APPENDIX FGLOSSARY[29]

Alkyd resin.—Any condensation product involving a polybasic acid and a polyhydric alcohol. Typical examples are phthalic glyceride and its modifications containing combined fatty acids or rosin. Representative examples are Rezyls and Glyptal.

Aminoplast.—General terms for synthetic resins from amino or amido compounds. A typical example is urea-formaldehyde.

Amorphous.—Devoid of crystalline structure. This condition is rare. Many substances which are apparently amorphous show microcrystallinity, particularly under X-ray examination.

A-stage resins.—Thermosetting resins reacted only to the initial stage where they are soluble and fusible. The normal stage of a resin used for impregnation.

Bonding strength.—The amount of adhesion between a binder and filler. More specifically, the measure of the extent to which the composite layers of a laminated product are bonded together.

Brittleness.—Liability to break, generally to a conchoidal fracture.

B-stage resins.—Thermosetting resins reacted to a stage where they soften when heated and swell in contact with liquids but do not entirely fuse or dissolve. This is the preferred stage for the resin in molding compositions.

Casting.—Forming a material into a shape by pouring it when liquid into a mold. The product from the mold is used as such or mechanically worked in various ways to the final articles, as by sewing, cutting, blanking, turning, drilling, forming, swaging, grinding, polishing, sanding, or routing.

Compressive strength.—Resistance to deformation under applied pressure.

Condensation.—A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine with a separation of water or some other simple substance. Applied to synthetic resins it means the formation of a resin by combination of a number of molecules with elimination of water, ammonia, hydrogen chloride, or other simple substance. Examples of condensation resins are alkyd, phenol-aldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde resins. The final products are also called condensation-polymers. (See Polymerization.)

Copolymerization.—The term applied when two or more substances polymerize at the same time to yield a product which is not a mixture of separate polymers but a complex having properties different from either polymer alone. For example, vinylite is produced by polymerization of a mixture of vinyl acetate and vinyl chloride.

C-stage resins.—Thermosetting resins in the final stage in which they are infusible and insoluble. The state of the resin in the final molded article.

Curing.—The change of a binder from the soluble-fusible condition to the substantially insoluble-infusible form by chemical action. The heat-setting of a resinoid. Action is analogous to vulcanization of rubber.

Dielectric strength.—Voltage gradient at which a continuous electrical discharge will take place between two electrodes when the material in question is placed between the electrodes and a potential difference is applied to them.

Elastic.—A substance which exhibits rubberlike properties or “high elasticity” over a wide range of applied forces.

Elastic deformation.—When a substance reverts to its original dimensions on release of an applied stress.

Elastic limit.—The point at which a body begins to yield under a stress; that is, when the stress is equal to or greater than the internal friction.

Elasticity.—The property by virtue of which a body reverts to its normal bulk or shape after deformation by an applied force.

Extrusion molding.—A molding procedure for extended shapes of uniform cross section, whereby a heat-softened substance is forced through an orifice of form coinciding with the cross section of the article.

Flexibility.—Capability of bending without breaking.

Gums.—Viscous vegetable secretions which harden but, unlike resins, are water soluble. The name is often applied, particularly in the varnish industry, to natural resins such as copals.

Hardness.—Property of substances determined by their ability to abrade or indent one another. Often measured by the extent or depth of indentation produced by a standard substance under a predetermined load.

Impact strength.—The measure of toughness of a material. Generally determined by the energy required to break a specimen in one blow.

Injection molding.—A molding procedure whereby a heat-softened plastic material is forced from a receptacle into a cavity which gives the article of desired shape. Used particularly for thermoplastics since the scrap can be reused. As soon as the composition in the mold cools sufficiently to be rigid, the mold is opened and the molded article removed. An analogy of injection molding in another field is shown by the linotype machine.

Inserts.—Parts of a finished molded article which are of different material from the molding composition but are set in place or positioned by the molding operation.

Laminated products.—Sheets of material united by a binder. For example, sheets of paper or wood coated and/or impregnated with a resinous composition and subjected to pressure, generally with heat.

Monomer.—The simplest repeating structural unit of a polymer. For addition polymers this represents the originally unpolymerized compound.

Phenoplast.—A general term for phenol-aldehyde resins. Synonymous with popular term “phenolics.”

Plastics.—All substances that can be molded. In general a plastic is a substance which behaves as a solid at stresses less than a certain amount known as the yield value and as a viscous liquid at stresses greater than this. The name is also applied to substances which originally but not ultimately fulfill this condition. For example, it is applied to thermoset compositions or resinoids in the final stages.

