TACOMA—1904

TACOMA—1904By Louis W. Pratt.

By Louis W. Pratt.

Tacoma, the Electric City of the Pacific Coast, and the chief seaport of the North Pacific, is situated at the head of ocean navigation on Puget Sound in latitude 47° 15´ north and longitude 122° 25´ west from Greenwich. Being further north than Duluth or Quebec, Tacoma is supposed by many to be bleak and cold. A popular misapprehension among Eastern people seems to be that Puget Sound is somewhere near Alaska and that for half of the year the people contend with snow and ice.

The climate of the Pacific Slope west of the Cascade Mountains is tempered by the Pacific Ocean, the “Japan current” and the equable southwesterly winds. The climate resembles that of Western Europe rather than that of the American Continent east of the Rocky Mountains. Tacoma is four degrees further south than London, in about the same latitude as Nantes, the chief city of Brittany, near the mouth of the Loire. The climate of Puget Sound is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than that of Southern England, and is the most equable, salubrious and delightful to be found in the United States.

Eleventh Street at Pacific Avenue.

Tacoma’swinters are open, the grass is green and flowers bloom out of doors every month in the year. Last winter the temperature fell below the freezing point (32° above zero, Fahrenheit), on one day in November, six days in December, three days in January, five days in February and eight days in March. The minimum temperature on the coldest day in November was 28° above zero; in December, 29°; in January, 26°; in February, 23°; and in March, 29°. It would be more accurate to speak of the “winter” months as the “rainy season,” for one-half of the annual precipitation, which amounted to 45.11 inches in 1903, an amount slightly above the average rainfall, fell during the three months of January, November and December.Tacomahas little snow and no ice. Cyclones or furious winds, in this peculiarly sheltered region between the Olympics and the Cascades, are unknown.

City Hall. Pierce County Court House.

Tacoma’ssummer climate is equally free from extremes. The temperature rarely rises to 80° Fahrenheit on summer afternoons. In the summer of 1903, for example, the mercury rose to 80° on only three days in June, two days in July, once in August and once in September. The nights are always cool, the days bright and balmy. Thunder and lightning are exceedingly rare occurrences. Nowhere in the world is the climate more conducive to health, longevity, exhilaration of mind and body, and to the production of flowers, fruits, forests and crops in greater abundance and variety.

Tacomais one of the healthiest cities in the world. The number of deaths during the last census year was 425, indicating an annual death rate of 11.3 per 1,000, which is fully one-third less than the average annual death rate for the United States, 17.4 per 1,000, and almost the lowest reported from any one of the registration cities of the country. Since 1900 the death rate atTacomahas decreased. The total number of deaths for twelve months ending June 30, 1904, was 520. The population of the city has increased 60 per cent. since the last federal census was taken and the annual death rate does not now exceed 8.67 per 1,000. Tacoma may fairly claim to be the healthiest city in the world.

Tacoma in 1871.

