaffe Amis, a thirteenth century South German poem, composed by Der Stricker, the hero of which, a prototype of Eulenspiegel, goes through the world gulling and tricking his contemporaries. In a certain town he persuades the good people to entrust to him their money, by telling them that he has in his possession a very precious relic, the head of St. Brandan, which has commanded him to build a cathedral (Lambl’s Edition, Leipzig, 1872, p. 32). The preservation of the head of Bran is a special feature in the Mabinogi. I have instanced parallels from Celtic tradition (Branwen, p. 14), and Professor Rhys has since (Hibb. Lect., p. 94) connected the whole with Celtic mythological beliefs. This chance reference in a German poem is the only trace to my knowledge of an earlier legend in which, it may be, Bran and Brandan, the visitor to and the lord of the otherworld, were one and the same person.
It is highly desirable that every form of or allusion to the Brandan legend should be examined afresh, as, perhaps, able to throw fresh light upon the origin and growth of the Grail legend. In Pseudo-Chrestien Perceval’s mother goes on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Brandan.
DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.
[This Index is to the Summaries contained inChapter II, and the references are not to page and line, but to Version and Incident. The Versions are distinguished by the following abbreviations:—
Conte du GraalCo, Pseudo-ChrestienPC, ChrestienC, GautierG, ManessierMa, GerbertGe, WolframW, Heinrich von dem TürlinH, Mabinogi of PeredurM, Thornton MS. Sir PercevalT, Didot-PercevalD, Borron’s poemB, QuesteQ(Q1andQ2refer to the different drafts of the romance distinguishedp. 83) Grand St. GraalGG. With the less important entries, or when the entries are confined to one version, a simple number reference is given. But in the case of the more important personages, notably Perceval, Gawain, and Galahad, an attempt has been made to show the life history, by grouping together references to the same incident from different versions; in this case each incident group is separated from other groups by a long dash ——. Any speciality in the incident presented by a version is bracketedbeforethe reference initial, and, when deemed advisable, reference has been made to allied as well as to similar incidents. This detail, to save space, is, as a rule, given only once, as under Perceval, and not duplicated under other headings, the number reference alone being given in the latter cases. The fullest entry is Perceval, which practically comprises such entries as Fisher King, Grail, Sword, Lance, etc.]
ABELQ37,GG24.
ABRIORISG9.
ACHEFLOURT1.
ADAMQ37,GG24.
ADDANC OF LAKEM16, 19.
AGARANQ23.
AGRESTESGG40.
AGUIGRENONSCo,KingrunW, anonymousM,C6,W,M8.
ALAINS, Celidoine’s sonGG43.
ALAINSorALEIN(li GrosD,Q,GG)B12——Dprol, 1, 6, 12,Q26,GG30, 43, 45, 51, 58, 59.
ALEINE, Gawain’s niece,D1.
ALFASEMGG51, 58.
AMANGONSPC1, 2, 4.
AMFORTAS, seeFisher King.
AMINADAPGG58.
ANGHARADLaw Eurawc,M12, 14.
ANTIKONIE, seeFacile Damsel.
ARGASTESQ27.
ARIDESof CavalonMa14, 16 (a King of Cavalon mentionedC12 corresponds toVergulatof Askalon inW).
ARTHURPC2, 3, 5,C1,Dprol——arrival of Perceval at his courtC3,W,M3,T4,Dprol——C6, 9, 10,W,M9, 10, 11——M13, 14——C11,W,M20——T7——C18,W——G1,W——G2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20,Ma10, 16, 23,Ge5,H,D1, 3, 5, 8, 14, 16,M25,Q3, 5, 13,GG33, 45, 48.
AUGUSTUS CÆSARGG11.
AVALONorAVARONB12, 13,D9.
BAGOMMEDESG19, 20.
BANDAMAGUSQ5, 6, 43.
BANSQ26,GG30, 59.
BEAU MAUVAIS, le,G11,D8.
BEDUERSD2.
BLAISEDprol, 14.
