Univ. “things”;a= able to bear the weight of a wheel-barrow;b= acceptable to me;c= despised by me;d= rainbows;e= useful as a bridge;h= worth writing an ode to.
(1)When I work a Logic-example without grumbling, you may be sure it is one that I can understand;(2)These Soriteses are not arranged in regular order, like the examples I am used to;(3)No easy example ever make my head ache;(4)I ca’n’t understand examples that are not arranged in regular order, like those I am used to;(5)I never grumble at an example, unless it gives me a headache.
Univ. “Logic-examples worked by me”;a= arranged in regular order, like the examples I am used to;b= easy;c= grumbled at by me;d= making my head ache;e= these Soriteses;h= understood by me.
(1)Every idea of mine, that cannot be expressed as a Syllogism, is really ridiculous;(2)None of my ideas about Bath-buns are worth writing down;(3)No idea of mine, that fails to come true, can be expressed as a Syllogism;(4)I never have any really ridiculous idea, that I do not at once refer to my solicitor;(5)My dreams are all about Bath-buns;(6)I never refer any idea of mine to my solicitor, unless it is worth writing down.
Univ. “my ideas”;a= able to be expressed as a Syllogism;b= about Bath-buns;c= coming true;d= dreams;e= really ridiculoush= referred to my solicitor;k= worth writing down.
(1)None of the pictures here, except the battle-pieces, are valuable;(2)None of the unframed ones are varnished;(3)All the battle-pieces are painted in oils;(4)All those that have been sold are valuable;(5)All the English ones are varnished;(6)All those in frames have been sold.
Univ. “the pictures here”;a= battle-pieces;b= English;c= framed;d= oil-paintings;e= sold;h= valuable;k= varnished.
(1)Animals, that do not kick, are always unexcitable;(2)Donkeys have no horns;(3)A buffalo can always toss one over a gate;(4)No animals that kick are easy to swallow;(5)No hornless animal can toss one over a gate;(6)All animals are excitable, except buffaloes.
Univ. “animals”;a= able to toss one over a gate;b= buffaloes;c= donkeys;d= easy to swallow;e= excitable;h= horned;k= kicking.
(1)No one, who is going to a party, ever fails to brush his hair;(2)No one looks fascinating, if he is untidy;(3)Opium-eaters have no self-command;(4)Every one, who has brushed his hair, looks fascinating;(5)No one wears white kid gloves, unless he is going to a party;(6)A man is always untidy, if he has no self-command.
Univ. “persons”;a= going to a party;b= having brushed one’s hair;c= having self-command;d= looking fascinating;e= opium-eaters;h= tidy;k= wearing white kid gloves.
(1)No husband, who is always giving his wife new dresses, can be a cross-grained man;(2)A methodical husband always comes home for his tea;(3)No one, who hangs up his hat on the gas-jet, can be a man that is kept in proper order by his wife;(4)A good husband is always giving his wife new dresses;(5)No husband can fail to be cross-grained, if his wife does not keep him in proper order;(6)An unmethodical husband always hangs up his hat on the gas-jet.
Univ. “husbands”;a= always coming home for his tea;b= always giving his wife new dresses;c= cross-grained;d= good;e= hanging up his hat on the gas-jet;h= kept in proper order;k= methodical.
(1)Everything, not absolutely ugly, may be kept in a drawing-room;(2)Nothing, that is encrusted with salt, is ever quite dry;(3)Nothing should be kept in a drawing-room, unless it is free from damp;(4)Bathing-machines are always kept near the sea;(5)Nothing, that is made of mother-of-pearl, can be absolutely ugly;(6)Whatever is kept near the sea gets encrusted with salt.
Univ. “things”;a= absolutely ugly;b= bathing-machines;c= encrusted with salt;d= kept near the sea;e= made of mother-of-pearl;h= quite dry;k= things that may be kept in a drawing-room.
(1)I call no day “unlucky,” when Robinson is civil to me;(2)Wednesdays are always cloudy;(3)When people take umbrellas, the day never turns out fine;(4)The only days when Robinson is uncivil to me are Wednesdays;(5)Everybody takes his umbrella with him when it is raining;(6)My “lucky” days always turn out fine.