Tacomais the youngest of the maritime cities of the United States. It is situated on one of the finest harbors in the world. It is the leading seaport of Puget Sound, the gateway to the Orient and Alaska. It is second only to San Francisco on the Pacific Coast in the volume and value of its foreign commerce. It is the chief Pacific Coast port for steamship lines maintaining regular sailings betweenTacomaand Japan, Asiatic Russia, China and Manila; betweenTacomaand London, Liverpool and Glasgow by way of the Orient, Suez Canal and the Mediterranean, the longest regular steamship route in the world; and betweenTacomaand Hamburg, the chief seaport of Continental Europe, by way of Mexican, Central and South American ports.Tacomais in direct, regular steamship communication with Alaska, San Francisco, Honolulu and New York.Tacomais the western headquarters and chief Pacific Coast terminal of the Northern Pacific railway and the headquarters and western terminal of the Tacoma Eastern railroad, the most important independent railway in the State and the tourist route to Paradise Valley and Mount Tacoma.Tacomahandles the largest railway freight traffic of any city in the Pacific Northwest. It is the center and operating point of a system of city, suburban, and interurban electric railways, with 135 miles of track. It is the chief emporium, manufacturing and distributing point for the leading staple products of the forests, farms, mines and waters of the State of Washington and Alaska, and the “Inland Empire,” the valleys of the Upper Columbia and Snake Rivers in Eastern Washington and Idaho, between the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains. It is the chief wheat exporting and flour milling city of the Pacific Coast. It is the first city of the Pacific Northwest in manufactures. It is the electric city of the Pacific Coast with natural power resources unequalled at any city in America except Niagara Falls. It is the “home City” of the North Pacific Coast, and possesses scenic attractions which evoked from Sir Henry Irving the declaration thatTacomahas the most beautiful situation and environment of all the cities he had visited in the world. It is an educational, literary, musical and social center, with several institutions of higher learning, a Public Library, a famous Museum, 800 acres of parks of surpassing beauty, broad streets, fine public and private buildings, theaters, hotels, churches, hospitals, charitable and benevolent institutions and a rapidly growing population of enterprising, prosperous and hospitable people.

Tacomadates its birth from July 14, 1873. On that day the commissioners appointed to locate the Puget Sound terminal of the Northern Pacific railway decided to recommend as such a point on the south side of Commencement Bay, in township twenty-one, range three east of the Willamette meridian. Commencement Bay was the largest and best sheltered harbor to be found on Puget Sound and was accessible by easy grades for railways from the north, south and east, and by several easy passes over the great Cascade Mountain range. Into the bay flows the Puyallup River, fed by the eternal glaciers of Mount Tacoma, the giant dome of snow whose image Theodore Winthrop found “displaced in the blue depths of tranquil waters” in the bay. The shore line of the bay, stretching ten miles from Brown’s Point at the northeast to Point Defiance at the northwest was at the time referred to unbroken by human habitations, save a hamlet clustering about a saw mill on the west shore of the bay, a view of which, from a photograph taken in 1871, is presented on the opposite page. In 1870 the federal census enumerator had found seventy-three inhabitants atTacoma.

Tacoma in 1904.1—City and Mount Tacoma from Harbor.2—Looking South from City Hall Tower.3—Manufacturing District East of City Waterway.4—Tacoma from McKinley Park.

Tacoma in 1904.

In the Ferry Museum is the original plat or sub-division of some lands near the saw mill. It is entitled a map of lots at “Commencement City,” but a line is drawn through this name and the word “Tacoma” substituted. The owners of the land discussed the name “Commencement City” in the officers’ room of a Portland bank and rejected it as an awkward designation. They preferred instead the euphoneous Indian name of the mountain which rises majestically to a height of 14,526 feet southeast of the bay and commands the site of the city that was to be erected apparently at its very base. When President Roosevelt was Assistant Secretary of the Navy, he selectedTacomaas the name of a new cruiser, remarking that in his judgment the name should have been adopted as the name of the State, instead of Washington.

The selection ofTacomain 1873 as the terminus of the Northern Pacific railway sealed its destiny as a great city. During the same year a section of the road was completed and opened extending from the north bank of the Columbia River at Kalama toTacoma. The largest towns at that time in the Pacific Northwest were Portland and Victoria. The route between the two was by river steamer from Portland to Kalama, thence by rail toTacoma, and thence by sound steamer to Victoria and intermediate points, Seattle being the largest town on the route. Fourteen years, however, elapsed before the main transcontinental line of the Northern Pacific crossed the Cascades and enteredTacomafrom the east.

Tacoma’spopulation, according to the federal census, the annual school census, the directory lists, and other accepted bases of calculation, has increased as follows:

Mount Tacoma from Point Defiance.

