TABLE OF CONTENTS.PREFACEINTRODUCTORY TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY AS A SCIENCE.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 1 & 2THE FORM OF THE THORAX, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS CONTAINED PARTS—THE LUNGS, HEART, AND LARGER BLOOD VESSELS.The structure, mechanism, and respiratory motions of the thoracic apparatus. Its varieties in form, according to age and sex. Its deformities. Applications to the study of physical diagnosis.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 3 & 4THE SURGICAL FORM OF THE SUPERFICIAL, CERVICAL, AND FACIAL REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.The cervical surgical triangles considered in reference to the position of the subclavian and carotid vessels, &c. Venesection in respect to the external jugular vein. Anatomical reasons for avoiding transverse incisions in the neck. The parts endangered in surgical operations on the parotid and submaxillary glands, &c.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 5 & 6THE SURGICAL FORM OF THE DEEP CERVICAL AND FACIAL REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.The course of the carotid and subclavian vessels in reference to each other, to the surface, and to their respective surgical triangles. Differences in the form of the neck in individuals of different age and sex. Special relations of the vessels. Physiological remarks on the carotid artery. Peculiarities in the relative position of the subclavian artery.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 7 & 8THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUBCLAVIAN AND CAROTID REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE ANATOMY OF THEIR CONTENTS.General observations. Abnormal complications of the carotid and subclavian arteries. Relative position of the vessels liable to change by the motions of the head and shoulder. Necessity for a fixed surgical position in operations affecting these vessels. The operations for tying the carotid or the subclavian at different situations in cases of aneurism, &c. The operation for tying the innominate artery. Reasons of the unfavourable results of this proceeding.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 9 & 10THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE EPISTERNAL OR TRACHEAL REGION, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS MAIN BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.Varieties of the primary aortic branches explained by the law of metamorphosis. The structures at the median line of the neck. The operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy in the child and adult, The right and left brachio-cephalic arteries and their varieties considered surgically.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 11 & 12THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE AXILLARY AND BRACHIAL REGIONS, DISPLAYING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THEIR CONTAINED PARTS.The operation for tying the axillary artery. Remarks on fractures of the clavicle and dislocation of the humerus in reference to the axillary vessels. The operation for tying the brachial artery near the axilla. Mode of compressing this vessel against the humerus.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 13 & 14THE SURGICAL FORMS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE AXILLAE COMPARED.The mammary and axillary glands in health and disease. Excision of these glands. Axillary abscess. General surgical observations on the axilla.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 15 & 16THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE BEND OF THE ELBOW AND THE FOREARM, SHOWING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE VESSELS AND NERVES.General remarks. Operation for tying the brachial artery at its middle and lower thirds. Varieties of the brachial artery. Venesection at the bend of the elbow. The radial and ulnar pulse. Operations for tying the radial and ulnar arteries in several parts.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 17, 18, & 19THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE WRIST AND HAND.General observations. Superficial and deep palmar arches. Wounds of these vessels requiring a ligature to be applied to both ends. General surgical remarks on the arteries of the upper limb. Palmar abscess, &c.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 20 & 21THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE CRANIAL, NASAL, ORAL, AND PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES, ETC.Fractures of the cranium, and the operation of trephining anatomically considered. Instrumental measures in reference to the fauces, tonsils, oesophagus, and lungs.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 22THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE SUPERFICIAL ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.Application to correct physical diagnosis. Changes in the relative position of the organs during the respiratory motions. Changes effected by disease. Physiological remarks on wounds of the thorax and on pleuritic effusion. Symmetry of the organs, &c.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 23THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE DEEPER ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND THOSE OF THE ABDOMEN.Of the heart in reference to auscultation and percussion. Of the lungs, ditto. Relative capacity of the thorax and abdomen as influenced by the motions of the diaphragm. Abdominal respiration. Physical causes of abdominal herniae. Enlarged liver as affecting the capacity of the thorax and abdomen. Physiological remarks on wounds of the lungs. Pneumothorax, emphysema, &c.