BLANCHEFLEURCo, ConduiramurW, anonymousM,cf.LufamourT——Perceval’s cousinCo,W——first meeting with PercevalC6,W,M8——second meeting with PercevalG10——third meetingMa13-16——third meeting and marriage with PercevalGe8-10,cf.W.
BLIHISPC1 = Blaise?
BLIHOS BLIHERISPC2.
BLIOCADRANS(of Wales, Perceval’s father),PC6.
BORS, BOHORS, BOORTQ1, 3, 13, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,Ma18——Q35, 48-52.
BRANDALISG1, 2.
BRIOSG16.
BRONS, BRON, orHEBRON.B7, 8, 12, 14,Dprol, 6, 16,GG41, 42,cf.p. 19.
BRUILLANTGG58 = UrlainQ35.
BRUN DE BRANLANTG1.
CAINQ37,GG24.
CAIPHASGG2, 3.
CAIUSGG3.
CALIDESMa9.
CALOGRENANTQ33.CALOGRINANTMa18——CalocreantinH, one of the three Grail-seekers.
CARAHIESG5.
CARCHELOISQ39.
CARDUELC3——Carduelof NantesG1.
CASTRARSPC4.
CATHELOYSGG58.
CAVALONC12——Ma14, 16.
CELIDOINEGG22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 39, 59,Q26.
CHANAANGG45, 47.
CHESSBOARD CASTLEG7,D4,M24——G14——G18,D13.
CHRISTB1-3, 5, 6, 8, 11,Q7, 10, 13, 15, 20, 26, 50,Dprol, 16,Ge15,GG1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 21, 23, 30, 37, 41, 45.
CLAMADEXC6, ClamideW, the earlM8 = the SowdaneT7.
CLARISSECoMons MS. orClarissantMontpellier MS.,ItonjeW——C18,G1,W.
CLAUDIUSGG3.
CLAUDIUS, son of ClaudasQ251.
CORBENICQ,GG,CORBIÈREMa23,Q13, 43, 48,GG51.
CORSAPIASGG22.
COWARD KNIGHTMa17, 19.
CRUDELQ6, 15,Ge15,GG36-38.
DAVIDQ37.
DODINELMa14.
ELIEZERQ27.
EMPTY SEAT, seeSeat Perillous.
ENYGEUS,ENYSGEUS, orANYSGEUSB7, 8, 11, 12.
ERECD2.
ERNOUSQ39.
ESCORANTQ251.
ESCOSGG47.
ESPINOGREMa5.
ESTROIS DE GARILESQ251.
ETLYM GLEDDYV COCHM16-18.
EVALACH.Evalach li mescouncusGG, EualacQ(Anelac 26), EvelacMa,Ge. Overcoming TholomesGG6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14,Q6, 15, 26,Ma3,Ge15, name changed toMordrains, which see.
EVEQ37,GG24.
FACILE DAMSEL, AnonymousCo,H,M,AntikonieW,C14,W,H,M21.
FEIREFIZW.
FELIXGG3, 11.
FISHER KING.AnonymousCo, AmfortasW, BronsB,D, AlainGG. Anonymous (?),Q1, PellesQ2. InMthe Fisher corresponds to Gonemans. In all the French works of the cycle the adjective rich is commonly applied to the Fisher. Splendour of courtPC1——learned in black artPC3——old and sickDprol, First meeting with PercevalC7,W,D11,cf.PC3,M6——C8,W,cf.D2, 12——C11,W,cf.D15,M21——G7, 8, 9, 16, 18, 19, 20——Second meeting with PercevalG22,Ma1-7 orGe1-5,D16,cf.M25——Ma10——Third meeting with PercevalMa22,Ge22,W——Grandfather of GalahadQ12, 26. See alsoMaimed King.
Surname given to BronsB12, to AlainGG43.Vessel given to himD1——commanded to go to the WestD6.
Surname given to BronsB12, to AlainGG43.
Vessel given to himD1——commanded to go to the WestD6.
