To form the positive degree of comparison from these terms,minno, good, andmudjee, bad, are introduced between the pronoun and verb, giving rise to some permutations of the vowels and consonants, which affect the sound only. Thus—Ne minno pimmaudizziwin,My good tenor of life.Ke minno pimmaudizziwin,Thy good tenor of life.Minno pimmaudizziwin,His good tenor of life.Ne mudjee pimmaudizziwin,My bad tenor of life.Ke mudjee pimmaudizziwin,Thy bad tenor of life.Mudjee pimmaudizziwin,His bad tenor of life.To place these forms in the comparative degree,nahwudj,more, is prefixed to the adjective; and the superlative is denoted bymahmowee, an adverb or an adjective as it is variously applied, but the meaning of which is, in this connection,most. The degrees of comparison may be, therefore, set down as follows:—Positive,Kishedä.Hot (restricted to the heat of a fire),Comparative,Nahwudj kishedä.More hot,Superlative,Mahmowee kishedä.Most hot.Your manner of life is good,Ke dizzhewäbizziwin onishishin.Your manner of life is better,Ke dizzhewäbizziwin nahwudj onishishin.Your manner of life is best,Ke dizzhewäbizziwin mahwoweé onishishin.His manner of life is best,Odizzhewäbizziwin mahmowee onishishinine.Little Turtle was brave,Mikkenoköns söngedääbun.Tecumseh was braver,Tecumseh nahwudj söngedääbun.Pontiac was bravest,Pontiac mahmowee söngedääbun.3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded by the adverb. Thus, the phrasesongedää, he is brave, is changed tokahween söngedääsee, he is not brave.POSITIVE.Neebwaukah,He is wise.Kwonaudjewe,She is handsome.Oskineegee,He is young.Shaugweewee,He is feeble.Geekkau,He is old.Mushkowizzi,He is strong.NEGATIVE.Kahween neebwaukah-see,He is not wise.Kahween kwonaudjewee-see,She is not handsome.Kahween oskineegee-see,He is not young.Kahween Shaugweewee-see,He is not feeble.Kahween Geekkau-see,He is not old.Kahween Mushkowizzi-see,He is not strong.From this rule the indeclinable adjectives, by which is meant those adjectives which do not put on the personal and impersonal forms by inflection, but consist of radically different roots, form exceptions.Are you sick?Ke dahkoozzi nuh?You are not sick!Kahween ke dahkoozzi-see.I am happy,Ne minwaindum.I am unhappy,Kahween ne minwainduz-see.His manner of life is bad,Mudjee izzhewabizzi.His manner of life is not bad,Kahween mudjee izzhewabizzi-see.It is large,Mitshau muggud.It is not large,Kahween mitshau-seenön.In these examples, the declinable adjectives are rendered negative insee; the indeclinable, remain as simple adjuncts to the verbs; and thelatterput on the negative form.4. In the hints and remarks which have now been furnished respecting the Chippewa adjective, its powers and inflections have been shown to run parallel with those of the substantive, in its separation into animates and inanimates; in having the pronominal inflections; in taking an inflection for tense—a topic which, by the way, has been very cursorily passed over—and in the numerous modifications to form the compounds. This parallelism has also been intimated to hold good with respect to number—a subject deeply interesting in itself, as it has its analogy only in the ancient languages—and it was therefore deemed best to defer giving examples, till they could be introduced without abstracting the attention from other points of discussion.Minnoandmudjee, good and bad, being of the limited number of personal adjectives which modern usage permits being applied, although often improperly applied to inanimate objects, they, as well as a few other adjectives, form exceptions to the use of number. Whether we say "a good man" or "a bad man," "good men" or "bad men," the wordsminnoandmudjeeremain the same. But all the declinable and coalescing adjectives—adjectives which join on, and, as it were,melt intothe body of the substantive—take the usual plural inflections, and are governed by the same rules in regard to their use, as the substantive; personal adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.Adjectives Animate.Singular.Onishishewe mishemin,Good apple.Kwonaudjewe eekwä,Handsome woman.Songedää inine,Brave man.Bishegaindaugoozzi peenasee,Beautiful bird.Ozahwizzi ahmo,Yellow bee.Plural.Onishishewe-wug mishemin-ug,Good apples.Kwonaudjewe-wug eekwä-wug,Handsome women.Songedää-wug inine-wug,Brave men.Bishegaindaugoozzi-wug peenasee-wug,Beautiful birds.Ozahwizzi-wug ahm-ög,Yellow bees.Adjectives Inanimate.Singular.Onishishin mittig,Good tree.Kwonaudj tshemaun,Handsome canoe.Monaudud ishkoda,Bad fire.Weeshkobun aidetaig,Sweet fruit.Plural.Onishishin-ön mittig-ön,Good trees.Kwonaudjewun-ön tshemaun-un,Handsome canoes.Monaudud-ön ishkod-än,Bad fires.Weeshkobun-ön aidetaig-in,Sweet fruits.Peculiar circumstances are supposed to exist in order to render the use of the adjective, in this connection with the noun, necessary and proper. But, in ordinary instances, as the narration of events, the noun would precede the adjective; and oftentimes, particularly where a second allusion to objects previously named became necessary, the compound expressions would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee,"wazzahwizzidwould distinctly convey the idea of that insect,had the species been before named. Under similar circumstances,kain-waukoozzid,agausheid,söngaunemud,mushkowaunemud, would respectively signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind," "a hard wind." And these terms would become plural injig, which, as before mentioned, is a mere modification ofig, one of the five general animate plural inflections of the language.Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug, is an expression indicating they arevery handsome children. Butbeeweezheewug monetösugdenotessmall insects.Minno neewugizzi, is "good tempered," "he is good tempered."Mawshininewugizzi, is "bad tempered," both having their plural inwug.Nin nuneenahwaindum, "I am lonesome."Nin nuneenahwaindaumin, "we (excluding you) are lonesome."Waweea, is a term generally used to express the adjective sense of round.Kwy, is the scalp;weewikwy, his scalp. Hence,weewukwon, "hat,"wayweewukwonid, "a wearer of the hat;" and its plural,wayweewukwonidjig, "wearers of the hats"—the usual term applied to Europeans, or white men generally. These examples go to prove that under every form in which the adjective can be traced, whether in its simplest or most compound state, it is susceptible of number.The numerals of the language are converted into adverbs by the inflectioning, making one,once, &c. The unit exists in duplicate.Päzhik,One,general unit.Aubeding,Once.Ingoot,One,numerical unit.Neesh,Two.Neeshing,Twice.Niswee,Three.Nissing,Thrice.Neewin,Four.Neewing,Four times.Naunun,Five.Nauning,Five times.N'goodwaswä,Six.N'goodwautsking,Six times.Neeshwauswä,Seven.Neeshwautshing,Seven times.Shwauswe,Eight.Shwautshing,Eight times.Shongusswe,Nine.Shongutshing,Nine times.Metauswe,Ten.Meetaushing,Ten times.These inflections can be carried as high as they can compute numbers. They count decimally. After reaching ten, they repeat, ten and one, ten and two, &c. to twenty. Twenty is a compound signifying two tens; thirty, three tens, &c.; a mode which is carried up to one hundred—n'goodwak.Wakthen becomes the word of denomination, combining with the names of the digits until they reach a thousand,meetauswauk, literallyten hundred. Here a new compound term is introduced, made by prefixing twenty to the last denominator,neeshtonnah duswak, which doubles the last term, thirty triples it, forty quadruples it, &c. till the computation reaches to ten thousand,n'goodwak dushing n'goodwak,one hundred times one hundred. This is the probable extent of all certain computation. The termgitshee(great), prefixed to the last denomination, leaves the number indefinite.There is no form of the numerals corresponding to second, third, fourth, &c. They can only further say,nittum, first, andishkwaudj, last.IV.Some Remarks respecting the Agglutinative Position and Properties of the Pronoun.Inquiry 4.Nature and principles of the pronoun—Its distinction into preformative and subformative classes—Personal pronouns—The distinction of an inclusive and exclusive form in the number of the first person plural—Modifications of the personal pronouns to imply existence, individuality, possession, ownership, position, and other accidents—Declension of pronouns to answer the purpose of the auxiliary verbs—Subformatives, how employed to mark the persons—Relative pronouns considered—Their application to the causative verbs—Demonstrative pronouns—Their separation into two classes, animates and inanimates—Example of their use.Pronouns are buried, if we may so say, in the structure of the verb. In tracing them back to their primitive forms, through the almost infinite variety of modifications which they assume, in connection with the verb, substantive, and adjective, it will facilitate analysis to group them into preformative and subformative, which include the terms that have already been made use of—pronominal prefixes, and suffixes—and which admit of the further distinction of separable and inseparable. By separable, is intended those forms which have a meaning by themselves, and are thus distinguished from the inflective and subformative pronouns, and pronominal particles, significant only in connection with another word.1. Of the first class, are the personal pronounsNeen(I),Keen(Thou), andWeenorO(He or She). They are declined, to form the plural persons, in the following manner:—I,Neen.We,Keen owind. (in.)We,Neen owind. (ex.)Thou,Keen.Ye,Keen owau.He or she,Ween or O.They,Ween owau.Here the plural persons are formed by a numerical inflection of the singular. The double plural of the first person, of which both the rule and examples have been incidentally given in the remarks on the substantive, is one of those peculiarities of the language which may, perhaps, serve to aid in a comparison of it with other dialects, kindred and foreign. As a mere conventional agreement for denoting whether the person addressed be included or excluded, it may be regarded as an advantage to the language. It enables the speaker, by the change of a single consonant, to make a full and clear discrimination, and relieves the narration from doubts and ambiguity, where doubts and ambiguity would otherwise often exist. On the other hand, by accumulating distinctions, it loads the memory with grammatical forms, and opens a door for improprieties of speech. We are not aware of any inconveniences in the use of a general plural; but, in the Indian, it would produce confusion. And it is, perhaps, to that cautious desire of personal discrimination, which