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 24THE RELATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS TO THE VISCERA OF THE THORACICO-ABDOMINAL CAVITY.Symmetrical arrangement of the vessels arising from the median thoracico-abdominal aorta, &c. Special relations of the aorta. Aortic sounds. Aortic aneurism and its effects on neighbouring organs. Paracentesis thoracis. Physical causes of dropsy. Hepatic abscess. Chronic enlargements of the liver and spleen as affecting the relative position of other parts. Biliary concretions. Wounds of the intestines. Artificial anus.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 25THE RELATION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN TO THE OSSEOUS SKELETON.The vessels conforming to the shape of the skeleton. Analogy between the branches arising from both ends of the aorta. Their normal and abnormal conditions. Varieties as to the length of these arteries considered surgically. Measurements of the abdomen and thorax compared. Anastomosing branches of the thoracic and abdominal parts of the aorta.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 26THE RELATION OF THE INTERNAL PARTS TO THE EXTERNAL SURFACE.In health and disease. Displacement of the lungs from pleuritic effusion. Paracentesis thoracis. Hydrops pericardii. Puncturation. Abdominal and ovarian dropsy as influencing the position of the viscera. Diagnosis of both dropsies. Paracentesis abdominis. Vascular obstructions and their effects.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 27THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUPERFICIAL PARTS AND BLOODVESSELS OF THE INGUINO-FEMORAL REGION.Physical causes of the greater frequency of inguinal and femoral herniae. The surface considered in reference to the subjacent parts.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 28 & 29THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH LAYERS OF THE INGUINAL REGION, IN CONNEXION WITH THOSE OF THE THIGH.The external abdominal ring and spermatic cord. Cremaster muscle—how formed. The parts considered in reference to inguinal hernia. The saphenous opening, spermatic cord, and femoral vessels in relation to femoral hernia.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 30 & 31THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE FIFTH, SIXTH, SEVENTH, AND EIGHTH LAYERS OF THE INGUINAL REGION, AND THEIR CONNEXION WITH THOSE OF THE THIGH.The conjoined tendon, internal inguinal ring, and cremaster muscle, considered in reference to the descent of the testicle and of the hernia. The structure and direction of the inguinal canal.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 32, 33, & 34THE DISSECTION OF THE OBLIQUE OR EXTERNAL, AND OF THE DIRECT OR INTERNAL INGUINAL HERNIA.Their points of origin and their relations to the inguinal rings. The triangle of Hesselbach. Investments and varieties of the external inguinal hernia, its relations to the epigastric artery, and its position in the canal. Bubonocele, complete and scrotal varieties in the male. Internal inguinal hernia considered in reference to the same points. Corresponding varieties of both herniae in the female.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 35, 36, 37, & 38THE DISTINCTIVE DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INGUINAL HERNIAE, THE TAXIS, SEAT OF STRICTURE, AND THE OPERATION.Both herniae compared as to position and structural characters. The co-existence of both rendering diagnosis difficult. The oblique changing to the direct hernia as to position, but not in relation to the epigastric artery. The taxis performed in reference to the position of both as regards the canal and abdominal rings. The seat of stricture varying. The sac. The lines of incision required to avoid the epigastric artery. Necessity for opening the sac.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 39 & 40DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE NATURE OF CONGENITAL AND INFANTILE INGUINAL HERNIAE, AND OF HYDROCELE.Descent of the testicle. The testicle in the scrotum. Isolation of its tunica vaginalis. The tunica vaginalis communicating with the abdomen. Sacculated serous spermatic canal. Hydrocele of the isolated tunica vaginalis. Congenital hernia and hydrocele. Infantile hernia. Oblique inguinal hernia. How formed and characterized.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 41 & 42DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF INGUINAL HERNIAE IN GENERAL.Formation of the serous sac. Formation of congenital hernia. Hernia in the canal of Nuck. Formation of infantile hernia. Dilatation of the serous sac. Funnel-shaped investments of the hernia. Descent of the hernia like that of the testicle. Varieties of infantile hernia. Sacculated cord. Oblique internal inguinal hernia—cannot be congenital. Varieties of internal hernia. Direct external hernia. Varieties of the inguinal canal.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 43 & 44THE DISSECTION OF FEMORAL HERNIA AND THE SEAT OF STRICTURE.Compared with the inguinal variety. Position and relations. Sheath of the femoral vessels and of the hernia. Crural ring and canal. Formation of the sac. Saphenous opening. Relations of the hernia. Varieties of the obturator and epigastric arteries. Course of the hernia. Investments. Causes and situations of the stricture.