Univ. “days”;a= called by me ‘lucky’;b= cloudy;c= days when people take umbrellas;d= days when Robinson is civil to me;e= rainy;h= turning out fine;k= Wednesdays.
(1)No shark ever doubts that it is well fitted out;(2)A fish, that cannot dance a minuet, is contemptible;(3)No fish is quite certain that it is well fitted out, unless it has three rows of teeth;(4)All fishes, except sharks, are kind to children;(5)No heavy fish can dance a minuet;(6)A fish with three rows of teeth is not to be despised.
Univ. “fishes”;a= able to dance a minuet;b= certain that he is well fitted out;c= contemptible;d= having 3 rows of teeth;e= heavy;h= kind to children;k= sharks.
(1)All the human race, except my footmen, have a certain amount of common-sense;(2)No one, who lives on barley-sugar, can be anything but a mere baby;(3)None but a hop-scotch player knows what real happiness is;(4)No mere baby has a grain of common sense;(5)No engine-driver ever plays hop-scotch;(6)No footman of mine is ignorant of what true happiness is.
Univ. “human beings”;a= engine-drivers;b= having common sense;c= hop-scotch players;d= knowing what real happiness is;e= living on barley-sugar;h= mere babies;k= my footmen.
(1)I trust every animal that belongs to me;(2)Dogs gnaw bones;(3)I admit no animals into my study, unless they will beg when told to do so;(4)All the animals in the yard are mine;(5)I admit every animal, that I trust, into my study;(6)The only animals, that are really willing to beg when told to do so, are dogs.
Univ. “animals”;a= admitted to my study;b= animals that I trust;c= dogs;d= gnawing bones;e= in the yard;h= my;k= willing to beg when told.
(1)Animals are always mortally offended if I fail to notice them;(2)The only animals that belong tomeare in that field;(3)No animal can guess a conundrum, unless it has been properly trained in a Board-School;(4)None of the animals in that field are badgers;(5)When an animal is mortally offended, it always rushes about wildly and howls;(6)I never notice any animal, unless it belongs to me;(7)No animal, that has been properly trained in a Board-School, ever rushes about wildly and howls.
Univ. “animals”;a= able to guess a conundrum;b= badgers;c= in that field;d=mortally offended;e= my;h= noticed by me;k= properly trained in a Board-School;l= rushing about wildly and howling.
(1)I never put a cheque, received by me, on that file, unless I am anxious about it;(2)All the cheques received by me, that are not marked with a cross, are payable to bearer;(3)None of them are ever brought back to me, unless they have been dishonoured at the Bank;(4)All of them, that are marked with a cross, are for amounts of over £100;(5)All of them, that are not on that file, are marked “not negotiable”;(6)No cheque of yours, received by me, has ever been dishonoured;(7)I am never anxious about a cheque, received by me, unless it should happen to be brought back to me;(8)None of the cheques received by me, that are marked “not negotiable,” are for amounts of over £100.
Univ. “cheques received by me”;a= brought back to me;b= cheques that I am anxious about;c= honoured;d= marked with a cross;e= marked ‘not negotiable’;h= on that file;k= over £100;l= payable to bearer;m= your.
(1)All the dated letters in this room are written on blue paper;(2)None of them are in black ink, except those that are written in the third person;(3)I have not filed any of them that I can read;(4)None of them, that are written on one sheet, are undated;(5)All of them, that are not crossed, are in black ink;(6)All of them, written by Brown, begin with “Dear Sir”;(7)All of them, written on blue paper, are filed;(8)None of them, written on more than one sheet, are crossed;(9)None of them, that begin with “Dear Sir,” are written in the third person.
Univ. “letters in this room”;a= beginning with “Dear Sir”;b= crossed;c= dated;d= filed;e= in black ink;h= in third person;k= letters that I can read;l= on blue paper;m= on one sheet;n= written by Brown.
(1)The only animals in this house are cats;(2)Every animal is suitable for a pet, that loves to gaze at the moon;(3)When I detest an animal, I avoid it;(4)No animals are carnivorous, unless they prowl at night;(5)No cats fails to kill mice;(6)No animals ever take to me, except what are in this house;(7)Kangaroos are not suitable for pets;(8)None but carnivora kill mice;(9)I detest animals that do not take to me;(10)Animals, that prowl at night, always love to gaze at the moon.