Plasticity.—Susceptibility to and the retention of deformation. Capacity of taking and retaining the form of a mold. The property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresses.

Polymerization.—A chemical change resulting in the formation of a new compound whose molecular weight is a multiple of that of the original substances. The products of the reaction are called polymers. To distinguish from those resulting from condensation (q. v.), they are often designated addition polymers, since the reaction is that of successive addition of a large number of relatively small molecules (monomers) to form the final polymer.

Power factor.—In an insulating material, the ratio of total power loss (watts) in the material to the product of voltage and current in a capacitor in which that material is a dielectric.

Preforms.—Molding powders converted by pressure and without heat into a denser coherent form which approximates the shape of the final hot-pressed article. Molding material converted to preforms has about half the bulk factor of the original powder. Other forms of densified composition which do not necessarily approximate the shape of the final molding are tablets, briquettes, pellets, pills, and balls.

Resin.—A term generally referring to a physical condition at room temperature approximating the physical properties of natural resins. However, the temperature of reference should not be limited to room temperature and the term is here intended to embrace all substances which within a certain temperature range show these, properties. For example, many oil-modified alkyd resins are viscous liquids at room temperature but not at lower temperatures; polystyrene is a resin at room temperature but rubberlike when warmed.

Resinoids.—The class name applied to thermosetting resins. Temporary thermoplastics. The name is also often applied to the final cured resins.

Softening point.—Resins have no sharp melting point. Application of heat causes gradual change from a brittle or exceedingly thick and slow flowing material to a softer and less viscous liquid. The softening point is the temperature at which the material flows at a definite rate or to a definite distance.

Synthetic resin.—A complex, substantially amorphous, organic semisolid or solid material (usually a mixture of substances) built up by chemical reaction of comparatively simple compounds and, depending upon the temperature at which the examination is made, approximating the natural resins in various physical properties: namely, luster, fracture, comparative brittleness, insolubility in water, fusibility or plasticity when heated or exposed to heat and pressure, and, at a certain more or less narrow temperature range before fusion, showing a degree of rubberlike extensibility; but commonly deviating widely from natural resins in chemical constitution and behavior with reagents.

Synthetic rubber.—Caoutchouc synthesized in the laboratory. The term is a misnomer and most probably represents an impossibility.

Tensile strength.—The greatest internal force per unit of cross section which a material develops before failure under tension.[30]

Thermoplastic.—The property of softening under heat. All molding materials are thermoplastic at the initial application of heat. One class (the so-called thermoplastics) remains soft permanently under heat; the other (thermosetting), after first softening, sets or cures more or less quickly to a more solid form. A practical distinction is that with the first class the mold must be cooled before the molded article is removed, but not with the second. A thermoplastic substance is adequately rigid at normal temperatures and under ordinary conditions of stress but is capable of deformation under heat and pressure.

Thermosetting.—The property of undergoing a chemical change when heated whereby a hardened product is obtained. Property most pronounced in phenol and urea formaldehyde resins and less so with alkyds. A thermosetting substance possesses initially the properties of a thermoplastic but under the influence of heat undergoes chemical change so that it is no longer thermoplastic but becomes permanently infusible.

Viscosity.—Internal friction or resistance to change of form of a liquid. The constant ratio of shearing stress to rate of shear.

Water-absorption.—Amount of water taken up when exposed to humid conditions or when immersed. Both rate of absorption and total absorption are important, also change in dimensions. A certain amount of absorbed water may improve mechanical properties but usually weakens electrical characteristics.