is so apparent in the structure of the language, that we should look for the reason of the duplicate forms of this word. Once established, however, and both the distinction, and the necessity of a constant and strict attention to it, are very obvious and striking. How shall he address the Deity? If he say, "Our Father who art in heaven," the inclusive form ofourmakes the Almighty one of the suppliants, or family. If he use the exclusive form, it throws him out of the family, and may embrace every living being but the Deity. Yet, neither of these forms can be used very well in prayer, as they cannot be applied directlytothe object addressed. It is only when speakingofthe Deity, under the name of father, to other persons, that the inclusive and exclusive forms of the wordourcan be used. The dilemma may be obviated by the use of a compound descriptive phrase,Wä ö se mig o yun, signifying, "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal father." In practice, however, the question is cut short by those persons who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that, by the use of either of the foregoing terms, the Deity would be thrown into too remote a relation to them; and I have observed that in prayer they invariably address Him by the term used by children for the father of a family—that is,nosa, "my father."The other personal pronouns undergo some peculiar changeswhen employed as preformatives before nouns and verbs, which it is important to remark. Thusneen, is sometimes renderedne, ornin, and sometimesnim.Keen, is renderedke, orkin. In compound words, the mere signs of the first and second pronouns,NandK, are employed. The use ofweenis limited; and the third person, singular and plural, is generally indicated by the signO.The particlesuh, added to the complete forms of the disjunctive pronouns, imparts a verbal sense to them; and appears, in this instance, to be a succedaneum for the substantive verb. ThusNeen, I, becomesneensuh, it is I.Keen, thou, becomeskeensuh, it is thou; andween, he or she,weensuh, it is he or she. This particle may be also added to the plural forms.Keenowind suh,It is we. (in.)Neenowind suh,It is we. (ex.)Keenowau suh,It is ye, or you.Weenowau suh,It is they.If the wordaittah, be substituted forsuh, a set of adverbial phrases are formed:—Neen aittah, I only.Neen aittah wind, We, &c. (ex.)Keen aittah wind, We, &c. (in.)Keen aittah, Thou only.Keen aittah wau, You, &c.Ween aittah, He or she only.Ween aittah wau, They, &c.In like manner,nittum, first, andishkwaudj, last, give rise to the following arrangement of the pronoun:—Neen nittum,I first.Keen nittum,You or thou first.Ween nittum,He or she first.Keen nittum ewind,We first. (in.)Neen nittum ewind,We first. (ex.)Keen nittum ewau,Ye or you first.Ween nittum ewau,They first.Ishkwaudj.Neen ishkwaudj,I last.Keen ishkwaudj,Thou last.Ween ishkwaudj,He or she last.Keenowind ishkwaudj,We last. (in.)Neenowind ishkwaudj,We last. (ex.)Keenowau ishkwaudj,Ye or you last.Weenowau ishkwaudj,They last.The disjunctive forms of the pronoun are also sometimes preserved before verbs and adjectives.Neezhika.Alone, (an.)Neen neezhika,I alone.Keen neezhika,Thou alone.Ween neezhika,He or she alone.Keenowind neezhika,We alone. (in.)Neenowind neezhika,We alone. (ex.)Keenowau neezhika,Ye or you alone.Weenowau neezhika,They alone.To give these expressions a verbal form, the substantive verb, with its pronominal modifications, must be superadded. For instance,I amalone, &c. is thus rendered:—Neen neezhika nindyau,I am alone + aumin.Keen neezhika keedyau,Thou art alone + aum.Ween neezhika iyau,He or she is alone, &c. + wug.In the subjoined examples, the nounOW, body, is changed to a verb, by the permutation of the vowel, changingOW, toAUW; which last takes the letterdbefore it when the pronoun is prefixed:—I am a man,Neen nin dauw.Thou art a man,Keen ke dauw.He is a man,Ween ah weeh.We are men, (in.)Ke dauw we min.We are men, (ex.)Ne dauw we min.Ye are men,Ke dauw mim.They are men,Weenowau ah weeh wug.In the translation of these expressions, "man" is used as synonymous with "person." If the specific termininehad been introduced, in the original, the meaning thereby conveyed would be, in this particular connection, "I am a man," with respect tocourage, &c. in opposition to effeminacy. It would not be simply declarative ofcorporeal existence, but of existence in aparticular state or condition.In the following phrases, the modified forms, or the signs only, of the pronouns are used:N'debaindaun,I own it.Ke debaindaun,Thou ownst it.O debaindaun,He or she owns it.N'debaindaum-in,We own it. (ex.)Ke debaindaum-in,We own it. (in.)Ke debaindaun-ewau,Ye own it.O debaindaun-ewau,They own it.These examples are cited as exhibiting the manner in which theprefixedand preformative pronouns are employed, both in their full and contracted forms. To denote possession, nouns specifying the things possessed are required; and, what would not be anticipated had not full examples of this species of declension been given in another place, the purposes of distinction are not affected by a simple change of the pronoun, asItomine, &c., but by a subformative inflection of thenoun, which is thus made to have a reflective operation upon the pronoun speaker. It is believed that sufficient examples of this rule, in all the modifications of inflection, have been given under the head of the substantive. But as the substantives employed to elicit these modifications were exclusivelyspecificin their meaning, it, may be proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to present a generic substantive under their compound forms.I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives.IE-AU´, is the abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its inanimate correspondent isIE-EE´. These are two important roots. And they are found in combination, in a very great number of derivative words. It will be sufficient here, to show their connection with the pronoun, in the production of a class of terms in very general use.Animate Forms.Possessive.SINGULAR.PLURAL.Nin dyë aum,Mine.Nin dyë auminaun,Ours. (ex.)Ke dyë auminaun,Ours. (in.)Ke dyë aum,Thine.Ke dyë aumewau,Yours.Objective.O dyë aum-un,His or Hers.O dyë aumewaun,Theirs.Inanimate Forms.Possessive.SINGULAR.PLURAL.Nin dyë eem,Mine.Nin dyë eeminaun,Ours. (ex.)Ke dyë eeminaun,Ours. (in.)Ke dyë eem,Thine.Ke dyë eemewau,Yours.Objective.O dyë eem.His or Hers.O dyë eemewau,Theirs. (pos. in.)In these forms the noun is singular throughout. To render it plural, as well as the pronoun, the appropriate general pluralsugandun, origandin, must be superadded. But it must be borne in mind, in making these additions, "that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns (which have no objective case), forms the objective case to animate, which have no number in the third person." (p. 461.) The particleun, therefore, which is the appropriate plural for the inanimate nouns in these examples, is only the objective mark of the animate.The plural of I, isnaun, the plural of thou and he,wau. But as these inflections would not coalesce smoothly with the possessive inflections, the connective vowelsiandeare prefixed, making the plural of I,inaun, and of thou, &c.,ewau.If we strike from these declensions the rootIE, leaving its animate and inanimate forms AU and EE, and adding the plural of the noun, we shall then, taking theanimatedeclension as an instance, have the following formula of the pronominal declensions:Pronoun singular.Place of the noun.Possessive inflection.Objective inflection to the noun singular.Connective vowel.Plural inflection of the pronoun.Objective inflection, noun plural.Plural of the noun.NeauminaunigKeaumewaugOaumunOaumewaunTo render this formula of general use, six variations (five in addition to the above) of the possessive inflection are required, corresponding to the six classes of substantives, wherebyaumwould be changed to _äm_,eem,im, _öm_, andoom, conformably to the examples heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The objective inflection would also be sometimes changed toeen, and sometimes tooan.Having thus indicated the mode of distinguishing the person, number, relation, and gender, or what is deemed its technicalequivalent, the mutations words undergo, not to mark the distinctions ofsex, but the presence or absence ofvitality, I shall now advert to the inflections which the pronouns take fortense, or rather to form the auxiliary verbs, have, had, shall, will, may, &c.; a very curious and important principle, and one which clearly demonstrates that no part of speech has escaped the transforming genius of the language. Not only are the three great modifications of time accurately marked in the verbal form of the Chippewas, but, by the inflection of the pronoun, they are enabled to indicate some of the oblique tenses, and thereby to conjugate their verbs with accuracy and precision.The particlegeeadded to the first, second, and third person singular, of the present tense, changes them to the perfect past, rendering I, thou, he, I did, have, or had; thou didst, hast, or hadst; he or she did, have, or had. Ifgahbe substituted forgee, the first future tense is formed, and the perfect past added to the first future, forms the conditional future. As the eye may prove an auxiliary in the comprehension of forms which are not familiar, the following tabular arrangement of them is presented.First person, I.Nin gee,I did, have, had.Nin gah,I shall, will.Nin gah gee,I shall have, will have.Second person, Thou.Ke gee,Thou didst, hast, hadst.Ke gah,Thou shalt, wilt.Ke gah gee,Thou shalt have, wilt have.Third person, He or She.O gee,He or she did, have, had.O gah,He or she did, have, had.O gah gee,He or she shall have, will have.The present and imperfect tense of the potential mood is formed bydau, and the perfect bygeesuffixed, as in other instances.First person, I.Nin dau,I may, can, &c.Nin dau gee,I may have, can have, &c.Second person, Thou.Ke dau,Thou mayst, canst, &c.Ke dau gee,Thou mayst have, canst have, &c.Third person, He or She.O dau,He or she may, can, &c.O dau gee,He or she may have, can have, &c.In conjugating the verbs through the plural person, the singular terms for the pronoun remain, and they are rendered plural by a retrospective action of the pronominal inflections of the verb. In this manner the pronoun-verb auxiliary has a general application, and the necessity of double forms is avoided.The preceding observations are confined to the formative orprefixedpronouns. The inseparable suffixed or subformative are as follows:—Yaun,My.Yun,Thy.Id or d,His or hers.Yaung,Our. (ex.)Yung,Our. (in.)Yaig,Your.Waud,Their.These pronouns are exclusively employed as suffixes, and as suffixes to the descriptive compound substantives, adjectives, and verbs. Both the rule and examples have been stated under the head of the substantives, p. 463, and adjectives, p. 492. Their application to the verb will be shown as we proceed.2.Relative Pronouns.