Univ. “animals”;a= avoided by me;b= carnivora;c= cats;d= detested by me;e= in this house;h= kangaroos;k= killing mice;l= loving to gaze at the moon;m= prowling at night;n= suitable for pets;r= taking to me.
or, more briefly,
“All | ‘I’s | are | persons who have been out for a walk”.
2.“All | ‘I’s | are | persons who feel better”.
3.“No | persons who are not ‘John’ | are | persons who have read the letter”.
4.“No | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | old persons”.
5.“No | fat creatures | are | creatures that run well”.
6.“No | not-brave persons | are | persons deserving of the fair”.
7.“No | not-pale persons | are | persons who look poetical”.
8.“Some | judges | are | persons who lose their tempers”.
9.“All | ‘I’s | are | persons who do not neglect important business”.
10.“All | difficult things | are | things that need attention”.
11.“All | unwholesome things | are | things that should be avoided”.
12.“All | laws passed last week | are | laws relating to excise”.
13.“All | logical studies | are | things that puzzle me”.
14.“No | persons in the house | are | Jews”.
15.“Some | not well-cooked dishes | are | unwholesome dishes”.
16.“All | unexciting books | are | books that make one drowsy”.
17.“All | men who know what they’re about | are | men who can detect a sharper”.
18.“All | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | persons who know what they’re about”.
19.“Some | bald persons | are | persons accustomed to wear wigs”.
20.“All | fully occupied persons | are | persons who do not talk about their grievances”.
21.“No | riddles that can be solved | are | riddles that interest me”.
1.Somexyexist, or somexarey, or someyarex.
2.No information.
3.Ally′arex′.
4.Noxyexist, &c.
5.Ally′arex.
6.Allx′arey.
7.Allxarey.
8.Allx′arey′, and allyarex.
9.Allx′arey′.
10.Allxarey′.
11.No information.
12.Somex′y′exist, &c.
13.Somexy′exist, &c.
14.Noxy′exist, &c.
15.Somexyexist, &c.
16.Allyarex.
17.Allx′arey, and ally′arex.
18.Allxarey′, and allyarex′.
19.Allxarey, and ally′arex′.
20.Allyarex′.
1.Nox′arey′.
2.Somex′arey′.
3.Somexarey′.
4.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
5.Somex′arey′.
6.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
7.Somexarey′.
8.Somex′arey′.
9.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
10.Allxarey, and ally′arex′.
11.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
12.Allyarex′.
13.Nox′arey.
14.Nox′arey′.
15.Noxarey.
16.Allxarey′, and allyarex′.
pg12817.Noxarey′.
18.Noxarey.
19.Somexarey′.
20.Noxarey′.
21.Someyarex′.
22.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
23.Somexarey.
24.Allyarex′.
25.Someyarex′.
26.Allyarex.
27.Allxarey, and ally′arex′.
28.Someyarex′.
29.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
30.Someyarex′.
31.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
32.Noxarey′.
33.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
34.Somexarey.
35.Allyarex′.
36.Someyarex′.
37.Somexarey′.
38.Noxarey.
39.Somex′arey′.
40.Ally′arex.
41.Allxarey′.
42.Noxarey.
1.Somebody who has been out for a walk is feeling better.
2.No one but John knows what the letter is about.
3.You and I like walking.
4.Honesty is sometimes the best policy.
5.Some greyhounds are not fat.
6.Some brave persons get their deserts.
7.Some rich persons are not Esquimaux.
8.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
9.John is ill.
10.Some things, that are not umbrellas, should be left behind on a journey.
11.No music is worth paying for, unless it causes vibration in the air.
12.Some holidays are tiresome.
13.Englishmen are not Frenchmen.
14.No photograph of a lady is satisfactory.
15.No one looks poetical unless he is phlegmatic.
16.Some thin persons are not cheerful.
17.Some judges do not exercise self-control.
18.Pigs are not fed on barley-water.
19.Some black rabbits are not old.
pg12920.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
21.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
22.Some lessons need attention.