FOOTNOTES[1]A glossary of technical terms is included inappendix F.p.160of this report. There are, however, certain fundamental terms which it would be advisable to have clearly in mind at this point.[2]Shellac is a substance secreted by lac insects feeding on certain types of hardwood trees.[3]Journal of the Society of Chemical industry, 1901. Vol. 20, p. 1075.[4]Current sales prices in the United States average between 7 and 10 cents per pound and any imports would be dutiable under the provisions of par. 28 of the Tariff Act of 1930 at 45 percent ad valorem based on American selling price plus 7 cents per pound. Based on an American selling price of 7 cents per pound, the import duty would be slightly more than 10 cents per pound, while on an American selling price of 10 cents per pound the duty would be 11.5 cents per pound.[5]Zelov, Victor I. Automatic Molding, Pt. 2, Advantages and limitations. Modern Plastics, v. 15, No. 2, p. 206; October 1937.[6]For texts and interpretation of exclusion orders see Treasury Decisions 41512; 41895; 44411; 44491; 44776; and 44977.[7]American selling price is defined in section 402, (g) as: “The American selling price of any article manufactured or produced in the United States shall be the price, including the cost of all containers and coverings of whatever nature and all other costs, charges, and expenses incident to placing the merchandise in condition packed ready for delivery, at which such article is freely offered for sale to all purchasers in the principal market of the United States, in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities in such market, or the price that the manufacturer, producer, or owner would have received or was willing to receive for such merchandise when sold in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities, at the time of exportation of the imported article.”[8]United States value is defined in section 402, (e) as: “The United States value of imported merchandise shall be the price at which such or similar imported merchandise is freely offered for sale, packed ready for delivery, in the principal market of the United States to all purchasers, at the time of exportation of the imported merchandise, in the usual wholesale quantities and in the ordinary course of trade, with allowance made for duty, cost of transportation and insurance, and other necessary expenses from the place of shipment to the place of delivery, a commission not exceeding 6 per centum, if any has been paid or contracted to be paid on goods secured otherwise than by purchase, or profits not to exceed 8 per centum and a reasonable allowance for general expenses, not to exceed 8 per centum on purchased goods.”[9]The reclassifications read:Par. 2.“Vinyl acetate, polymerized or unpolymerized, and synthetic resins made in chief value therefrom, not specially provided for.”Par. 11.“Synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate, not specially provided for.”[10]See sections on import under each resin.[11]Reduced May 23, 1934, from 25 cents per pound and 30 percent by Presidential proclamation under Section 336 of the Tariff Act of 1930.[12]Based on the total sales in 1937 reported to the Tariff Commission; sales in dollars dived by quantity (net resin content).[13]The new consumption-restriction regulations are—Exterior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may be repainted with oil paints, without restrictions;2. Surfaces calcimined may be painted with paints containing not more than 15 percent oil;3. Unpainted surfaces may be painted only with paints free of oil.Exterior use on wood:Linseed oil paint may be used for the first coat, and succeeding coats may contain up to 70 percent oil.Exterior and interior use on metal:Oil paints may be used without restriction.Interior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may only be repainted with paint containing not more than 15 percent oil.2. Unpainted surfaces must be painted with paint free of oil.Interior use on wood, to be cleaned with soap and soda:El Varnish and oil varnish may be used for the first coat followed by paint containing up to 70 percent oil.Interior use on wood, not cleaned with soap and soda:As above, except that succeeding coats may contain not more than 40 percent oil.[14]Acknowledgment: Most of the information about the industry in Great Britain was submitted by Norman Inwood of the staff of the American consulate general at London, England.[15]Acknowledgment: Information obtained on the synthetic resin industry in France was furnished by Addison E. Southard, American consul general at Paris.[16]Acknowledgment: Much of the information on the Japanese synthetic resin industry included herein was furnished by Carl H. Boehringer, Assistant Trade Commissioner at Tokyo at the request of the U.S. Tariff Commission.[17]These figures are based on an average naphthalene content of coal tar of slightly less than 10 percent. The total amount contained would, of course, not be recovered even under ideal market conditions as to price and demand.[18]Par. 1651. Coal-tar products: ... naphthalene which after the removal of all the water present has a solidifying point less than 79° C. ... (Free).[19]Par. 27. Coal-tar products:(a) (1), (5) ... naphthalene which after the removal of all water present has a solidifying point of 79° C. or above; all the foregoing products in this paragraph whether obtained, derived, or manufactured from coal tar or other sources; ... 40 percent ad valorem and 7 cents per pound.(c) The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.[20]Upon American selling price or United States value.[21]The relevant provisions of this act are as follows:Par. 27 (b) ... phenol, carbolic acid which on being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below one hundred and ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 5 per centum of the original distillate, ..., and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph 1651, 20 per centum ad valorem and 3½ cents per pound.(c) The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.[22]In 1923 the unit value of domestic sales was 27 cents per pound and the duty on imports (computed specific rate per pound) was 16 cents; in 1925 the corresponding figures were 21 and 16 cents, respectively.[23]Par. 1651. Coal-tar products: ..., all mixtures of any of these distillates and any of the foregoing pitches, and all other materials or products found naturally in coal tar, whether produced or obtained from coal tar or other source, and not specially provided for in pars. 27 or 28....[24]Par. 27 (a) (2). Coal-tar products: All distillates (except those provided for in sub-paragraph (b)) of coal tar, blast-furnace tar, oil-gas tar, and water-gas tar, ..., which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 75 per centum of the original distillate.[25]Par. 27 (b). Metacresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, orthocresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, paracresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, ... and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph 1651, ...Par. 27 (c). The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.Par. 27 (d). For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.[26]Par. 27 (b). ... cresylic acid which upon being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 75 per centum of the original distillate....[27]Some of the makers of these products do not care to be identified with their manufacture.[28]Some of the makers of these products are not listed because they do not care to be so identified.[29]Based on pp. 321-4, Modern Plastics, October 1937.[30]Source: Peele’s Mining Engineers’ Handbook, Ed. 1, p. 2209.