The figures for 1870, 1880 and 1900 above quoted are from the federal census. The number of names of individuals, exclusive of all names of firms, corporations, buildings and the like, in the city directory for 1900, published by R. L. Polk & Co., was 16,951. The district canvassed for the city directory includes the immediate suburbs, which are to all intents and purposes a part of the community. The ratio between the number of names in the directory of 1900 and the population of the city and immediate suburbs, as shown by the last federal census, was 1 to 2½. The number of names of individuals in theTacomacity directory in 1900 and subsequent years with the population as indicated by the use of the multiplier 2½ is as follows:

*Federal enumeration, 42,311.

1—Tacoma Hotel and Totem Pole.2—Tacoma Theatre.3—Northern Pacific Headquarters Building.4—Tacoma Chamber of Commerce Building.

This estimate of population in 1904 is confirmed by the annual school census returns. The school census of 1904 for school district number 10, which is coextensive with the city limits, reports 13,389 children of school age residing in the district, as compared with 9,443 in 1900. The census of the districts contiguous to the city and embracing its immediate suburbs show a school population in 1904 of 1,426, as compared with 646 in 1900. The use of the multiplier 4½ applied to the school census returns, indicates a population within the city limits in 1904 of 60,250 and in the city and its immediate suburbs of 66,667. Other cities in the state employ a larger multiplier than 4½ to estimate population from their school census returns. For example, Seattle applies the multiplier 6½, and Spokane 5¾ to their school census returns in order to confirm their liberal estimates of population.Tacomais content to employ a safe and conservative method of calculation.

Postoffice receipts more than confirm the foregoing estimates as toTacoma’sgrowth and present population. The receipts of theTacomapostoffice for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, were $113,599, as compared with $63,928 for the year ending June 30, 1900. The increase in postoffice receipts is at the rate of 14.7 per cent. in one year; 28.2 per cent. in two years; 53.7 per cent. in three years and 77.4 per cent. in four years. The increase in population as above shown by an increase of 10,011 in the number of names in the city directory is at the considerably lower rate of 59.0 per cent. in four years.

Tacoma’srapid growth is attributable to two principal causes. First, the industrial, and second, the commercial development of the city. There are abundant grounds for the prediction thatTacomawill not only continue to hold her position as the leading manufacturing city in the State of Washington, but will rapidly become one of the greatest industrial centers in the world.Tacomapossesses unequalled facilities for manufacturing in several important fields of industry. The first superior advantage is abundance of cheap power; the second is the possession or command of the raw materials, and the third is direct transportation facilities placing her in touch with the markets of the world.

Some New Buildings.1—Masonic Temple and Hoska Building.2—Rhodes Bros. Department Store.3—Hyson Apartments.4—Provident Life & Trust Company’s Building.

Some New Buildings.

Mr. E. W. Parker, of the United States Geological Survey, who served by appointment of President Roosevelt as one of the anthracite strike arbitrators, recently called the attention of the Washington State Press Association to the fact that Pennsylvania, Illinois, Colorado and Washington are the chief coal-producing States in the four longitudinal sections or belts of the United States from east to west and that each of these States takes the lead in manufacturing among all the States in its section. Washington has incalculable supplies of coal of excellent quality for producing heat and generating steam. The coal is stored in the Cascade Mountains and the mines of Pierce, Kittitas and Southern King Counties are in close and direct railway communication withTacoma. It is said that the cars loaded with coal at fifty mine openings in Western Washington, would run by gravity intoTacomaby simply unloosening the brakes.Tacomahas huge bunkers for coaling steamships and a line of colliers plies constantly between this port and San Francisco. The best, if not the only coking coal yet mined in Washington is found in abundance in Pierce County within thirty miles ofTacoma. But fuel from the waste of the great lumber mills is so abundant and cheap inTacomathat the tremendous advantage of her proximity to the rich coal fields of Washington is not as yet fully realized.

Of even greater value than her coal as a factor in the industrial development ofTacomais the utilization of the enormous water power which has its origin and source in the snow-capped and glacier-buttressed dome of Mount Tacoma. The mountain from whichTacomatakes her name is an inexhaustible reservoir of power whose efficiency is immeasurable.Tacomalies at its feet and is the natural outlet and market for its harnessed energies.