—In a language which provides for the distinction of person by particles prefixed or suffixed to the verb, it will scarcely be expected that separate and independent relative pronouns should exist, or if such are to be found, their use, as separate parts of speech, must, it will have been anticipated, be quite limited; limited to simple interrogatory forms of expression, and not applicable to the indicative or declaratory. Such will be found to be the fact in the language under review; and it will be perceived from the subjoined examples, that in all instances requiring the relative pronounwho, other than the simple interrogatory forms, this relation is indicated by the inflections of the verb, or adjective, &c. Nor does there appear to be any declension of the separate pronoun corresponding towhoseandwhom.The wordAhwaynain, may be said to be uniformly employed in the sense ofwho, under the limitations we have mentioned.For instance—Who is there?Ahwaynain e-mah ai-aud?Who spoke?Ahwaynain kau keegœdood?Who told you?Ahwaynain kau weendumoak?Who are you?Ahwaynain iau we yun?Who sent you?Ahwaynain waynönik?Who is your father?Ahwaynain kös?Who did it?Ahwaynain kau tödung?Whose dog is it?Ahwaynain way dyid?Whose pipe is that?Ahwaynain döpwaugunid en-eu?Whose lodge is it?Ahwaynain way weegewomid?Whom do you seek?Ahwaynain nain dau wau bumud?Whom have you here?Ahwaynain oh-amauaiauwaud?Not the slightest variation is made in these phrases between who, whose, and whom.Should we wish to change the interrogative, and to say he who is there, he who spoke, he who told you, &c., the separable personal pronounween(he) must be used in lieu of the relative; and the following forms will be elicited:—Ween, kau unnönik,He (who) sent you.Ween, kau geedood,He (who) spoke.Ween,ai-aud e-mah,He (who) is there.Ween, kau weendumoak,He (who) told you.Ween, kau tödung,He (who) did it, &c.If we object that, in these forms, there is no longer the relative pronounwho, the sense being simply he sent you, he spoke, &c., it is replied that, if it be intended only to say he sent you, &c., and not hewhosent you, &c., the following forms are used:—Ke gee unnönig,He (sent) you.Ainnözhid,He (sent) me.Ainnönaud,He (sent) him.Iau e-mau,He is there.Ke geedo,He (spoke).Ke gee weendumaug,He (told) you.Ke to dum,He did it.We reply to this answer of the native speaker, that the particlekauprefixed to a verb, denotes the past tense; that in the former series of terms in which this particle appears, the verbs are in the perfect indicative, and in the latter, they are in the present indicative, marking the difference only betweensentandsend,spokeandspeak, &c.; and that there is absolutely no relative pronoun in either series of terms. We further observe, that thepersonal pronounween, prefixed to the first set of terms, may be prefixed, with equal propriety, to the second set, and that its use or disuse is perfectly optional with the speaker, as he may wish to give additional energy or emphasis to the expression. To these positions, after reflection, discussion, and examination, we receive an assent, and thus the uncertainty is terminated.We now wish to apply the principle thus elicited to verbs causative, and to other compound terms—to the adjective verbs, for instance—and to the other verbal compound expressions, in which the objective and the nominative persons are incorporated as a part of the verb, and are not prefixes to it. This may be shown in the causative verb—TO MAKE HAPPY.Mainwaindumëid,He (who) makesmehappy.Mainwaindumëik,He (who) makestheehappy.Mainwaindumëaud,He (who) makeshimhappy.Mainwaindumëinung,He (who) makesushappy. (in.)Mainwaindumëyaug,He (who) makesushappy. (ex.)Mainwaindumëinnaig,He (who) makesyeoryouhappy.Mainwaindumëigowaud,He (who) makesthemhappy.And so the forms might be continued throughout all the objective persons—Mainwaindum ë yun,Thou(who) makest me happy, &c.The basis of these compounds isminno, "good," andaindum, "the mind." Hence,minwaindum, "he happy." The adjective, in this connection, cannot be translated "good," but its effect upon the noun is to denote that state of the mind which is at rest with itself. The first change from this simple compound, is to give the adjective a verbal form; and this is effected by a permutation of the vowels of the first syllable—a rule of very extensive application—and by which, in the present instance, the phrase "he happy," is changed to "he makes happy," (mainwaindum.) The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns,id,ik,aud, &c., rendering the expressions, "he makesmehappy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the voweleis thrown between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression, notmainwaindum-yun, butmainwaindum ëyun. Generally, the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is hereemployed as a personal pronoun, and that the relativewhois implied by the final inflection, overlook the inevitable inference, that if the markedestands formein the first phrase, it must stand fortheein the second,hein the third,usin the fourth, &c. As to the meaning and office of the final inflectionsid,ik, &c., whatever they may, in an involuted sense,imply, it is quite clear, by turning to the list ofsuffixed personal pronouns, andanimate plurals, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.Take, for example,minwaindumëigowaud, "he (who) makes them happy." Of this compound,minwaindum, as before shown, signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that butone personis made happy; and the suffixed personal pronounssingular, mark the distinctions betweenme,thee, andhe, orhim.Minwaindum-e-igis the verb plural, and implies that several persons are made happy; and, in like manner, the suffixed personal pronounsplural, mark the distinctions between we, ye, they, &c.; for it is a rule of the language, that a strict concordance must exist between the number of the verb and the number of the pronoun. The termination of the verb consequently always indicates whether there be one or many objects to which its energy is directed. And as animate verbs can be applied only to animate objects, the numerical inflections of the verb are understood to mark the number of persons. But this number is indiscriminate, and leaves the sense vague until the pronominal suffixes are superadded. Those who, therefore, contend for thesenseof the relative pronoun "who" being given in the last-mentioned phrase, and all phrases similarly formed by a succedaneum, contend for something like the following form of translation: "He makes them happy—him!" or "Him—he (meaning 'who') makes them happy."The equivalent forwhat, iswaygonain.What do you want?Waygonain wau iauyun?What have you lost?Waygonain kau wonetöyun?What do you look for?Waygonain nain dahwau bundahmun?What is this?Waygonain ewinain maundun?What will you have?Waygonain kad iauyun?What detained you?Waygonain kau oon dahme egöyun?What are you making?Waygonain wayzhetöyun?What have you there?Waygonain e-mau iauyun?The use of this pronoun, like the preceding, appears to be confined to simple interrogative forms. The wordauneen, which sometimes supplies its place, or is used for want of the pronounwhich, is an adverb, and has considerable latitude of meaning. Most commonly, it may be considered as the equivalent forhow, in what manner, or at what time.What do you say?Auneen akeedöyun?What do you call this?Auneen aizheneekaudahmun maundun?(i.)What ails you?Auneen aindeeyun?What is your name?Auneen aizheekauzoyun?Which do you mean, this or that? (an.)Auneen ah-ow ainud, woh-ow gämau ewaidde?Which do you mean, this or that? (in.)Auneen eh-eu ewaidumun oh-oo gämau ewaidde?Which boy do you mean?Auneen ah-ow-ainud?By adding to this word the particlede, it is converted into an adverb of place, and may be renderedwhere.Where do you dwell?Auneende aindauyun?Where is your son?Auneende ke gwiss?Where did you see him?Auneende ke waubumud?Where did you see it?Auneende ke waubundumun?Where are you going?Auneende azhauyun?Where did you come from?Auneende ka oonjeebauyun?Where is your pipe?Auneende ke döpwaugun?Where is your gun?Auneende ke baushkizzigun?By a still further modification, it is rendered an adverb of inquiry of the cause or motive.Why do you do so?Auneeshween eh eu todumun?Why do you say so?Auneeshween eh eu ekeedoyun?Why are you angry?Auneeshween nishkaudizzeyun?Why will you depart?Auneeshween wee matyauyun?Why will you not depart?Auneeshween matyauseewun?Why have you come?Auneeshween ke peëzhauyun?Tell me why?Weendumowishin auneeshween?Wherefore is it so?Auneeshween eh-eu izzhewaibuk? (in.)Wherefore did you strike him?Auneeshween ke pukketaywud?3. Demonstrative pronouns are either animate or inanimate, and may be arranged as follows:—ANIMATE.INANIMATE.Mau-bum (impersonal),This.Maun-dun (inanimate proper).Woh-ow (personal),Oh-oo (inanimate conventional).Ah-ow,That.Eh-eu.Mau-mig,These.Mau-min.Ig-eu (personal),Those.In-eu (inanimate proper).I-goo (impersonal),O-noo (inanimate conventional).These words are not always used merely to ascertain the object, but often, perhaps always, when the object is present to the sight, have a substantive meaning, and are used without the noun. It creates no uncertainty, if a man be standing at some distance to say,Ah-ow; or if a canoe be lying at some distance, to say,Eh-eu; the meaning is clearly, thatperson, or thatcanoe, whether the noun be added or not. Or, if there be two animate objects standing together, or two inanimate objects lying together, the wordsmaumig(a.), ormaumin(i.), if they be near, orig-eu, (a.), orin-eu(i.), if they be distant, are equally expressive of thematerialityof the objects, as well as their relative position. Under other circumstances the noun would be required, as where two animate objects of diverse character—a man and a horse for instance—were standing near each other; or a canoe and a package of goods were lying near each other—and, in fact, under all circumstances—the nounmaybe used after the demonstrative pronoun, without violating any rule of grammar, although not without the imputation, in many instances, of being over-formal and unnecessarily minute. What is deemed redundant, however, in oral use, and amongst a people who supply much by sight and gesticulation, becomes quite necessary in writing the language; and, in the following sentences, the substantive is properly employed after the pronoun:—This dog is very lean,Gitshee bukaukuddoozo woh-ow annemoosh.These dogs are very lean,Gitshee bukaukuddoozowug o-goo annemooshug.Those dogs are fat,Ig-eu annemooshug ween-in-oowug.That dog is fat,Ah-ow annemoosh ween-in-oo.This is a handsome knife,Gagait onishishin maundun mokomahn.These are handsome knives,Gagait wahwinaudj o-noo mokomahnun.Those are bad knives,Monaududön in-euwaidde mokomahnun.Give me that spear,Meezhishin eh-eu ahnitt.Give me those spears,Meezhishin in-eu unnewaidde ahnitteen.That is a fine boy,Gagait kwonaudj ah-ow kweewezains.Those are fine boys,Gagait wahwinaudj ig-euwaidde kweewezainsug.This boy is larger than that,Nahwudj mindiddo woh-ow kweewezains ewaidde dush.That is what I wanted,Meeh-eu wau iauyaumbaun.This is the very thing I wanted,Mee-suh oh-oo wau iauyaumbaun.In some of these expressions, the pronoun combines with an adjective, as in the compound wordsineuwaiddeandigeuwaidde,those yonder(in.), andthose yonder(an.). Compounds which exhibit the full pronoun in coalescence with the adverbewaidde, yonder.2. NATURAL HISTORY.V.ZOOLOGY.1.Limits of the Range of the Cervus Sylvestris in the Northwestern parts of the United States.ByHenry R. Schoolcraft. (Northwest Journal.)2.Description of the Fringilia Vespertina, discovered by Mr. Schoolcraft in the Northwest.ByWilliam Cooper. (Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.)3.Conchology.