FLEGENTYNEGG22, 29, 31, 37, 59.
GAHMURETW.
GALAHAD(Galaad).Father: LancelotQ,GG——Mother: daughter of King PellesQ1,GG, or Fisher KingQ2——Seat PerillousQ2——SwordQ3——Quest proclaimedQ5——Evelac’s ShieldQ6,GG50——Devil-inhabited tombQ7,cf.Ge17——Melians’ discomfortureQ8——Castle of MaidensQ9——overcoming of Lancelot and PercevalQ11——destined achiever of QuestQ13——rescue of PercevalQ16——GenealogyQ26,GG21, 30, 58——likening to a spotless bullQ29——overcoming of GawainQ34——stay on shipQ35, 36——swordQ36——Maimed KingQ236——capture of Castle CarcheloisQ39——stag and lionsQ40,cf.GG45——castle of the evil customQ41——stay with fatherQ42——healing of MordrainsQ44,cf.GG39——cooling of fountainQ45——making white the CrossGG40——release of SymeuQ46,GG49——making whole swordGG44——release of MoysGG46——five years’ wanderingsQ47——arrival at King Peleur’sQ1, Maimed King’sQ2, witnessing of Grail and healing of Maimed KingQ48-50——Sarras, crowning, deathQ51, 52.
GALAHAD(Galaad) son of JosephGG8, 31, 34——King of Hocelice and ancestor of UrienGG49——founding of abbey for SymeuGG49.
GANSGUOTERH.
GANORTGG33, 35.
GARALASG13.
GAWAIN.GauvainCo,Q,GG, GwalchmaiM, GawanW, GaweinH, Gawayne or WawayneT——of the seed of Joseph of ArimatheaGG48, Arthur’s nephewCo,Q——conquers Blihos BliherisPC2——allusion to his finding the GrailPC3——one of the knights met by Perceval in woodM1,T2——helps Perceval to disarm Red KnightT4——meeting with Perceval after blood-drops incidentC10,W,M11——vow to release imprisoned maidenC11,M20——reproached by GuigambresilC12, (Kingrimur)W, (anonymous)M20——tournament at Tiebaut’sC13, (Lippaot)W, (Leigamar)H,cf.D15, where Perceval is hero but Gawain best knight after him——adventure with the facile damselC14, (Antikonie)W,H,M21——injunction to seek bleeding lanceC14,W, (Grail)H——adventure with GriogorasC16, (Urjan)W, (Lohenis)H——meeting with scornful damsel, Orgeuilleuse, arrival at ferryman’sC16,W——Magic CastleC17,W,cf.GG51——may not leave castleC17——second meeting with OrgueilleuseC18,W, (Mancipicelle)H——Ford Perillous, GuiromelantC18, (Gramoflanz)W, (Giremelanz)H——marriage with OrgueilleuseW, (?)C18——arrival of Arthur to witness combat with GuiromelantC18 continued byG1,W,H——fight with PercevalW,cf.T7——reconciliation with GuiromelantG1,W,H——departure on Grail Quest and winning various talismansH——[first arrival at Grail Castle according to Montpellier MS. ofCo]——Brun de Branlant, BrandalisG1 and 2——slaying of unknown knight and Quest to avenge himG3——Chapel of Black HandG3——arrival at Grail Castle (first according to Mons MS. ofCo), half successfulG3, wholly successfulH,cf.M25 found by Peredur at Castle of Talismans, and reference inQ51 Welsh version——greetings of country folkG3,cf.Ge3——meeting with his sonG4——Mount Dolorous QuestG19——renewed Grail Quest, reproached for conduct at Fisher King’s, slaying of MargonMa10——rescue of LyonelMa18——rescue by PercevalGe16.
Joins in search for Grail with remainder of Table RoundD2,Q, betraying knowledge of Maimed KingQ5.Meeting with Ywain, Gheheris and confession to hermitQ10.Meeting with Hector de MaresQ29.Overcoming at Galahad’s handQ34.