23.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
24.No one, who forgets a promise, fails to do mischief.
25.Some greedy creatures cannot fly.
26.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
27.No bride-cakes are things that need not be avoided.
28.John is happy.
29.Some people, who are not gamblers, are not philosophers.
30.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
31.None of my lodgers write poetry.
32.Senna is not nice.
33.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
34.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
35.Logic is unintelligible.
36.Some wild creatures are fat.
37.All wasps are unwelcome.
38.All black rabbits are young.
39.Some hard-boiled things can be cracked.
40.No antelopes fail to delight the eye.
41.All well-fed canaries are cheerful.
42.Some poetry is not producible at will.
43.No country infested by dragons fails to be fascinating.
44.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
45.Some picturesque things are not made of sugar.
46.No children can sit still.
47.Some cats cannot whistle.
48.You are terrible.
49.Some oysters are not amusing.
50.Nobody in the house has a beard a yard long.
51.Some ill-fed canaries are unhappy.
52.My sisters cannot sing.
53.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
54.Some rich things are nice.
55.My cousins are none of them judges, and judges are none of them cousins of mine.
56.Something wearisome is not eagerly wished for.
57.Senna is nasty.
58.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
59.Niggers are not any of them tall.
60.Some obstinate persons are not philosophers.
61.John is happy.
62.Some unwholesome dishes are not present here (i.e. cannot be spoken of as “these”).
63.No books suit feverish patients unless they make one drowsy.
64.Some greedy creatures cannot fly.
65.You and I can detect a sharper.
66.Some dreams are not lambs.
pg13067.No lizard needs a hairbrush.
68.Some things, that may escape notice, are not battles.
69.My cousins are not any of them judges.
70.Some hard-boiled things can be cracked.
71.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
72.She is unpopular.
73.Some people, who wear wigs, are not children of yours.
74.No lobsters expect impossibilities.
75.No nightmare is eagerly desired.
76.Some nice things are not plumcakes.
77.Some kinds of jam need not be shunned.
78.All ducks are ungraceful.
79.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
80.No man, who begs in the street, should fail to keep accounts.
81.Some savage creatures are not spiders.
82.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
83.No travelers, who do not carry plenty of small change, fail to lose their luggage.
84.[No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.]
85.Judges are none of them cousins of mine.
86.All my lodgers are sane.
87.Those who are busy are contented, and discontented people are not busy.
88.None of my cousins are judges.
89.No nightingale dislikes sugar.
90.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
91.Some excuses are not clear explanations.
92.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
93.No kind deed need cause scruple.
94.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
95.[No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.]
96.No cheats are trustworthy.
97.No clever child of mine is greedy.
98.Some things, that are meant to amuse, are not Acts of Parliament.
99.No tour, that is ever forgotten, is worth writing a book about.
100.No obedient child of mine is contented.
101.Your visit does not annoy me.
1.Conclusion right.
2.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
3.Concl. right.
4.Concl. right.
5.Concl. right.
6.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
7.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
8.Concl. right.
9.Concl. right.
10.Concl. right.
11.Concl. right.
12.Concl. right.
13.Concl. right.
14.Concl. right.
15.Concl. right.
pg13116.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
17.Concl. right.
18.Concl. right.
19.Concl. right.
20.Concl. right.
21.Concl. right.
22.Concl. wrong: the right one is “Somexarey.”
23.Concl. right.
24.Concl. right.
25.Concl. right.
26.Concl. right.
27.Concl. right.
28.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
29.Concl. right.
30.Concl. right.
31.Concl. right.
32.Concl. right.
33.Concl. right.
34.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
35.Concl. right.
36.Concl. right.
37.Concl. right.
38.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
39.Concl. right.
40.Concl. right.
1.Concl. right.
2.Concl. right.
3.Concl. right.
4.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some epicures are not uncles of mine.”
5.Concl. right.
6.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
7.Concl. wrong: right one is “The publication, in which I saw it, tells lies.”
8.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
9.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some tedious songs are not his.”
10.Concl. right.
11.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
12.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some fierce creatures do not drink coffee.”
13.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
14.Concl. right.
15.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some shallow persons are not students.”
16.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
17.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some business, other than railways, is unprofitable.”