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 45 & 46DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF FEMORAL HERNIA; ITS DIAGNOSIS, THE TAXIS, AND THE OPERATION.Its course compared with that of the inguinal hernia. Its investments and relations. Its diagnosis from inguinal hernia, &c. Its varieties. Mode of performing the taxis according to the course of the hernia. The operation for the strangulated condition. Proper lines in which incisions should be made. Necessity for and mode of opening the sac.COMMENTARY ON PLATE 47THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS AND NERVES OF THE ILIAC AND FEMORAL REGIONS.The femoral triangle. Eligible place for tying the femoral artery. The operations of Scarpa and Hunter. Remarks on the common femoral artery. Ligature of the external iliac artery according to the seat of aneurism.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 48 & 49THE RELATIVE ANATOMY OF THE MALE PELVIC ORGANS.Physiological remarks on the functions of the abdominal muscles. Effects of spinal injuries on the processes of defecation and micturition. Function of the bladder. Its change of form and position in various states. Relation to the peritonaeum. Neck of the bladder. The prostate. Puncturation of the bladder by the rectum. The pudic artery.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 50 & 51THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES OF THE MALE PERINAEUM.Remarks on the median line. Congenital malformations. Extravasation of urine into the sac of the superficial fascia. Symmetry of the parts. Surgical boundaries of the perinaeum. Median and lateral important parts to be avoided in lithotomy, and the operation for fistula in ano.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 52 & 53THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE DEEP STRUCTURES OF THE MALE PERINAEUM; THE LATERAL OPERATION OF LITHOTOMY.Relative position of the parts at the base of the bladder. Puncture of the bladder through the rectum and of the urethra in the perinaeum. General rules for lithotomy.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 54, 55, & 56THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE MALE BLADDER AND URETHRA; LATERAL AND BILATERAL LITHOTOMY COMPARED.Lines of incision in both operations. Urethral muscles—their analogies and significations. Direction, form, length, structure, &c., of the urethra at different ages. Third lobe of the prostate. Physiological remarks. Trigone vesical. Bas fond of the bladder. Natural form of the prostate at different ages.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 57 & 58CONGENITAL AND PATHOLOGICAL DEFORMITIES OF THE PREPUCE AND URETHRA; STRICTURES AND MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE URETHRA.General remarks. Congenital phymosis. Gonorrhoeal paraphymosis and phymosis. Effect of circumcision. Protrusion of the glans through an ulcerated opening in the prepuce. Congenital hypospadias. Ulcerated perforations of the urethra. Congenital epispadias. Urethral fistula, stricture, and catheterism. Sacculated urethra. Stricture opposite the bulb and the membranous portion of the urethra. Observations respecting the frequency of stricture in these parts. Calculus at the bulb. Polypus of the urethra. Calculus in its membranous portion. Stricture midway between the meatus and bulb. Old callous stricture, its form, &c. Spasmodic stricture of the urethra by the urethral muscles. Organic stricture. Surgical observations.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 59 & 60THE VARIOUS FORMS AND POSITIONS OF STRICTURES AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE URETHRA; FALSE PASSAGES; ENLARGEMENTS AND DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE.General remarks. Different forms of the organic stricture. Coexistence of several. Prostatic abscess distorting and constricting the urethra. Perforation of the prostate by catheters. Series of gradual enlargements of the third lobe of the prostate. Distortion of the canal by the enlarged third lobe—by the irregular enlargement of the three lobes—by a nipple-shaped excrescence at the vesical orifice.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 61 & 62DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE; DISTORTIONS AND OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROSTATIC URETHRA.Observations on the nature of the prostate—its signification. Cases of prostate and bulb pouched by catheters. Obstructions of the vesical orifice. Sinuous prostatic canal. Distortions of the vesical orifice. Large prostatic calculus. Sacculated prostate. Triple prostatic urethra. Encrusted prostate. Fasciculated bladder. Prostatic sac distinct from the bladder. Practical remarks. Impaction of a large calculus in the prostate. Practical remarks.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 63 & 64DEFORMITIES OF THE URINARY BLADDER; THE OPERATIONS OF SOUNDING FOR STONE; OF CATHETERISM AND OF PUNCTURING THE BLADDER ABOVE THE PUBES.General remarks on the causes of the various deformities, and of the formation of stone. Lithic diathesis—its signification. The sacculated bladder considered in reference to sounding, to catheterism, to puncturation, and to lithotomy. Polypi in the bladder. Dilated ureters. The operation of catheterism. General rules to be followed. Remarks on the operation of puncturing the bladder above the pubes.