Joins in search for Grail with remainder of Table RoundD2,Q, betraying knowledge of Maimed KingQ5.
Meeting with Ywain, Gheheris and confession to hermitQ10.
Meeting with Hector de MaresQ29.
Overcoming at Galahad’s handQ34.
GHEHERIESQ10.
GIFLÈSC11,G2.
GONEMANSorGONEMANTCo, GornumantGe, GurnemanzW, Fisher UncleM,C5,W,M5, uncle to BlanchefleurC6,C7,W, second meeting with PercevalGe8-9,cf.T6.
GOON DESERTMa4.
GRAIL, Early History of. Last Supper cup given to JosephB2, 3, 4,GG2,Q50,Ma3——Solace of JosephB5, 6,GG2,D16,Ma3 (Montpellier MS.)——Grail and FishB8, 9cf.GG43——Directs Joseph what to do with AlainB12,cf.GG42, confided to BronsB14,15,Dprol6, (Alain)GG51——D6, 10——feeds hostGG5,Q13, alsoGG32——Blinding of NasciensGG16, 21, 23, 30, passage to England 31,D6,Q6, 13, 15——CrudelGG38,Q15,Ge15——Blinding of MordrainsGG38, 39, 42, only feeds the sinless 43, 44, refuses meat to Chanaan and Symeu 47, resting-place, Castle CorbenicGG51.
Book of, revealed to hermitGG2.
Book of, revealed to hermitGG2.
GRAIL, Quest ofby Perceval: first seen at Fisher King’sPC3,C7,W,D11——properties ofC8,W,D12——C11,W——C15,W——lights up forestG14——G21——seen for second timeG22-Ma1-7 orGe1-3,D16——heals Hector and PercevalMa20——taken from earthGe6,cf.W——opposed by witch,Ge8, 9——connection with ShieldGe13——seen for third timeMa23, 24,Ge22;by Gawain:HandG3;by Lancelot:Q12, 22, 43;by Galahad:Q2, feeds Arthur’s courtQ4, quest proclaimedQ5, feeds hostQ13,GG32, denied to Gawain and HectorQ29, 30, accomplishedQ50-52.
GRAIL-MESSENGER, seeLoathly Damsel.
GRAMOFLANZseeGuiromelant.
GRIOGORASC16 = LohenisH.
GUIROMELANTCo, GramoflanzW, GiremelanzH,C18-G1,W,H.
HECTOR(deMARESQ)Q29, 34, 43,Ma20.
HELAINQ27.
HELICORASGG22.
HELYABGG2, 8, 34.
HELYASQ26 = YsaiesGG30, 38.
HERZELOYDEW.
HUDENPC4.
HURGAINSorHURGANETD2, 3.
JONAANSQ26,JONANSGG30,JONASGG59.
JOSEPH OF ARIMATHEA.D’ArymathyeB, de ArimathieGG, d’Abarimathie or d’ArimathieQ, de BarimacieG, andMa(Montpellier MS.), Josep (without mention of townMa, Mons MS.), de BarismachieGe——care of Christ’s body, captivity, solace, releaseB2-7,GG2, 3,D16,cf.Q6,Ma2——stay in SarrasGG4-11,Q6, 26,Ge15,Ma3——B7——Passage to EnglandGG31,Q6——feeding by GrailGG32,Q13,cf.B8, 9——MoysB11, 12,Dprol,cf.GG41——B12-15——GG34, 36,Q15,Ge15——GG38, 44, 45, 48, 50—D1, 6, 12.
JOSEPHES,JOSEPHE,JOSEPHUS, orJOSAPHES, son of Joseph of Arimathea,GG2, 5, 9, 10, 11Q6, 13, 14, 16, 17, 31Q6, 13 and 32, 36Q6, 38Q6 and 15, 40, 41Q13cf.D6, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 50Q6,Q50, 51.
JOSUEGG51, 58.
KALAFIERGG20, 22.
KARDEIZW.