18.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some vain persons are not Professors.”
19.Concl. right.
20.Concl. wrong: right one is “Wasps are not puppies.”
21.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
22.No Concl. Same Fallacy.
23.Concl. right.
24.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some chocolate-creams are delicious.”
25.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
26.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
27.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some pillows are not pokers.”
28.Concl. right.
29.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
30.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
31.Concl. right.
32.No Concl. Fallacy of Like Eliminands not asserted to exist.
33.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
pg13234.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some dreaded persons are not begged to prolong their visits.”
35.Concl. wrong: right one is “No man walks on neither.”
36.Concl. right.
37.No Concl. Fallacy of Unlike Eliminands with an Entity-Premiss.
38.Concl. wrong: right one is “Some persons, dreaded by children, are not emperors.”
39.Concl. incomplete: the omitted portion is “Sugar is not salt.”
40.Concl. right.
1.a1b0†b1a0.
2.d1a0.
3.ac0.
4.a1d0.
5.cd0.
6.d1c0.
7.a′c0.
8.c1a′0.
9.c′d0.
10.b1a0.
11.d1b0.
12.a′d0.
13.e1b0.
14.d1e′0.
15.e1a′0.
16.b′c0.
17.a1b0.
18.d1c0.
19.a1d0.
20.ac0.
21.de0.
22.a1b′0.
23.h1c0.
24.e1a0.
25.e1c′0.
26.e1c′0.
27.hk′0.
28.e1d′0.
29.l′a0.
30.k1b′0.
1.Babies cannot manage crocodiles.
2.Yourpresents to me are not made of tin.
3.All my potatoes in this dish are old ones.
4.My servants never say “shpoonj.”
5.My poultry are not officers.
6.None ofyoursons are fit to serve on a jury.
7.No pencils of mine are sugar-plums.
8.Jenkins is inexperienced.
9.No comet has a curly tail.
10.No hedge-hog takes in theTimes.
11.This dish is unwholesome.
12.My gardener is very old.
13.All humming-birds are small.
14.No one with a hooked nose ever fails to make money.
15.No gray ducks in this village wear lace collars.
16.No jug in this cupboard will hold water.
17.These apples were grown in the sun.
18.Puppies, that will not lie still, never care to do worsted work.
19.No name in this list is unmelodious.
20.No M.P. should ride in a donkey-race, unless he has perfect self-command.
21.No goods in this shop, that are still on sale, may be carried away.
pg13322.No acrobatic feat, which involves turning a quadruple somersault, is ever attempted in a circus.
23.Guinea-pigs never really appreciate Beethoven.
24.No scentless flowers please me.
25.Showy talkers are not really well-informed.
26.None but red-haired boys learn Greek in this school.
27.Wedding-cake always disagrees with me.
28.Discussions, that go on while Tomkins is in the chair, endanger the peacefulness of our Debating-Club.
29.All gluttons, who are children of mine, are unhealthy.
30.An egg of the Great Auk is not to be had for a song.
31.No books sold here have gilt edges, unless they are priced at 5s. and upwards.
32.When you cut your finger, you will find Tincture of Calendula useful.
33.Ihave never come across a mermaid at sea.
34.All the romances in this library are well-written.
35.No bird in this aviary lives on mince-pies.
36.No plum-pudding, that has not been boiled in a cloth, can be distinguished from soup.
37.Allyourpoems are uninteresting.
38.None of my peaches have been grown in a hot-house.
39.No pawnbroker is dishonest.
40.No kitten with green eyes will play with a gorilla.
41.Allmyfriends dine at the lower table.
42.My writing-desk is full of live scorpions.
43.No Mandarin ever reads Hogg’s poems.
44.Shakespeare was clever.
45.Rainbows are not worth writing odes to.
46.These Sorites-examples are difficult.
47.All my dreams come true.
48.All the English pictures here are painted in oils.
49.Donkeys are not easy to swallow.
50.Opium-eaters never wear white kid gloves.
51.A good husband always comes home for his tea.
52.Bathing-machines are never made of mother-of-pearl.
53.Rainy days are always cloudy.
54.No heavy fish is unkind to children.
55.No engine-driver lives on barley-sugar.