—List of Shells collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, in the Western and Northwestern Territory.ByWilliam Cooper.HELIX.1.Helix albolabris,Say. Near Lake Michigan.2.Helix alternata,Say. Banks of the Wabash, near and above the Tippecanoe. Mr. Say remarks, that these two species, so common in the Atlantic States, were not met with in Major Long's second expedition, until their arrival in the secondary country at the eastern extremity of Lake Superior.PLANORBIS.3.Planorbis campanulatus,Say. Itasca (or La Biche) Lake, the source of the Mississippi.4.Planorbis trivolvis,Say. Lake Michigan. These twospecies were also observed by Mr. Say, as far east as the Falls of Niagara.LYMNEUS.5.Lymneus umbrosus,Say, Am. Con. iv. pl. xxxi. Fig. 1. Lake Winnipec, Upper Mississippi, and Rainy Lake.6.Lymneus reflexus,Say, l. c. pl. xxxi. Fig. 2. Rainy Lake, Seine River, and Lake Winnipec.7.Lymneus Stagnalis.Lake a la Crosse, Upper Mississippi.PALUDINA.8.Paludina ponderosa,Say. Wisconsin River.9.Paludina vivipara,Say, Am. Con. i. pl. x. The American specimens of this shell are more depressed than the European, but appear to be identical in species.MELANIA.10.Melania virginica,Say. Lake Michigan.ANODONTA.11.Anodonta cataracta,Say. Chicago, Lake Michigan. This species, Mr. Lea remarks, has a great geographical extension.12.Anodonta corpulenta,Nobis. Shell thin and fragile, though less so than others of the genus; much inflated at the umbones, margins somewhat compressed; valves connate over the hinge in perfect specimens; surface dark brown, in old shells; in younger, of a pale dingy green, and without rays, in all I have examined; beaks slightly undulated at the tip. The color within is generally of a livid coppery hue, but sometimes, also, pure white.Length of a middling sized specimen, four and a half inches, breadth, six and a quarter. It is often eighteen inches in circumference round the border of the valves, with a diameter through the umbones of three inches. Inhabits the Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin.This fine shell, much the largest I have seen of the genus, was first sent by Mr. Schoolcraft, to the Lyceum, several years ago. So far as I am able to discover, it is undescribed, and a distinct and remarkable species. It may be known by its length beinggreater in proportion to its breadth than in the other American species, by the subrhomboidal form of the posterior half, and generally, by the color of the nacre, though this is not to be relied on. It appears to belong to the genusSymphynotaof Mr. Lea.ALASMODONTA.13.Alasmodonta complanata,Barnes.Symphynota complanata,Lea. Shell Lake, River St. Croix, Upper Mississippi. Many species of shells found in this lake grow to an extraordinary size. Some of the present collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, measure nineteen inches in circumference.14.Alasmodonta rugosa,Barnes. St. Croix River, and Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River.15.Alasmodonta marginata,Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River; very large.16.Alasmodonta edentula?Say.Anodon areolatus?Swainson. Lake Vaseux. The specimens of this shell are too old and imperfect to be safely determined.UNIO.17.Unio tuberculatus,Barnes. Painted Rock, Upper Mississippi.18.Unio pustulosus,Lea. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien, to Lake Pepin.19.Unio verrucosus,Barnes,Lea. St. Croix River of the Upper Mississippi.20.Unio plicatus,Le Sueur,Say. Prairie du Chien, and River St. Croix.The specimens ofU. plicatussent from this locality by Mr. Schoolcraft have the nacre beautifully tinged with violet, near the posterior border of the shell, and are also much more ventricose than those found in more eastern localities, as Pittsburg, for example; at the same time, I believe them to be of the same species. Similar variations are observed in other species; the specimens from the south and west generally exhibiting a greater development.21.Unio trigonus,Lea. From the same locality as the last, and like it unusually ventricose.22.Unio ebenus,Lea. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin.23.Unio gibbosus,Barnes. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,24.Unio rectus,Lamarck.U. prælongus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white, others rose purple, and others entirely of a very fine dark salmon color. This species inhabits the St. Lawrence as far east as Montreal.25.Unio siliquoideus,Barnes, andU. inflatus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin. Large, ponderous, and the epidermis finely rayed.26.Unio complanatus,Lea.U. purpureus,Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River. Lake Vaseux is an expansion of the River St. Mary, a tributary of the upper lakes. This shell does not appear to exist in any of the streams flowing into the Mississippi.27.Unio crassus,Say. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien.28.Unio radiatus,Barnes. Lake Vaseux. The specimen is old and imperfect, but I believe it to be theU. radiatusof our conchologists, which is common in Lake Champlain and also inhabits the St. Lawrence.29.Unio occidens,Lea.U. ventricosus,Say, Am. Con.U. ventricosus,Barnes?Wisconsin and St. Croix Rivers, and Shell Lake. Epidermis variously colored, and marked with numerous rays.30.Unio ventricosus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin and Shell Lake. The varieties of this, and the preceding pass insensibly into each other. Those from Shell Lake are of extraordinary size.31.Unio alatus,Say.Symphynota alata,Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. Found also in Lake Champlain, by the late Mr. Barnes.32.Unio gracilis,Barnes.Symphynota gracilis,Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. The specimens brought by Mr. Schoolcraft are larger and more beautiful than I have seen from any other locality.VI.BOTANY.1.A List of Species and Localities of Plants collected in the Northwestern Expeditions of Mr. Schoolcraft of 1831 and 1832.ByDouglass Houghton, M. D., Surgeon to the expeditions.The localities of the following plants are transcribed from a catalogue kept during the progress of the expeditions, and embrace many plants common to our country, which were collected barely for the purpose of comparison. A more detailed account will be published at some future day.Aster tenuifolius, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.——sericea, Nuttall. River de Corbeau, Missouri Ter.——concolor, Willdenow. Fox River, Northwest Ter.—— (N. Spec.). Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.Andropogon furcatus, Willdenow. Sources of Yellow River, Northwest Ter.Alopecurus geniculatus, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.Aira flexuosa.Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.Allium tricoccum, Aiton. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.——cernuum, Roth. River de Corbeau to the sources of the Miss.—— (N. Spec.). St. Louis River of Lake Superior.Amorpha canescens, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.Artemisia canadensis, Mx. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——sericeaNuttall. Keweena Point, Lake Superior.——gnaphaloides, Nuttall. Fox River, Northwest Ter.Arabis hirsuta, De Candolle. Upper Mississippi.——lyrataLinn. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Arundo canadensis, Mx. Lake Superior.Arenaria lateriflora, Linn. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Alnus glauca, Mx. St. Croix River to the sources of the Miss.Alliona albida, Walter. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.Aronia sanguinea.Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Alectoria jubata.Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Aletris farinosa.Prairies of Michigan Ter.Bidens beckii, Torrey. St. Croix River to the sources of the Miss.Bunias maritima, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.Baptisia cœrulea, Michaux. Fox River, Northwest Ter.Blitum capitatum.Northwest Ter.Betula papyracea, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——glandulosa.Savannah River, Northwest Ter.Bartramia fontana.Lake Superior.Bromus canadensis, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.Batschia canescens.Plains of the Mississippi.—— —— ——Var. (orN. Spec.). Lake Superior.Carex paucifolia.Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.——scirpoides, Schkuhr. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.——limosa, Linn. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.——curata, Gmelin. Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Ter.—— (apparentlyN. Spec.allied toC. scabrata.) Sources of the Miss.——washingtoniana, Dewy. Lake Superior.——lacustris, Willdenow. Lake Superior.——œdere, Ehrhart. Leech Lake.——logopodioides, Schkuhr. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.——rosea, Var. Lake Superior.——festucacea, Schkuhr. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.Cyperus mariscoides, Elliott. Upper Mississippi.——alterniflorus, Schwinitz. River St. Clair, Mich. Ter.Cnicus pitcheri, Torrey. Lakes Michigan and Superior.Coreopsis palmata, Nuttall. Prairies of the Upper Mississippi.Cardamine pratensis.Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Calamagrostis coarctata, Torrey. Lake Winnipec.Cetraria icelandica.Lakes Superior and Michigan.Corydalis aurea, Willdenow. Cass Lake, Upper Mississippi.——glaucaPersoon. Lake Superior.Cynoglossum amplexicaule, Michaux. Sault Ste. Marie.Cassia chamœcrista.Upper MississippiCorylus americana, Walter. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——rostrata, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Cistus canadensis, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Cornus circinata, L'Heritier. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Cypripedium acaule, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Cymbidium pulchellum, Swartz. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Corallorhiza multiflora, Torrey. Lake Superior.Convallaria borealis, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi.——trifolia, Linn. Lake Superior.Cenchrus echinatus, Linn. Upper Mississippi.Cerastium viscosum, Linn. Lake Superior.——oblongifolium, Torrey. Michigan Ter.Campanula acuminata, Michaux. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.Chrysosplenium oppositifolium.Lake Superior to the Mississippi.Cinna arundinacea, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.Drosera linearis, Hooker. Lake Superior.——rotundifolia.Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——americana, Muhlenberg. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Dracocephalum virginicum, Willdenow. Red Cedar River, Northwest Territory.Delphinium virescens, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.Danthonia spicata, Willdenow. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.Dirca palustris, Willdenow. Ontonagon River of Lake Superior.Equisetum limosum, Torrey. Lake Superior.——palustre, Willdenow. Lake Superior.——variegatum, Smith. Lake Michigan.Erigeron integrifolium, Bigelow. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.——purpureum, Willdenow. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.—— (N. Spec.). Sources of St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.Erigeron heterophyllum, Var. or (N. Spec.). Sources of St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.Eryngium aquaticum, Jussieu. Galena, Ill.Euphorbia corollata, Willdenow. Red Cedar River.Eriophorum virginicum, Linn. Lake Superior.——alpinum, Linn. Lake Superior.——polystachyon, Linn. Lake Superior.Empetrum nigrum, Michaux. Lake Superior.Erysimum chiranthoides, Linn. Lake Superior:Eriocaulon pellucidum, Michaux. Lake Superior.Euchroma coccinea, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.Elymus striatus, Willdenow. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.——virginicus, Linn. St. Croix River, Northwest Ter.Festuca nutans, Willdenow. Lake Winnipec.Glycera fluitans, Brown. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.Gyrophora papulosa. Lake Superior.Gentiana crinita, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.Geranium carolinianum. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.Galium lanceolatum, Torrey. Red Cedar River to the Mississippi.Gerardia pedicularis. Fox River, Northwest Ter.——maritima, Rafinesque. Lake Michigan.Galeopsis tetrahit, Var. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.Gnaphalium plantaginium, Var. Sources of the Mississippi.Goodyera pubescens, Willdenow. Lake Superior.Hippophæ canadensis, Willdenow. Lake Superior.——argentea, Pursh. Lake Superior.Hedeoma glabra, Persoon. Lake Michigan to the sources of the Miss.Hydropeltis purpurea, Michaux. Northwest Ter.Hippuris vulgaris. Yellow River to sources of the Mississippi.Hudsonia tomentosa, Nuttall. Lake Superior.Hypericum canadense. Lake Superior.——prolificum, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.Hieracium fasciculatum, Pursh. Pukwàewa Lake, Northwest Ter.Hierochloa borealis, Roemer & Schultes. Lake Superior.Holcus lanatus. Savannah River, Northwest Ter.Houstonia longifolia, Willdenow. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.Heuchera americana, Linn. St. Louis River of Lake Superior.Hypnum crista-castrensis.Sources of the Mississippi.Hordeum jubatum.Upper Red Cedar Lake.Helianthus decapetalis.Northwest Ter.——gracilis, Torrey. Upper Lake St. Croix, Northwest Ter.Hyssopus anisatus, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.——scrophularifolius, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.Inula villosa, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.Ilex canadensis, Michaux. Lake Superior.Juncus nodosus.St. Mary's River.——polycephalus, Michaux. Lake Superior.Kœleria nitida, Nuttall. Lake Winnipec.Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux. Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi.——annotinum, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi.Lonicera hirsuta, Eaton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——sempervirens, Aiton. Lake Superior.Lechea minor.Upper Mississippi.Linhea borealis, Willdenow. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Lathyrus palustris.Lake Superior.——decaphyllus, Pursh. Leech Lake.——maritimus, Bigelow. Lake Superior.Lobelia kalmii, Linnæus. Lake Superior.——claytoniana, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.——puberula?Michaux. Yellow River, Northwest Ter.Liatris scariosa, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.——cylindrica, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.Lysimachia revoluta, Nuttall. Lake Superior.——thyrsifolia, Michaux. Lake Superior.Ledum latifolium, Aiton. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Myrica gale, Willdenow. Lake Superior.Malva (N. Spec.).Upper Mississippi.Monarda punctata, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.——oblongata, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.Microstylis ophioglossoides, Willdenow. Lac la Biche [Itasca].Myriophyllum spicatum.Lake Superior.Mitella cordifolia, Lamarck. Lake Superior.Menyanthes trifoliata.Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.Myosotis arvensis, Sibthorp. St. Clair River, Mich. Ter.Nelumbium luteum, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.Œnothera biennis, Var. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.——serrulata, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.Psoralea argophylla, Pursh. Falls of St. Anthony.Primula farinosa, Var.Americana, Torrey. Lakes Huron and Superior.——mistassinica, Michaux. Keweena Point, Lake Superior.Pingwicula(N. Spec.). Presque Isle, Lake Superior.Parnassia americana, Muhlenberg. Lake Michigan.Pedicularis gladiata, Michaux. Fox River.Pinus nigra, Lambert. Lake Superior.——banksiana, Lambert. Lake Superior.Populus tremuloides, Michaux. Northwest Ter.——lævigata, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.Prunus depressa, Pursh. Lakes Superior and Michigan.Petalostemon violaceum, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.——candidum, Willdenow. Upper Mississippi.Potentilla tridentata, Aiton. Lake Superior.——fruticosa, Linnæus. Lakes Superior and Michigan.Pyrola uniflora, Mauvais River of Lake Superior.Polygonum amphibium, Linnæus. St. Croix River.——cilinode, Michaux. Lake Superior.——articulatum, Linnæus. Lake Superior.——coccinium, Willdenow. St. Croix River.Polygala polygama, Walter. Northwest Ter.Phlox aristata, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.Poa canadensis.Upper Mississippi.Pentstemon gracile, Nuttall. Upper Red Cedar Lake.——grandiflorum, Nuttall. Falls of St. Anthony.Physalis lanceolata, Var. (orN. Spec.). Lac la Biche [Itasca].Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim. Upper Red Cedar Lake.——obtusiloba, Michaux. Upper Mississippi.Ranunculus filiformis, Michaux. Falls of St. Mary, Mich. Ter.——pusillus, Pursh. Mich. Ter.——prostratus, Lamarck. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.——lacustris, Beck & Tracy. Upper Mississippi.Rudbeckia hirta, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi and Michigan Ter.——digitata, Aiton. Upper Mississippi.Rubus parviflorus, Nuttall. Lake Superior to the sources of the Miss.——hispidus, Linnæus. Lake Superior.——saxatilis, Var.canadensis, Michaux. Lake Superior.Rosa gemella, Willdenow. Lake Superior.——rubifolia, Brown. Michigan Ter.Ribes albinervum, Michaux. Sources of the St. Croix River.Saururus cernuus, Linnæus. Upper Mississippi.Streptopus roseus, Michaux. Lake Superior.Sisymbrium brachycarpum, Richardson. Lake Superior.——chiranthoides, Linnæus. Lake Superior.Swertia deflexa, Smith. Bois Brulé River of Lake Superior.Silphium terebinthinaceum, Elliott. Michigan Territory to the Miss.——gummiferum. Fox River to the Mississippi.Stachys aspera, Var. Michaux. Lake Superior.Sterocaulon paschale.Lake Superior.Struthiopteris pennsylvanica, Willdenow. Lake Superior.Scirpus frigetur?Lake of the Isles, Northwest Ter.——palustris, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.Salix prinoides, Pursh. Mauvais River of Lake Superior.——longifolia, Muhlenberg. Upper Mississippi.Spiræa opulifolia, Var.tomentella, De Candolle. Lake Superior.Sorbus americana, Willdenow. Lake Huron to the head of Lake Superior.Smilax rotundifolia, Linnæus. Lake Superior to the Mississippi.Silene antirrhina, Linnæus. Lac la Biche.Saxifraga virginiensis, Michaux. Lake Superior.Scutellaria ambigua, Nuttall. Upper Mississippi.Solidago virgaurea, Var.alpina.Lake Superior.Stipa juncea, Nuttall. Usawa R.Symphora racemosa, Michaux. Source of the Miss. R.Senecio balsamitæ, Var. Falls of Peckagama, Upper Miss.Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh. Upper Miss.Tanacetum huronensis, Nuttall. Lakes Michigan and Superior.Tussilago palmata, Willdenow. Lake Michigan.Tofeldia pubens, Michaux. Lake Superior.Triglochin maritimum, Linnæus. Lake Superior.Thalyctrum corynellum, De Candolle. St. Louis River.Triticum repens, Linnæus. Leech Lake.Troximon virginicum, Pursh. Lake Winnipec.Talinum teretifolium, Pursh. St. Croix River.Tradescantia virginica.Upper Mississippi.Utricularia cornuta, Michaux. Lake Superior.——purpurea, Walter. Lac Chetac, N. W. Ter.Uraspermum canadense, Lake Superior to the Miss.Viola lanceolata, Linnæus. Sault Ste. Marie.——pedata, Var. (orN. Spec.). Lac la Biche, sources of the Miss.Viburnum oxycoccus, Pursh. Lake Superior.——lentago.Lake Superior.Vernonia novoboracensis, Willdenow. Upper Miss.Verbena bracteosa, Michaux. Upper Miss.——stricta, Ventenat. Upper Miss.Zapania nodiflora, Michaux. Galena, Illinois.Zigadenus chloranthus, Richardson. Sandy shores of Lake Michigan.Zizania aquatica, Pursh. Illinois to the sources of the Miss.VII.MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY.