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 65 & 66THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE POPLITEAL SPACE, AND THE POSTERIOR CRURAL REGION.Varieties of the popliteal and posterior crural vessels. Remarks on popliteal aneurism, and the operation for tying the popliteal artery, in wounds of this vessel. Wounds of the posterior crural arteries requiring double ligatures. The operations necessary for reaching these vessels.COMMENTARY ON PLATES 67 & 68THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE ANTERIOR CRURAL REGION; THE ANKLES AND THE FOOT.Varieties of the anterior and posterior tibial and the peronaeal arteries. The operations for tying these vessels in several situations. Practical observations on wounds of the arteries of the leg and foot.CONCLUDING COMMENTARYON THE FORM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AS A WHOLE; ANOMALIES; RAMIFICATION; ANASTOMOSIS.The double heart. Universal systemic capillary anastomosis. Its division, by the median line, into two great lateral fields—those subdivided into two systems or provinces—viz., pulmonary and systemic. Relation of pulmonary and systemic circulating vessels. Motions of the heart. Circulation of the blood through the lungs and system. Symmetry of the hearts and their vessels. Development of the heart and primary vessels. Their stages of metamorphosis simulating the permanent conditions of the parts in lower animals. The primitive branchial arches undergoing metamorphosis. Completion of these changes. Interpretation of the varieties of form in the heart and primary vessels. Signification of their normal condition. The portal system no exception to the law of vascular symmetry. Signification of the portal system. The liver and spleen as homologous organs,—as parts of the same whole quantity. Cardiac anastomosing vessels. Vasa vasorum. Anastomosing branches of the systemic aorta considered in reference to the operations of arresting by ligature the direct circulation through the arteries of the head, neck, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs. The collateral circulation. Practical observations on the most eligible situations for tying each of the principal vessels, as determined by the greatest number of their anastomosing branches on either side of the ligature, and the largest amount of the collateral circulation that may be thereby carried on for the support of distal parts.
PREFACEINTRODUCTORY TO THE STUDY OF ANATOMY AS A SCIENCE.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 1 & 2
THE FORM OF THE THORAX, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS CONTAINED PARTS—THE LUNGS, HEART, AND LARGER BLOOD VESSELS.
The structure, mechanism, and respiratory motions of the thoracic apparatus. Its varieties in form, according to age and sex. Its deformities. Applications to the study of physical diagnosis.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 3 & 4
THE SURGICAL FORM OF THE SUPERFICIAL, CERVICAL, AND FACIAL REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.
The cervical surgical triangles considered in reference to the position of the subclavian and carotid vessels, &c. Venesection in respect to the external jugular vein. Anatomical reasons for avoiding transverse incisions in the neck. The parts endangered in surgical operations on the parotid and submaxillary glands, &c.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 5 & 6
THE SURGICAL FORM OF THE DEEP CERVICAL AND FACIAL REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.
The course of the carotid and subclavian vessels in reference to each other, to the surface, and to their respective surgical triangles. Differences in the form of the neck in individuals of different age and sex. Special relations of the vessels. Physiological remarks on the carotid artery. Peculiarities in the relative position of the subclavian artery.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 7 & 8
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUBCLAVIAN AND CAROTID REGIONS, AND THE RELATIVE ANATOMY OF THEIR CONTENTS.
General observations. Abnormal complications of the carotid and subclavian arteries. Relative position of the vessels liable to change by the motions of the head and shoulder. Necessity for a fixed surgical position in operations affecting these vessels. The operations for tying the carotid or the subclavian at different situations in cases of aneurism, &c. The operation for tying the innominate artery. Reasons of the unfavourable results of this proceeding.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 9 & 10
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE EPISTERNAL OR TRACHEAL REGION, AND THE RELATIVE POSITION OF ITS MAIN BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, ETC.
Varieties of the primary aortic branches explained by the law of metamorphosis. The structures at the median line of the neck. The operations of tracheotomy and laryngotomy in the child and adult, The right and left brachio-cephalic arteries and their varieties considered surgically.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 11 & 12
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE AXILLARY AND BRACHIAL REGIONS, DISPLAYING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THEIR CONTAINED PARTS.
The operation for tying the axillary artery. Remarks on fractures of the clavicle and dislocation of the humerus in reference to the axillary vessels. The operation for tying the brachial artery near the axilla. Mode of compressing this vessel against the humerus.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 13 & 14
THE SURGICAL FORMS OF THE MALE AND FEMALE AXILLAE COMPARED.