KAY.KexCo——T2——C3,W,M3——C4,W,M4——C6,C9——C10,W,M11——M14——T7——G3, 19,Ma10,Ge21,D8——one of the three Grail-questersH.
KLINSCHORW.
LABANQ35 (query variant of Lambar?).
LABELGG26.
LABEL’S DAUGHTERGG28, 29, 37, 39.
LAMBARorLABRANQ35,LAMBORGG58.
LANCE(Spear)PC3, 4,C7, 8,M6,C11, 14, 15,G3, 22,Ma1, 2, 24,Ge22,H,D11, 12, 16,Q50, 51,GG9, 15, 16.
LANCELOT, Lancelot of Lake’s grandfatherQ26,GG30, 59.
LANCELOT.Galahad’s fatherQ,GG,Q1, 2, 4 (cf.C11), 5, 11, 12 (cf.C7 andG3), 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 (cf.GG58) 27, 28, 29, 42, 43,GG30, 33, 40, 45, 58, 59,PC4.
LEUCANSGG10.
LIONEL Q1, 3, attacks BorsQ33,Ma18.
LOATHLY DAMSEL.AnonymousCo, KundrieW, Perceval’s cousinM, reproaches PercevalC11,W,M20——announces end of Quest,Ma23,M25.
LOGRESPC1,G3,Q12, 35, 47.
LOHENISH= GriogorasC16.
LOHERANGRINW.
LONGISPC4,Ma2,D16.
LOTGG48.
LUCESGG48.
LUFAMOURT7,cf.Blanchefleur.
MAIDENS’ CASTLEPC5,G12a,Ge6——Q9.
MAIMEDorLAME KING. Same personage as Fisher King. Designated in this wayonlyM, almost entirely soQ2(5, 13, alsoQ136, 39, 47, 50), never soB,D.GG58 applies the designation to Pelleans.
MANAALGG58.
MANCIPICELLE, seeOrgueilleuse.
MARGONMa10.
MARIE LA VENISSIENNEGG3 = Verrine,B6,W.
MARPUS(WARPUSQ26)GG30, 59.
MEAUXGG11.
MELIANS, Galahad’s companionQ8, 10.
MELIANS DE LISC13,D15.
MERLIN(seep. 64D)G20,Dprol, 14, 15,Q13.
MORDRAINSGG, MordainsQ,onceNoodransMa,onceMordrachGe——BaptismGG14, 15,Q6, 26,Ma3Ge15——GG16, 17, vision of descendants 18,Q26——GG19, 20, stay on island 21,cf.Q19——GG27,Q36——GG29 Crudel, and blinding by Grail 37, 38,Q15,Ge15——retires to hermitageGG39,Q44——his shieldGG50,Q6.
MORDREDGG45.
MORDRETGe6, 7.
MORGHE LA FÉEG18.
MORONEUSQ226.
MORS DEL CALANPC4.
MOUNT DOLOROUSG19, 20,Ge5.
MOYS,MOYSES(B). Seat PerillousB10, 11, 12,Dprol, 1,GG41, 46.
NASCIENSGG,Q, NatiienMa——BaptismGG14,Q6, 26,Ma3——Blinded by GrailGG16——GG18, 19, 20, 21, 22, turning isle and Solomon’s ship, 23-27,Q35-37——GG28, 29, 30, 32, 33, Crudel 37, 38, (called Seraphe)Q15——GG39——his tombGG50——deathGG59——appears as hermit in Arthur’s timeQ4, 5, 6, 29.
NASCIENS, son of Celidoine,GG39.
NASCIENS, grandson of CelidoineGG30, 59.
NICODEMUSB3, 4, 5.
NOIRONS,i.e., NeroGG3.
ORCANZGG48.
ORGUEILLEUSE.OrguellouseC, OrgeluseW= MancipicelleH,C16——G1,W,H.
OWAINM,EWAYNET,YONESC4,YWAIN“li aoutres”Q6, 9, 10, 29,GG49——meets PercevalM1,T2——helps himM3,C4.