Science has discovered the means for the conversion of water power into electrical energy transmissible over a wire from the place of its generation to a convenient point for its application and use. There is a loss in transmission which increases with the distance. ThereforeTacoma, which is the nearest seaport and railway terminal to the mountain from whose dizzy heights torrents of water rush ceaselessly to the sea level, is favored by her geographical position in the use of this power. There are numerous streams which make a descent of thousands of feet within fifty miles of the city. Capital has been enlisted and freely expended in the work of generating power for industrial and transportation purposes, besides current for light and heat.

Puget Sound Power Company’s Plant.1—Power House, 3 Units In Operation.2—View of Flume Line.3—Penstock Line and Power House.4—Placing Water Wheel and Rotor Shaft in Bearings.5—Intake and Dam at Head Works.

Puget Sound Power Company’s Plant.

The largest plant in the world for the generation of electric current by water power, with the single exception of the power plant at Niagara Falls, has been installed during the last eighteen months by the Puget Sound Power Company, ofTacoma, at Electron, twenty-eight miles southeast ofTacoma, near Lake Kapowsin, on the Tacoma Eastern railroad. The work of installing the power plant at Electron was commenced early in 1903. The first unit of 5,000-horse power was ready for trial on April 14, 1904, and before the end of July, 1904, four 5,000-horse power units, making a total of 20,000-horse power, were completely installed and in commercial operation. The Puget Sound Power Company is owned by Messrs. Stone & Webster, of Boston, who control and operate the Tacoma Railway & Power Company, the Tacoma and Seattle Interurban railway and the Seattle Electric Railway Company. The plant at Electron was installed in order to furnish power for operation of the urban, suburban and interurban railways of the Puget Sound cities and to market the surplus to other power consumers.

A page of illustrations is here presented showing, from recent photographs, some of the principal features of the power plant at Electron. The water for the plant is taken from the south fork of the Puyallup River, below its junction with the Mowich, thirty-five miles fromTacomaand 1,800 feet above sea level. The river at this point drains five of the largest glaciers of Mount Tacoma. A low dam has been constructed, shown in the photograph of the headworks, whence the water is conducted by a flume eight feet wide and eight feet deep, following the contour of the river canyon and descending at the rate of seven feet to the mile, ten miles and a half to a reservoir covering twenty-one acres and averaging twenty feet in depth, on the crest of the hill above the power house. The reservoir holds in reserve ten hours’ supply for the power plant. The water is dropped from the reservoir to the power house through four steel pipes or penstock lines, 1,700 feet in length, erected on the slope of the canyon at an angle of about 45 degrees. A fall of 887 feet and a pressure of 400 pounds to the square inch is thus secured. Four million pounds of steel pipe were required for the penstock line, each cylinder being four feet in diameter at the top and reducing to two seven-inch nozzles for each pipe. The water issues from the nozzles at a speed of about three miles a minute and is applied to four impulse water-wheels specially constructed for the purpose. The present electrical installation includes four generators, each of 3,500 kilowatts capacity. The flume, the reservoir, the forebay, the slope for the penstock line and the site for the power house have been constructed or prepared with a view of adding to the capacity of the plant. The west wall of the power house shown in the illustration is temporary, in contemplation of its extension and the installation of from two to four additional 5,000-horse power units as soon as required.

The present plant is abundantly supplied with water by the flume filled to a depth of three feet. The water passes through the flume at the rate of seven miles an hour. There is abundance of water for the operation of the plant in the Puyallup River at all seasons of the year, as the river is fed by torrents from the glaciers in the dry season and by copious rains in the winter.

Views in Tacoma’s Parks.1—Superintendent Roberts’ Lodge at Point Defiance Park.2—The Sound from Point Defiance Park.3—Glimpse In Wright Park.4—The Beach at Point Defiance.5—Spanaway Park.

Views in Tacoma’s Parks.