The mammary and axillary glands in health and disease. Excision of these glands. Axillary abscess. General surgical observations on the axilla.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 15 & 16
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE BEND OF THE ELBOW AND THE FOREARM, SHOWING THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE VESSELS AND NERVES.
General remarks. Operation for tying the brachial artery at its middle and lower thirds. Varieties of the brachial artery. Venesection at the bend of the elbow. The radial and ulnar pulse. Operations for tying the radial and ulnar arteries in several parts.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 17, 18, & 19
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE WRIST AND HAND.
General observations. Superficial and deep palmar arches. Wounds of these vessels requiring a ligature to be applied to both ends. General surgical remarks on the arteries of the upper limb. Palmar abscess, &c.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 20 & 21
THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE CRANIAL, NASAL, ORAL, AND PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES, ETC.
Fractures of the cranium, and the operation of trephining anatomically considered. Instrumental measures in reference to the fauces, tonsils, oesophagus, and lungs.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 22
THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE SUPERFICIAL ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN.
Application to correct physical diagnosis. Changes in the relative position of the organs during the respiratory motions. Changes effected by disease. Physiological remarks on wounds of the thorax and on pleuritic effusion. Symmetry of the organs, &c.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 23
THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE DEEPER ORGANS OF THE THORAX AND THOSE OF THE ABDOMEN.
Of the heart in reference to auscultation and percussion. Of the lungs, ditto. Relative capacity of the thorax and abdomen as influenced by the motions of the diaphragm. Abdominal respiration. Physical causes of abdominal herniae. Enlarged liver as affecting the capacity of the thorax and abdomen. Physiological remarks on wounds of the lungs. Pneumothorax, emphysema, &c.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 24
THE RELATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS TO THE VISCERA OF THE THORACICO-ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
Symmetrical arrangement of the vessels arising from the median thoracico-abdominal aorta, &c. Special relations of the aorta. Aortic sounds. Aortic aneurism and its effects on neighbouring organs. Paracentesis thoracis. Physical causes of dropsy. Hepatic abscess. Chronic enlargements of the liver and spleen as affecting the relative position of other parts. Biliary concretions. Wounds of the intestines. Artificial anus.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 25
THE RELATION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN TO THE OSSEOUS SKELETON.
The vessels conforming to the shape of the skeleton. Analogy between the branches arising from both ends of the aorta. Their normal and abnormal conditions. Varieties as to the length of these arteries considered surgically. Measurements of the abdomen and thorax compared. Anastomosing branches of the thoracic and abdominal parts of the aorta.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 26
THE RELATION OF THE INTERNAL PARTS TO THE EXTERNAL SURFACE.
In health and disease. Displacement of the lungs from pleuritic effusion. Paracentesis thoracis. Hydrops pericardii. Puncturation. Abdominal and ovarian dropsy as influencing the position of the viscera. Diagnosis of both dropsies. Paracentesis abdominis. Vascular obstructions and their effects.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 27
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUPERFICIAL PARTS AND BLOODVESSELS OF THE INGUINO-FEMORAL REGION.
Physical causes of the greater frequency of inguinal and femoral herniae. The surface considered in reference to the subjacent parts.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 28 & 29
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, AND FOURTH LAYERS OF THE INGUINAL REGION, IN CONNEXION WITH THOSE OF THE THIGH.
The external abdominal ring and spermatic cord. Cremaster muscle—how formed. The parts considered in reference to inguinal hernia. The saphenous opening, spermatic cord, and femoral vessels in relation to femoral hernia.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 30 & 31
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE FIFTH, SIXTH, SEVENTH, AND EIGHTH LAYERS OF THE INGUINAL REGION, AND THEIR CONNEXION WITH THOSE OF THE THIGH.
The conjoined tendon, internal inguinal ring, and cremaster muscle, considered in reference to the descent of the testicle and of the hernia. The structure and direction of the inguinal canal.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 32, 33, & 34
THE DISSECTION OF THE OBLIQUE OR EXTERNAL, AND OF THE DIRECT OR INTERNAL INGUINAL HERNIA.