To form the positive degree of comparison from these terms,minno, good, andmudjee, bad, are introduced between the pronoun and verb, giving rise to some permutations of the vowels and consonants, which affect the sound only. Thus—
To place these forms in the comparative degree,nahwudj,more, is prefixed to the adjective; and the superlative is denoted bymahmowee, an adverb or an adjective as it is variously applied, but the meaning of which is, in this connection,most. The degrees of comparison may be, therefore, set down as follows:—
3. The adjective assumes a negative form when it is preceded by the adverb. Thus, the phrasesongedää, he is brave, is changed tokahween söngedääsee, he is not brave.
From this rule the indeclinable adjectives, by which is meant those adjectives which do not put on the personal and impersonal forms by inflection, but consist of radically different roots, form exceptions.
In these examples, the declinable adjectives are rendered negative insee; the indeclinable, remain as simple adjuncts to the verbs; and thelatterput on the negative form.
4. In the hints and remarks which have now been furnished respecting the Chippewa adjective, its powers and inflections have been shown to run parallel with those of the substantive, in its separation into animates and inanimates; in having the pronominal inflections; in taking an inflection for tense—a topic which, by the way, has been very cursorily passed over—and in the numerous modifications to form the compounds. This parallelism has also been intimated to hold good with respect to number—a subject deeply interesting in itself, as it has its analogy only in the ancient languages—and it was therefore deemed best to defer giving examples, till they could be introduced without abstracting the attention from other points of discussion.
Minnoandmudjee, good and bad, being of the limited number of personal adjectives which modern usage permits being applied, although often improperly applied to inanimate objects, they, as well as a few other adjectives, form exceptions to the use of number. Whether we say "a good man" or "a bad man," "good men" or "bad men," the wordsminnoandmudjeeremain the same. But all the declinable and coalescing adjectives—adjectives which join on, and, as it were,melt intothe body of the substantive—take the usual plural inflections, and are governed by the same rules in regard to their use, as the substantive; personal adjectives requiring personal plurals, &c.
Peculiar circumstances are supposed to exist in order to render the use of the adjective, in this connection with the noun, necessary and proper. But, in ordinary instances, as the narration of events, the noun would precede the adjective; and oftentimes, particularly where a second allusion to objects previously named became necessary, the compound expressions would be used. Thus, instead of saying "the yellow bee,"wazzahwizzidwould distinctly convey the idea of that insect,had the species been before named. Under similar circumstances,kain-waukoozzid,agausheid,söngaunemud,mushkowaunemud, would respectively signify, "a tall tree," "a small fly," "a strong wind," "a hard wind." And these terms would become plural injig, which, as before mentioned, is a mere modification ofig, one of the five general animate plural inflections of the language.
Kägät wahwinaudj abbenöjeeug, is an expression indicating they arevery handsome children. Butbeeweezheewug monetösugdenotessmall insects.Minno neewugizzi, is "good tempered," "he is good tempered."Mawshininewugizzi, is "bad tempered," both having their plural inwug.Nin nuneenahwaindum, "I am lonesome."Nin nuneenahwaindaumin, "we (excluding you) are lonesome."Waweea, is a term generally used to express the adjective sense of round.Kwy, is the scalp;weewikwy, his scalp. Hence,weewukwon, "hat,"wayweewukwonid, "a wearer of the hat;" and its plural,wayweewukwonidjig, "wearers of the hats"—the usual term applied to Europeans, or white men generally. These examples go to prove that under every form in which the adjective can be traced, whether in its simplest or most compound state, it is susceptible of number.
The numerals of the language are converted into adverbs by the inflectioning, making one,once, &c. The unit exists in duplicate.
These inflections can be carried as high as they can compute numbers. They count decimally. After reaching ten, they repeat, ten and one, ten and two, &c. to twenty. Twenty is a compound signifying two tens; thirty, three tens, &c.; a mode which is carried up to one hundred—n'goodwak.Wakthen becomes the word of denomination, combining with the names of the digits until they reach a thousand,meetauswauk, literallyten hundred. Here a new compound term is introduced, made by prefixing twenty to the last denominator,neeshtonnah duswak, which doubles the last term, thirty triples it, forty quadruples it, &c. till the computation reaches to ten thousand,n'goodwak dushing n'goodwak,one hundred times one hundred. This is the probable extent of all certain computation. The termgitshee(great), prefixed to the last denomination, leaves the number indefinite.
There is no form of the numerals corresponding to second, third, fourth, &c. They can only further say,nittum, first, andishkwaudj, last.
Inquiry 4.
Nature and principles of the pronoun—Its distinction into preformative and subformative classes—Personal pronouns—The distinction of an inclusive and exclusive form in the number of the first person plural—Modifications of the personal pronouns to imply existence, individuality, possession, ownership, position, and other accidents—Declension of pronouns to answer the purpose of the auxiliary verbs—Subformatives, how employed to mark the persons—Relative pronouns considered—Their application to the causative verbs—Demonstrative pronouns—Their separation into two classes, animates and inanimates—Example of their use.
Pronouns are buried, if we may so say, in the structure of the verb. In tracing them back to their primitive forms, through the almost infinite variety of modifications which they assume, in connection with the verb, substantive, and adjective, it will facilitate analysis to group them into preformative and subformative, which include the terms that have already been made use of—pronominal prefixes, and suffixes—and which admit of the further distinction of separable and inseparable. By separable, is intended those forms which have a meaning by themselves, and are thus distinguished from the inflective and subformative pronouns, and pronominal particles, significant only in connection with another word.
1. Of the first class, are the personal pronounsNeen(I),Keen(Thou), andWeenorO(He or She). They are declined, to form the plural persons, in the following manner:—
Here the plural persons are formed by a numerical inflection of the singular. The double plural of the first person, of which both the rule and examples have been incidentally given in the remarks on the substantive, is one of those peculiarities of the language which may, perhaps, serve to aid in a comparison of it with other dialects, kindred and foreign. As a mere conventional agreement for denoting whether the person addressed be included or excluded, it may be regarded as an advantage to the language. It enables the speaker, by the change of a single consonant, to make a full and clear discrimination, and relieves the narration from doubts and ambiguity, where doubts and ambiguity would otherwise often exist. On the other hand, by accumulating distinctions, it loads the memory with grammatical forms, and opens a door for improprieties of speech. We are not aware of any inconveniences in the use of a general plural; but, in the Indian, it would produce confusion. And it is, perhaps, to that cautious desire of personal discrimination, which is so apparent in the structure of the language, that we should look for the reason of the duplicate forms of this word. Once established, however, and both the distinction, and the necessity of a constant and strict attention to it, are very obvious and striking. How shall he address the Deity? If he say, "Our Father who art in heaven," the inclusive form ofourmakes the Almighty one of the suppliants, or family. If he use the exclusive form, it throws him out of the family, and may embrace every living being but the Deity. Yet, neither of these forms can be used very well in prayer, as they cannot be applied directlytothe object addressed. It is only when speakingofthe Deity, under the name of father, to other persons, that the inclusive and exclusive forms of the wordourcan be used. The dilemma may be obviated by the use of a compound descriptive phrase,Wä ö se mig o yun, signifying, "Thou, who art the father of all," or "universal father." In practice, however, the question is cut short by those persons who have embraced Christianity. It has seemed to them that, by the use of either of the foregoing terms, the Deity would be thrown into too remote a relation to them; and I have observed that in prayer they invariably address Him by the term used by children for the father of a family—that is,nosa, "my father."