FOOTNOTES

[1]A glossary of technical terms is included inappendix F.p.160of this report. There are, however, certain fundamental terms which it would be advisable to have clearly in mind at this point.

[2]Shellac is a substance secreted by lac insects feeding on certain types of hardwood trees.

[3]Journal of the Society of Chemical industry, 1901. Vol. 20, p. 1075.

[4]Current sales prices in the United States average between 7 and 10 cents per pound and any imports would be dutiable under the provisions of par. 28 of the Tariff Act of 1930 at 45 percent ad valorem based on American selling price plus 7 cents per pound. Based on an American selling price of 7 cents per pound, the import duty would be slightly more than 10 cents per pound, while on an American selling price of 10 cents per pound the duty would be 11.5 cents per pound.

[5]Zelov, Victor I. Automatic Molding, Pt. 2, Advantages and limitations. Modern Plastics, v. 15, No. 2, p. 206; October 1937.

[6]For texts and interpretation of exclusion orders see Treasury Decisions 41512; 41895; 44411; 44491; 44776; and 44977.

[7]American selling price is defined in section 402, (g) as: “The American selling price of any article manufactured or produced in the United States shall be the price, including the cost of all containers and coverings of whatever nature and all other costs, charges, and expenses incident to placing the merchandise in condition packed ready for delivery, at which such article is freely offered for sale to all purchasers in the principal market of the United States, in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities in such market, or the price that the manufacturer, producer, or owner would have received or was willing to receive for such merchandise when sold in the ordinary course of trade and in the usual wholesale quantities, at the time of exportation of the imported article.”

[8]United States value is defined in section 402, (e) as: “The United States value of imported merchandise shall be the price at which such or similar imported merchandise is freely offered for sale, packed ready for delivery, in the principal market of the United States to all purchasers, at the time of exportation of the imported merchandise, in the usual wholesale quantities and in the ordinary course of trade, with allowance made for duty, cost of transportation and insurance, and other necessary expenses from the place of shipment to the place of delivery, a commission not exceeding 6 per centum, if any has been paid or contracted to be paid on goods secured otherwise than by purchase, or profits not to exceed 8 per centum and a reasonable allowance for general expenses, not to exceed 8 per centum on purchased goods.”

[9]The reclassifications read:Par. 2.“Vinyl acetate, polymerized or unpolymerized, and synthetic resins made in chief value therefrom, not specially provided for.”Par. 11.“Synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate, not specially provided for.”

[9]The reclassifications read:

Par. 2.“Vinyl acetate, polymerized or unpolymerized, and synthetic resins made in chief value therefrom, not specially provided for.”

Par. 11.“Synthetic resins made in chief value from vinyl acetate, not specially provided for.”

[10]See sections on import under each resin.

[11]Reduced May 23, 1934, from 25 cents per pound and 30 percent by Presidential proclamation under Section 336 of the Tariff Act of 1930.

[12]Based on the total sales in 1937 reported to the Tariff Commission; sales in dollars dived by quantity (net resin content).

[13]The new consumption-restriction regulations are—Exterior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may be repainted with oil paints, without restrictions;2. Surfaces calcimined may be painted with paints containing not more than 15 percent oil;3. Unpainted surfaces may be painted only with paints free of oil.Exterior use on wood:Linseed oil paint may be used for the first coat, and succeeding coats may contain up to 70 percent oil.Exterior and interior use on metal:Oil paints may be used without restriction.Interior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may only be repainted with paint containing not more than 15 percent oil.2. Unpainted surfaces must be painted with paint free of oil.Interior use on wood, to be cleaned with soap and soda:El Varnish and oil varnish may be used for the first coat followed by paint containing up to 70 percent oil.Interior use on wood, not cleaned with soap and soda:As above, except that succeeding coats may contain not more than 40 percent oil.

[13]The new consumption-restriction regulations are—

Exterior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:

1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may be repainted with oil paints, without restrictions;

2. Surfaces calcimined may be painted with paints containing not more than 15 percent oil;

3. Unpainted surfaces may be painted only with paints free of oil.

Exterior use on wood:

Linseed oil paint may be used for the first coat, and succeeding coats may contain up to 70 percent oil.