Their points of origin and their relations to the inguinal rings. The triangle of Hesselbach. Investments and varieties of the external inguinal hernia, its relations to the epigastric artery, and its position in the canal. Bubonocele, complete and scrotal varieties in the male. Internal inguinal hernia considered in reference to the same points. Corresponding varieties of both herniae in the female.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 35, 36, 37, & 38
THE DISTINCTIVE DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL INGUINAL HERNIAE, THE TAXIS, SEAT OF STRICTURE, AND THE OPERATION.
Both herniae compared as to position and structural characters. The co-existence of both rendering diagnosis difficult. The oblique changing to the direct hernia as to position, but not in relation to the epigastric artery. The taxis performed in reference to the position of both as regards the canal and abdominal rings. The seat of stricture varying. The sac. The lines of incision required to avoid the epigastric artery. Necessity for opening the sac.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 39 & 40
DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE NATURE OF CONGENITAL AND INFANTILE INGUINAL HERNIAE, AND OF HYDROCELE.
Descent of the testicle. The testicle in the scrotum. Isolation of its tunica vaginalis. The tunica vaginalis communicating with the abdomen. Sacculated serous spermatic canal. Hydrocele of the isolated tunica vaginalis. Congenital hernia and hydrocele. Infantile hernia. Oblique inguinal hernia. How formed and characterized.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 41 & 42
DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF INGUINAL HERNIAE IN GENERAL.
Formation of the serous sac. Formation of congenital hernia. Hernia in the canal of Nuck. Formation of infantile hernia. Dilatation of the serous sac. Funnel-shaped investments of the hernia. Descent of the hernia like that of the testicle. Varieties of infantile hernia. Sacculated cord. Oblique internal inguinal hernia—cannot be congenital. Varieties of internal hernia. Direct external hernia. Varieties of the inguinal canal.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 43 & 44
THE DISSECTION OF FEMORAL HERNIA AND THE SEAT OF STRICTURE.
Compared with the inguinal variety. Position and relations. Sheath of the femoral vessels and of the hernia. Crural ring and canal. Formation of the sac. Saphenous opening. Relations of the hernia. Varieties of the obturator and epigastric arteries. Course of the hernia. Investments. Causes and situations of the stricture.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 45 & 46
DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF FEMORAL HERNIA; ITS DIAGNOSIS, THE TAXIS, AND THE OPERATION.
Its course compared with that of the inguinal hernia. Its investments and relations. Its diagnosis from inguinal hernia, &c. Its varieties. Mode of performing the taxis according to the course of the hernia. The operation for the strangulated condition. Proper lines in which incisions should be made. Necessity for and mode of opening the sac.
COMMENTARY ON PLATE 47
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE PRINCIPAL BLOODVESSELS AND NERVES OF THE ILIAC AND FEMORAL REGIONS.
The femoral triangle. Eligible place for tying the femoral artery. The operations of Scarpa and Hunter. Remarks on the common femoral artery. Ligature of the external iliac artery according to the seat of aneurism.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 48 & 49
THE RELATIVE ANATOMY OF THE MALE PELVIC ORGANS.
Physiological remarks on the functions of the abdominal muscles. Effects of spinal injuries on the processes of defecation and micturition. Function of the bladder. Its change of form and position in various states. Relation to the peritonaeum. Neck of the bladder. The prostate. Puncturation of the bladder by the rectum. The pudic artery.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 50 & 51
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES OF THE MALE PERINAEUM.
Remarks on the median line. Congenital malformations. Extravasation of urine into the sac of the superficial fascia. Symmetry of the parts. Surgical boundaries of the perinaeum. Median and lateral important parts to be avoided in lithotomy, and the operation for fistula in ano.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 52 & 53
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE DEEP STRUCTURES OF THE MALE PERINAEUM; THE LATERAL OPERATION OF LITHOTOMY.
Relative position of the parts at the base of the bladder. Puncture of the bladder through the rectum and of the urethra in the perinaeum. General rules for lithotomy.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 54, 55, & 56
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE MALE BLADDER AND URETHRA; LATERAL AND BILATERAL LITHOTOMY COMPARED.
Lines of incision in both operations. Urethral muscles—their analogies and significations. Direction, form, length, structure, &c., of the urethra at different ages. Third lobe of the prostate. Physiological remarks. Trigone vesical. Bas fond of the bladder. Natural form of the prostate at different ages.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 57 & 58
CONGENITAL AND PATHOLOGICAL DEFORMITIES OF THE PREPUCE AND URETHRA; STRICTURES AND MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE URETHRA.