The other personal pronouns undergo some peculiar changeswhen employed as preformatives before nouns and verbs, which it is important to remark. Thusneen, is sometimes renderedne, ornin, and sometimesnim.Keen, is renderedke, orkin. In compound words, the mere signs of the first and second pronouns,NandK, are employed. The use ofweenis limited; and the third person, singular and plural, is generally indicated by the signO.
The particlesuh, added to the complete forms of the disjunctive pronouns, imparts a verbal sense to them; and appears, in this instance, to be a succedaneum for the substantive verb. ThusNeen, I, becomesneensuh, it is I.Keen, thou, becomeskeensuh, it is thou; andween, he or she,weensuh, it is he or she. This particle may be also added to the plural forms.
If the wordaittah, be substituted forsuh, a set of adverbial phrases are formed:—
In like manner,nittum, first, andishkwaudj, last, give rise to the following arrangement of the pronoun:—
The disjunctive forms of the pronoun are also sometimes preserved before verbs and adjectives.
To give these expressions a verbal form, the substantive verb, with its pronominal modifications, must be superadded. For instance,I amalone, &c. is thus rendered:—
In the subjoined examples, the nounOW, body, is changed to a verb, by the permutation of the vowel, changingOW, toAUW; which last takes the letterdbefore it when the pronoun is prefixed:—
In the translation of these expressions, "man" is used as synonymous with "person." If the specific termininehad been introduced, in the original, the meaning thereby conveyed would be, in this particular connection, "I am a man," with respect tocourage, &c. in opposition to effeminacy. It would not be simply declarative ofcorporeal existence, but of existence in aparticular state or condition.
In the following phrases, the modified forms, or the signs only, of the pronouns are used:
These examples are cited as exhibiting the manner in which theprefixedand preformative pronouns are employed, both in their full and contracted forms. To denote possession, nouns specifying the things possessed are required; and, what would not be anticipated had not full examples of this species of declension been given in another place, the purposes of distinction are not affected by a simple change of the pronoun, asItomine, &c., but by a subformative inflection of thenoun, which is thus made to have a reflective operation upon the pronoun speaker. It is believed that sufficient examples of this rule, in all the modifications of inflection, have been given under the head of the substantive. But as the substantives employed to elicit these modifications were exclusivelyspecificin their meaning, it, may be proper here, in further illustration of an important principle, to present a generic substantive under their compound forms.
I have selected for this purpose one of the primitives.IE-AU´, is the abstract term for matter. It is in the animate form. Its inanimate correspondent isIE-EE´. These are two important roots. And they are found in combination, in a very great number of derivative words. It will be sufficient here, to show their connection with the pronoun, in the production of a class of terms in very general use.
In these forms the noun is singular throughout. To render it plural, as well as the pronoun, the appropriate general pluralsugandun, origandin, must be superadded. But it must be borne in mind, in making these additions, "that the plural inflection to inanimate nouns (which have no objective case), forms the objective case to animate, which have no number in the third person." (p. 461.) The particleun, therefore, which is the appropriate plural for the inanimate nouns in these examples, is only the objective mark of the animate.
The plural of I, isnaun, the plural of thou and he,wau. But as these inflections would not coalesce smoothly with the possessive inflections, the connective vowelsiandeare prefixed, making the plural of I,inaun, and of thou, &c.,ewau.
If we strike from these declensions the rootIE, leaving its animate and inanimate forms AU and EE, and adding the plural of the noun, we shall then, taking theanimatedeclension as an instance, have the following formula of the pronominal declensions:
To render this formula of general use, six variations (five in addition to the above) of the possessive inflection are required, corresponding to the six classes of substantives, wherebyaumwould be changed to _äm_,eem,im, _öm_, andoom, conformably to the examples heretofore given in treating of the substantive. The objective inflection would also be sometimes changed toeen, and sometimes tooan.
Having thus indicated the mode of distinguishing the person, number, relation, and gender, or what is deemed its technicalequivalent, the mutations words undergo, not to mark the distinctions ofsex, but the presence or absence ofvitality, I shall now advert to the inflections which the pronouns take fortense, or rather to form the auxiliary verbs, have, had, shall, will, may, &c.; a very curious and important principle, and one which clearly demonstrates that no part of speech has escaped the transforming genius of the language. Not only are the three great modifications of time accurately marked in the verbal form of the Chippewas, but, by the inflection of the pronoun, they are enabled to indicate some of the oblique tenses, and thereby to conjugate their verbs with accuracy and precision.
The particlegeeadded to the first, second, and third person singular, of the present tense, changes them to the perfect past, rendering I, thou, he, I did, have, or had; thou didst, hast, or hadst; he or she did, have, or had. Ifgahbe substituted forgee, the first future tense is formed, and the perfect past added to the first future, forms the conditional future. As the eye may prove an auxiliary in the comprehension of forms which are not familiar, the following tabular arrangement of them is presented.
The present and imperfect tense of the potential mood is formed bydau, and the perfect bygeesuffixed, as in other instances.
In conjugating the verbs through the plural person, the singular terms for the pronoun remain, and they are rendered plural by a retrospective action of the pronominal inflections of the verb. In this manner the pronoun-verb auxiliary has a general application, and the necessity of double forms is avoided.
The preceding observations are confined to the formative orprefixedpronouns. The inseparable suffixed or subformative are as follows:—
These pronouns are exclusively employed as suffixes, and as suffixes to the descriptive compound substantives, adjectives, and verbs. Both the rule and examples have been stated under the head of the substantives, p. 463, and adjectives, p. 492. Their application to the verb will be shown as we proceed.
2.Relative Pronouns.—In a language which provides for the distinction of person by particles prefixed or suffixed to the verb, it will scarcely be expected that separate and independent relative pronouns should exist, or if such are to be found, their use, as separate parts of speech, must, it will have been anticipated, be quite limited; limited to simple interrogatory forms of expression, and not applicable to the indicative or declaratory. Such will be found to be the fact in the language under review; and it will be perceived from the subjoined examples, that in all instances requiring the relative pronounwho, other than the simple interrogatory forms, this relation is indicated by the inflections of the verb, or adjective, &c. Nor does there appear to be any declension of the separate pronoun corresponding towhoseandwhom.
The wordAhwaynain, may be said to be uniformly employed in the sense ofwho, under the limitations we have mentioned.For instance—
Not the slightest variation is made in these phrases between who, whose, and whom.
Should we wish to change the interrogative, and to say he who is there, he who spoke, he who told you, &c., the separable personal pronounween(he) must be used in lieu of the relative; and the following forms will be elicited:—
If we object that, in these forms, there is no longer the relative pronounwho, the sense being simply he sent you, he spoke, &c., it is replied that, if it be intended only to say he sent you, &c., and not hewhosent you, &c., the following forms are used:—
We reply to this answer of the native speaker, that the particlekauprefixed to a verb, denotes the past tense; that in the former series of terms in which this particle appears, the verbs are in the perfect indicative, and in the latter, they are in the present indicative, marking the difference only betweensentandsend,spokeandspeak, &c.; and that there is absolutely no relative pronoun in either series of terms. We further observe, that thepersonal pronounween, prefixed to the first set of terms, may be prefixed, with equal propriety, to the second set, and that its use or disuse is perfectly optional with the speaker, as he may wish to give additional energy or emphasis to the expression. To these positions, after reflection, discussion, and examination, we receive an assent, and thus the uncertainty is terminated.
We now wish to apply the principle thus elicited to verbs causative, and to other compound terms—to the adjective verbs, for instance—and to the other verbal compound expressions, in which the objective and the nominative persons are incorporated as a part of the verb, and are not prefixes to it. This may be shown in the causative verb—
And so the forms might be continued throughout all the objective persons—
The basis of these compounds isminno, "good," andaindum, "the mind." Hence,minwaindum, "he happy." The adjective, in this connection, cannot be translated "good," but its effect upon the noun is to denote that state of the mind which is at rest with itself. The first change from this simple compound, is to give the adjective a verbal form; and this is effected by a permutation of the vowels of the first syllable—a rule of very extensive application—and by which, in the present instance, the phrase "he happy," is changed to "he makes happy," (mainwaindum.) The next step is to add the suffix personal pronouns,id,ik,aud, &c., rendering the expressions, "he makesmehappy," &c. But, in adding these increments, the voweleis thrown between the adjective-verb and the pronoun suffixed, making the expression, notmainwaindum-yun, butmainwaindum ëyun. Generally, the vowel e, in this situation, is a connective, or introduced merely for the sake of euphony. And those who maintain that it is hereemployed as a personal pronoun, and that the relativewhois implied by the final inflection, overlook the inevitable inference, that if the markedestands formein the first phrase, it must stand fortheein the second,hein the third,usin the fourth, &c. As to the meaning and office of the final inflectionsid,ik, &c., whatever they may, in an involuted sense,imply, it is quite clear, by turning to the list ofsuffixed personal pronouns, andanimate plurals, that they mark the persons, I, thou, he, &c., we, ye, they, &c.