Exterior and interior use on metal:

Oil paints may be used without restriction.

Interior use on plaster, brick, stone, and cement:

1. Surfaces already painted with oil paint may only be repainted with paint containing not more than 15 percent oil.

2. Unpainted surfaces must be painted with paint free of oil.

Interior use on wood, to be cleaned with soap and soda:

El Varnish and oil varnish may be used for the first coat followed by paint containing up to 70 percent oil.

Interior use on wood, not cleaned with soap and soda:

As above, except that succeeding coats may contain not more than 40 percent oil.

[14]Acknowledgment: Most of the information about the industry in Great Britain was submitted by Norman Inwood of the staff of the American consulate general at London, England.

[15]Acknowledgment: Information obtained on the synthetic resin industry in France was furnished by Addison E. Southard, American consul general at Paris.

[16]Acknowledgment: Much of the information on the Japanese synthetic resin industry included herein was furnished by Carl H. Boehringer, Assistant Trade Commissioner at Tokyo at the request of the U.S. Tariff Commission.

[17]These figures are based on an average naphthalene content of coal tar of slightly less than 10 percent. The total amount contained would, of course, not be recovered even under ideal market conditions as to price and demand.

[18]Par. 1651. Coal-tar products: ... naphthalene which after the removal of all the water present has a solidifying point less than 79° C. ... (Free).

[19]Par. 27. Coal-tar products:(a) (1), (5) ... naphthalene which after the removal of all water present has a solidifying point of 79° C. or above; all the foregoing products in this paragraph whether obtained, derived, or manufactured from coal tar or other sources; ... 40 percent ad valorem and 7 cents per pound.(c) The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

[19]Par. 27. Coal-tar products:

(a) (1), (5) ... naphthalene which after the removal of all water present has a solidifying point of 79° C. or above; all the foregoing products in this paragraph whether obtained, derived, or manufactured from coal tar or other sources; ... 40 percent ad valorem and 7 cents per pound.

(c) The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.

(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

[20]Upon American selling price or United States value.

[21]The relevant provisions of this act are as follows:Par. 27 (b) ... phenol, carbolic acid which on being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below one hundred and ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 5 per centum of the original distillate, ..., and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph 1651, 20 per centum ad valorem and 3½ cents per pound.(c) The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

[21]The relevant provisions of this act are as follows:

Par. 27 (b) ... phenol, carbolic acid which on being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below one hundred and ninety degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 5 per centum of the original distillate, ..., and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph 1651, 20 per centum ad valorem and 3½ cents per pound.

(d) For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

[22]In 1923 the unit value of domestic sales was 27 cents per pound and the duty on imports (computed specific rate per pound) was 16 cents; in 1925 the corresponding figures were 21 and 16 cents, respectively.

[23]Par. 1651. Coal-tar products: ..., all mixtures of any of these distillates and any of the foregoing pitches, and all other materials or products found naturally in coal tar, whether produced or obtained from coal tar or other source, and not specially provided for in pars. 27 or 28....

[24]Par. 27 (a) (2). Coal-tar products: All distillates (except those provided for in sub-paragraph (b)) of coal tar, blast-furnace tar, oil-gas tar, and water-gas tar, ..., which on being subjected to distillation yield in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 75 per centum of the original distillate.

[25]Par. 27 (b). Metacresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, orthocresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, paracresol having a purity of 90 per centum or more, ... and any mixture of any of the foregoing products with any of the products provided for in paragraph 1651, ...Par. 27 (c). The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.Par. 27 (d). For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

Par. 27 (c). The ad valorem rates provided in this paragraph shall be based upon the American selling price (as defined in subdivision (g) of section 402, title IV), of any similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States. If there is no similar competitive article manufactured or produced in the United States then the ad valorem rate shall be based upon the United States value, as defined in subdivision (e) of section 402, title IV.

Par. 27 (d). For the purposes of this paragraph any coal-tar product provided for in this Act shall be considered similar to or competitive with any imported coal-tar product which accomplishes results substantially equal to those accomplished by the domestic product when used in substantially the same manner.

[26]Par. 27 (b). ... cresylic acid which upon being subjected to distillation yields in the portion distilling below two hundred and fifteen degrees centigrade a quantity of tar acids equal to or more than 75 per centum of the original distillate....

[27]Some of the makers of these products do not care to be identified with their manufacture.

[28]Some of the makers of these products are not listed because they do not care to be so identified.

[29]Based on pp. 321-4, Modern Plastics, October 1937.

[30]Source: Peele’s Mining Engineers’ Handbook, Ed. 1, p. 2209.

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