PARTINALMa5, 8, 21, 22.
PECORINSPC4.
PELEURQ15, 47, 48.
PELLEANSGG58.
PELLEHEMQ235.
PELLESQ21-3, 14, 27, 36, 44, 48, 50,GG59.
PERCEVALCo,D,Q,GG;ParzivalW,H;PeredurM;PercyvelleT.—Father: BliocadransPC; anonymousCo,Q; AlainD; GahmuretW; EvraweM; PercyvelleT; PellehemQ2.Mother: AnonymousCo,D,Q,M; HerzeloydeW; Acheflour (Arthur’s sister)T——brought up in woodC1,W,M,T1——meets knights (5)C1,W, (3)M1,T2——leaves motherC1,W,D,M1,T2——first meeting with lady of tentC2, (Ieschute)W,M2,T3——arrival at Arthur’s CourtC3,W,D,M3,T4——laughing prophetic damselC3,W, dwarvesM3——slaysredknightC4, (Ither of Gaheviez)W, (colour not specified)M3,T4——overcomes 16 KnightsM4——burns witchT5——arrival at house of first uncle, GonemansC5, GurnemanzW, AnonymousM5, and (different adventure partly corresponding toGe8)T6——first arrival at castle of lady love, BlanchefleurC5, ConduiramurW, AnonymousM8, LufamourT7——first arrival at Fisher King’sC7,W,D11,M6——is reproached by wayside damsel, cousin: (Anonymous)C8, (Sigune)W,D12, foster sisterM7——second meeting with lady of tentC9,W,M9——overcoming of Sorceresses of GloucesterM10——blood drops in the snowC10,W,M11——Adventures with Angharad Law Eurawc; at the castle of the huge grey man; serpent on the gold ring; Mound of Mourning; Addanc of the Lake; Countess of AchievementsM12-19——reproaches of the loathly damselC11, (Kundrie)W,M20——Good Friday incident and confession to uncleC15, (Trevrezent)W,D14,M22——the Castle of the HornG6——the Castle of the ChessboardG7,D4,M24——meeting with brother of Red KnightG8——FordamorousG9,perillousD9——second meeting with BlanchefleurG10——meeting with Rosette and Le Beau MauvaisG11,D8——meeting with sister and visit to hermitG12,D5 and 6——the Castle of MaidensG12a——meeting with the hound-stealing damselG13,D13,M24——meeting with the damsel of the white muleG14——tournament at Castle OrguellousG16 =D15 (Melianz de Lis) andM19 (?)——Deliverance of knight in tombG17——second visit to the Castle of the ChessboardG18,D13——delivery of BagommedesG19——arrival at Mount DolorousG20——the Black Hand in the ChapelG21——second arrival at Grail CastleG22-Ma1-7 andGe1,D16, (with final overcoming of Sorceresses of Gloucester)M25.
Puts on red armour for love of Aleine, accomplishes the feat of the Seat Perillous, and sets forth on QuestD1 and 2.Slays the red knight, Orgoillous Delandes,D3.Overcomes Black Knight, slays giant and finds motherT9.
Puts on red armour for love of Aleine, accomplishes the feat of the Seat Perillous, and sets forth on QuestD1 and 2.
Slays the red knight, Orgoillous Delandes,D3.
Overcomes Black Knight, slays giant and finds motherT9.
Perceval and SaigremorsMa8——Second visit to Chapel of the Black HandMa11——the demon horseMa12,Q18——Stay on the islandQ19, and 20, and temptation by damsel 21,Ma13——Delivery of Dodinel’s lady loveMa14——TribuetMa15——third meeting with BlanchefleurMa16——meeting with coward knightMa17——combat with HectorMa20——slaying of PartinalMa21——third arrival at Grail CastleMa22——learns death of his uncle the Fisher King from loathly damselMa23,W——retires into wildernessQ52,Ma24——diesQ52, goes to Palestine and dies (?)T.