56.All the animals in the yard gnaw bones.
57.No badger can guess a conundrum.
58.No cheque of yours, received by me, is payable to order.
59.I cannot read any of Brown’s letters.
60.I always avoid a kangaroo.
1. The Univ. is “persons.” The Individual “I” may be regarded as a Class, of persons, whose peculiar Attribute is “represented by the Name ‘I’”, and may be called the Class of “I’s”. It is evident that this Class cannot possibly contain more than one Member: hence the Sign of Quantity is “all”. The verb “have been” may be replaced by the phrase “are persons who have been”. The Proposition may be written thus:—
or, more briefly,
“All | I’s | are | persons who have been out for a walk”.
2. The Univ. and the Subject are the same as in Ex. 1. The Proposition may be written
“All | I’s | are | persons who feel better”.
3. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons from which John isexcluded;i.e.it is the Class containing all persons who arenot“John”.
The Sign of Quantity is “no”.
The verb “has read” may be replaced by the phrase “are persons who have read”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | persons who are not ‘John’ | are | persons who have read the letter”.
4. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons whose only two Members are “you and I”.
Hence the Sign of Quantity is “no”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | old persons”.
pg1355. Univ. is “creatures”. The verb “run well” may be replaced by the phrase “are creatures that run well”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | fat creatures | are | creatures that run well”.
6. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently the Class of persons who arenotbrave.
The verb “deserve” may be replaced by the phrase “are deserving of”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | not-brave persons | are | persons deserving of the fair”.
7. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “looks poetical” evidently belongs to thePredicate; and theSubjectis the Class, of persons, whose peculiar Attribute is “not-pale”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | not-pale persons | are | persons who look poetical”.
8. Univ. is “persons”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | judges | are | persons who lose their tempers”.
9. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “never neglect” is merely a stronger form of the phrase “am a person who does not neglect”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | ‘I’s’ | are | persons who do not neglect important business”.
10. Univ. is “things”. The phrase “what is difficult” (i.e.“that which is difficult”) is equivalent to the phrase “all difficult things”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | difficult things | are | things that need attention”.
11. Univ. is “things”. The phrase “what is unwholesome” may be interpreted as in Ex. 10.
The Proposition may be written
“All | unwholesome things | are | things that should be avoided”.
12. Univ. is “laws”. The Predicate is evidently a Class whose peculiar Attribute is “relating to excise”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | laws passed last week | are | laws relating to excise”.
13. Univ. is “things”. The Subject is evidently the Class, of studies, whose peculiar Attribute is “logical”; hence the Sign of Quantity is “all”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | logical studies | are | things that puzzle me”.
14. Univ. is “persons”. The Subject is evidently “persons in the house”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | persons in the house | are | Jews”.
15. Univ. is “dishes”. The phrase “if not well-cooked” is equivalent to the Attribute “not well-cooked”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | not well-cooked dishes | are | unwholesome dishes”.
pg13616. Univ. is “books”. The phrase “make one drowsy” may be replaced by the phrase “are books that make one drowsy”.
The Sign of Quantity is evidently “all”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | unexciting books | are | books that make one drowsy”.
17. Univ. is “men”. The Subject is evidently “a man who knows what he’s about”; and the word “when” shows that the Proposition is asserted ofeverysuch man,i.e.ofallsuch men. The verb “can” may be replaced by “are men who can”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | men who know what they’re about | are | men who can detect a sharper”.
18. The Univ. and the Subject are the same as in Ex. 4.
The Proposition may be written
“All | Members of the Class ‘you and I’ | are | persons who know what they’re about”.
19. Univ. is “persons”. The verb “wear” may be replaced by the phrase “are accustomed to wear”.
The Proposition may be written
“Some | bald persons | are | persons accustomed to wear wigs”.
20. Univ. is “persons”. The phrase “never talk” is merely a stronger form of “are persons who do not talk”.
The Proposition may be written
“All | fully occupied persons | are | persons who do not talk about their grievances”.
21. Univ. is “riddles”. The phrase “if they can be solved” is equivalent to the Attribute “that can be solved”.
The Proposition may be written
“No | riddles that can be solved | are | riddles that interest me”.