Take, for example,minwaindumëigowaud, "he (who) makes them happy." Of this compound,minwaindum, as before shown, signifies "he makes happy." But as the verb is in the singular number, it implies that butone personis made happy; and the suffixed personal pronounssingular, mark the distinctions betweenme,thee, andhe, orhim.
Minwaindum-e-igis the verb plural, and implies that several persons are made happy; and, in like manner, the suffixed personal pronounsplural, mark the distinctions between we, ye, they, &c.; for it is a rule of the language, that a strict concordance must exist between the number of the verb and the number of the pronoun. The termination of the verb consequently always indicates whether there be one or many objects to which its energy is directed. And as animate verbs can be applied only to animate objects, the numerical inflections of the verb are understood to mark the number of persons. But this number is indiscriminate, and leaves the sense vague until the pronominal suffixes are superadded. Those who, therefore, contend for thesenseof the relative pronoun "who" being given in the last-mentioned phrase, and all phrases similarly formed by a succedaneum, contend for something like the following form of translation: "He makes them happy—him!" or "Him—he (meaning 'who') makes them happy."
The equivalent forwhat, iswaygonain.
The use of this pronoun, like the preceding, appears to be confined to simple interrogative forms. The wordauneen, which sometimes supplies its place, or is used for want of the pronounwhich, is an adverb, and has considerable latitude of meaning. Most commonly, it may be considered as the equivalent forhow, in what manner, or at what time.
By adding to this word the particlede, it is converted into an adverb of place, and may be renderedwhere.
By a still further modification, it is rendered an adverb of inquiry of the cause or motive.
3. Demonstrative pronouns are either animate or inanimate, and may be arranged as follows:—
These words are not always used merely to ascertain the object, but often, perhaps always, when the object is present to the sight, have a substantive meaning, and are used without the noun. It creates no uncertainty, if a man be standing at some distance to say,Ah-ow; or if a canoe be lying at some distance, to say,Eh-eu; the meaning is clearly, thatperson, or thatcanoe, whether the noun be added or not. Or, if there be two animate objects standing together, or two inanimate objects lying together, the wordsmaumig(a.), ormaumin(i.), if they be near, orig-eu, (a.), orin-eu(i.), if they be distant, are equally expressive of thematerialityof the objects, as well as their relative position. Under other circumstances the noun would be required, as where two animate objects of diverse character—a man and a horse for instance—were standing near each other; or a canoe and a package of goods were lying near each other—and, in fact, under all circumstances—the nounmaybe used after the demonstrative pronoun, without violating any rule of grammar, although not without the imputation, in many instances, of being over-formal and unnecessarily minute. What is deemed redundant, however, in oral use, and amongst a people who supply much by sight and gesticulation, becomes quite necessary in writing the language; and, in the following sentences, the substantive is properly employed after the pronoun:—
In some of these expressions, the pronoun combines with an adjective, as in the compound wordsineuwaiddeandigeuwaidde,those yonder(in.), andthose yonder(an.). Compounds which exhibit the full pronoun in coalescence with the adverbewaidde, yonder.
1.Limits of the Range of the Cervus Sylvestris in the Northwestern parts of the United States.ByHenry R. Schoolcraft. (Northwest Journal.)
2.Description of the Fringilia Vespertina, discovered by Mr. Schoolcraft in the Northwest.ByWilliam Cooper. (Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural History.)
3.Conchology.—List of Shells collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, in the Western and Northwestern Territory.ByWilliam Cooper.
HELIX.
1.Helix albolabris,Say. Near Lake Michigan.
2.Helix alternata,Say. Banks of the Wabash, near and above the Tippecanoe. Mr. Say remarks, that these two species, so common in the Atlantic States, were not met with in Major Long's second expedition, until their arrival in the secondary country at the eastern extremity of Lake Superior.
PLANORBIS.
3.Planorbis campanulatus,Say. Itasca (or La Biche) Lake, the source of the Mississippi.
4.Planorbis trivolvis,Say. Lake Michigan. These twospecies were also observed by Mr. Say, as far east as the Falls of Niagara.
LYMNEUS.
5.Lymneus umbrosus,Say, Am. Con. iv. pl. xxxi. Fig. 1. Lake Winnipec, Upper Mississippi, and Rainy Lake.
6.Lymneus reflexus,Say, l. c. pl. xxxi. Fig. 2. Rainy Lake, Seine River, and Lake Winnipec.
7.Lymneus Stagnalis.Lake a la Crosse, Upper Mississippi.
PALUDINA.
8.Paludina ponderosa,Say. Wisconsin River.
9.Paludina vivipara,Say, Am. Con. i. pl. x. The American specimens of this shell are more depressed than the European, but appear to be identical in species.
MELANIA.
10.Melania virginica,Say. Lake Michigan.
ANODONTA.
11.Anodonta cataracta,Say. Chicago, Lake Michigan. This species, Mr. Lea remarks, has a great geographical extension.
12.Anodonta corpulenta,Nobis. Shell thin and fragile, though less so than others of the genus; much inflated at the umbones, margins somewhat compressed; valves connate over the hinge in perfect specimens; surface dark brown, in old shells; in younger, of a pale dingy green, and without rays, in all I have examined; beaks slightly undulated at the tip. The color within is generally of a livid coppery hue, but sometimes, also, pure white.
Length of a middling sized specimen, four and a half inches, breadth, six and a quarter. It is often eighteen inches in circumference round the border of the valves, with a diameter through the umbones of three inches. Inhabits the Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin.
This fine shell, much the largest I have seen of the genus, was first sent by Mr. Schoolcraft, to the Lyceum, several years ago. So far as I am able to discover, it is undescribed, and a distinct and remarkable species. It may be known by its length beinggreater in proportion to its breadth than in the other American species, by the subrhomboidal form of the posterior half, and generally, by the color of the nacre, though this is not to be relied on. It appears to belong to the genusSymphynotaof Mr. Lea.
ALASMODONTA.
13.Alasmodonta complanata,Barnes.Symphynota complanata,Lea. Shell Lake, River St. Croix, Upper Mississippi. Many species of shells found in this lake grow to an extraordinary size. Some of the present collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, measure nineteen inches in circumference.
14.Alasmodonta rugosa,Barnes. St. Croix River, and Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River.
15.Alasmodonta marginata,Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River; very large.
16.Alasmodonta edentula?Say.Anodon areolatus?Swainson. Lake Vaseux. The specimens of this shell are too old and imperfect to be safely determined.
UNIO.
17.Unio tuberculatus,Barnes. Painted Rock, Upper Mississippi.
18.Unio pustulosus,Lea. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien, to Lake Pepin.
19.Unio verrucosus,Barnes,Lea. St. Croix River of the Upper Mississippi.
20.Unio plicatus,Le Sueur,Say. Prairie du Chien, and River St. Croix.
The specimens ofU. plicatussent from this locality by Mr. Schoolcraft have the nacre beautifully tinged with violet, near the posterior border of the shell, and are also much more ventricose than those found in more eastern localities, as Pittsburg, for example; at the same time, I believe them to be of the same species. Similar variations are observed in other species; the specimens from the south and west generally exhibiting a greater development.
21.Unio trigonus,Lea. From the same locality as the last, and like it unusually ventricose.
22.Unio ebenus,Lea. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin.
23.Unio gibbosus,Barnes. St. Croix River, Upper Mississippi,
24.Unio rectus,Lamarck.U. prælongus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin, and the River St. Croix. The specimens collected by Mr. Schoolcraft, vary much in the color of the nacre. Some have it entirely white, others rose purple, and others entirely of a very fine dark salmon color. This species inhabits the St. Lawrence as far east as Montreal.
25.Unio siliquoideus,Barnes, andU. inflatus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, between Prairie du Chien and Lake Pepin. Large, ponderous, and the epidermis finely rayed.
26.Unio complanatus,Lea.U. purpureus,Say. Lake Vaseux, St. Mary's River. Lake Vaseux is an expansion of the River St. Mary, a tributary of the upper lakes. This shell does not appear to exist in any of the streams flowing into the Mississippi.
27.Unio crassus,Say. Upper Mississippi, Prairie du Chien.
28.Unio radiatus,Barnes. Lake Vaseux. The specimen is old and imperfect, but I believe it to be theU. radiatusof our conchologists, which is common in Lake Champlain and also inhabits the St. Lawrence.
29.Unio occidens,Lea.U. ventricosus,Say, Am. Con.U. ventricosus,Barnes?Wisconsin and St. Croix Rivers, and Shell Lake. Epidermis variously colored, and marked with numerous rays.
30.Unio ventricosus,Barnes. Upper Mississippi, from Prairie du Chien to Lake Pepin and Shell Lake. The varieties of this, and the preceding pass insensibly into each other. Those from Shell Lake are of extraordinary size.
31.Unio alatus,Say.Symphynota alata,Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. Found also in Lake Champlain, by the late Mr. Barnes.
32.Unio gracilis,Barnes.Symphynota gracilis,Lea. Upper Mississippi, and Shell Lake. The specimens brought by Mr. Schoolcraft are larger and more beautiful than I have seen from any other locality.
1.A List of Species and Localities of Plants collected in the Northwestern Expeditions of Mr. Schoolcraft of 1831 and 1832.ByDouglass Houghton, M. D., Surgeon to the expeditions.
The localities of the following plants are transcribed from a catalogue kept during the progress of the expeditions, and embrace many plants common to our country, which were collected barely for the purpose of comparison. A more detailed account will be published at some future day.