General remarks. Congenital phymosis. Gonorrhoeal paraphymosis and phymosis. Effect of circumcision. Protrusion of the glans through an ulcerated opening in the prepuce. Congenital hypospadias. Ulcerated perforations of the urethra. Congenital epispadias. Urethral fistula, stricture, and catheterism. Sacculated urethra. Stricture opposite the bulb and the membranous portion of the urethra. Observations respecting the frequency of stricture in these parts. Calculus at the bulb. Polypus of the urethra. Calculus in its membranous portion. Stricture midway between the meatus and bulb. Old callous stricture, its form, &c. Spasmodic stricture of the urethra by the urethral muscles. Organic stricture. Surgical observations.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 59 & 60
THE VARIOUS FORMS AND POSITIONS OF STRICTURES AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE URETHRA; FALSE PASSAGES; ENLARGEMENTS AND DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE.
General remarks. Different forms of the organic stricture. Coexistence of several. Prostatic abscess distorting and constricting the urethra. Perforation of the prostate by catheters. Series of gradual enlargements of the third lobe of the prostate. Distortion of the canal by the enlarged third lobe—by the irregular enlargement of the three lobes—by a nipple-shaped excrescence at the vesical orifice.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 61 & 62
DEFORMITIES OF THE PROSTATE; DISTORTIONS AND OBSTRUCTIONS OF THE PROSTATIC URETHRA.
Observations on the nature of the prostate—its signification. Cases of prostate and bulb pouched by catheters. Obstructions of the vesical orifice. Sinuous prostatic canal. Distortions of the vesical orifice. Large prostatic calculus. Sacculated prostate. Triple prostatic urethra. Encrusted prostate. Fasciculated bladder. Prostatic sac distinct from the bladder. Practical remarks. Impaction of a large calculus in the prostate. Practical remarks.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 63 & 64
DEFORMITIES OF THE URINARY BLADDER; THE OPERATIONS OF SOUNDING FOR STONE; OF CATHETERISM AND OF PUNCTURING THE BLADDER ABOVE THE PUBES.
General remarks on the causes of the various deformities, and of the formation of stone. Lithic diathesis—its signification. The sacculated bladder considered in reference to sounding, to catheterism, to puncturation, and to lithotomy. Polypi in the bladder. Dilated ureters. The operation of catheterism. General rules to be followed. Remarks on the operation of puncturing the bladder above the pubes.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 65 & 66
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE POPLITEAL SPACE, AND THE POSTERIOR CRURAL REGION.
Varieties of the popliteal and posterior crural vessels. Remarks on popliteal aneurism, and the operation for tying the popliteal artery, in wounds of this vessel. Wounds of the posterior crural arteries requiring double ligatures. The operations necessary for reaching these vessels.
COMMENTARY ON PLATES 67 & 68
THE SURGICAL DISSECTION OF THE ANTERIOR CRURAL REGION; THE ANKLES AND THE FOOT.
Varieties of the anterior and posterior tibial and the peronaeal arteries. The operations for tying these vessels in several situations. Practical observations on wounds of the arteries of the leg and foot.
CONCLUDING COMMENTARY
ON THE FORM AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM AS A WHOLE; ANOMALIES; RAMIFICATION; ANASTOMOSIS.
The double heart. Universal systemic capillary anastomosis. Its division, by the median line, into two great lateral fields—those subdivided into two systems or provinces—viz., pulmonary and systemic. Relation of pulmonary and systemic circulating vessels. Motions of the heart. Circulation of the blood through the lungs and system. Symmetry of the hearts and their vessels. Development of the heart and primary vessels. Their stages of metamorphosis simulating the permanent conditions of the parts in lower animals. The primitive branchial arches undergoing metamorphosis. Completion of these changes. Interpretation of the varieties of form in the heart and primary vessels. Signification of their normal condition. The portal system no exception to the law of vascular symmetry. Signification of the portal system. The liver and spleen as homologous organs,—as parts of the same whole quantity. Cardiac anastomosing vessels. Vasa vasorum. Anastomosing branches of the systemic aorta considered in reference to the operations of arresting by ligature the direct circulation through the arteries of the head, neck, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs. The collateral circulation. Practical observations on the most eligible situations for tying each of the principal vessels, as determined by the greatest number of their anastomosing branches on either side of the ligature, and the largest amount of the collateral circulation that may be thereby carried on for the support of distal parts.