The Puget Sound Power Company, ofTacoma, has a large surplus of power above the requirements of the electric railways controlled by Stone & Webster. This power is already used to pump water from the new driven wells at SouthTacomafor the city ofTacoma, also to operate the great railway construction and repair plant of the Northern Pacific railway at SouthTacoma, the new packing house plant of the Carstens Packing Company on the tideflats, the large grain warehouses and elevators between the Eleventh Street bridge and the Government warehouse on the city waterway, numerous furniture factories, machine shops, pipe and iron foundries, and a large number of stationary motors for miscellaneous enterprises atTacoma, besides supplying current for light and power in the valley towns betweenTacomaand Seattle and the latter city. The transmission line from Electron toTacomais twenty-eight miles in length, while the distance from the plant to Seattle is forty-eight miles.

Snoqualmie Falls, 270 Feet High.

The colossal power plant at Electron is not the only enterprise of its kind that is contributing to the industrial growth ofTacoma. The Cascade Mountains are the source of many rivers which have filed out deep canyons and here and there plunge over lofty precipices seeking ocean level in Puget Sound not many miles away. The first of the waterfalls in the foothills of the Cascades to be harnessed to generate electric power for transmission to the Puget Sound cities was Snoqualmie Falls, 270 feet in height, or nearly twice as high as the falls of the Niagara River. A plant generating 10,000-horse power was installed at Snoqualmie Falls about four years ago, a large share of the product of which is transmitted toTacoma, forty-four miles distant, where it is employed for city lighting and important industrial purposes, such as supplying power to the Tacoma Smelter, Tacoma Grain Company’s flour mills, and many other manufacturing enterprises.

1—Union Club House.2—Telephone Exchange.3—Sheard Building.4—New Public Library.

A fire destroyed the transformer house at the Snoqualmie Falls power plant September 20, 1903. A new fire-proof transformer house has been erected in which four transformers of 2,500 kilowatts, or about 3,300-horse power each, have been installed in place of a battery of thirteen 550 kilowatt transformers, thus increasing the capacity of the transformers by more than 4,000-horse power.

The product of the Snoqualmie power plant was in use up to its limit when the fire of September, 1903, occurred, and the Tacoma Cataract Company, distributors of the Snoqualmie power in this city, had already begun the construction of an auxiliary steam power plant on the tideflats atTacoma, which was completed and placed in operation December 20, 1903. It adds 1,500-horse power to the product of the Snoqualmie Falls power plant employed atTacoma.

The inadequacy of the Snoqualmie Falls power plant to meet the demand for power for municipal and industrial purposes atTacoma, prompted its owners to undertake a much larger enterprise, which will result in the construction of still another mammoth power plant within ten miles of the city ofTacoma.

The plan which is being carried out by what is known as the White River Power Company, is to divert the White River about half a mile above the town of Buckley into a canal, beginning at this point and extending a distance of about five miles across the tableland to Lake Tapps. The canal is being excavated like an ordinary railway cut out of the solid gravel, hardpan or earth or whatever the geological formation happens to be. It will be thirty feet in width on the bottom and fifty-five feet wide at the top and eight feet deep. Dams are to be constructed at the low points on the northerly side of Lake Tapps so that the lake can be raised to a level thirty-five feet higher than the present, which will cause the lake to overflow and merge with Kirtley Lake, Crawford Lake and Kelly Lake, covering all the intervening bottom lands and valleys so that the total area thus submerged and overflowed will exceed 4,000 acres of land. This lake may be drawn down thirty feet. This reservoir will be supplied by the flood waters of White River and will be drawn out through the water wheels during the season of low water, and by thus equalizing the flow of the river will make the power plant capable of a continuous development of 100,000-horse power. The reservoir will permit the plant to run at full load for several months, even if White River were to run dry or the use of the supply canal were to be discontinued for that length of time.

1—Puget Sound Flouring Mills.2—Pacific Brewing Company’s Plant.3—Dry Dock at Quartermaster Harbor.4—Power House of White River Power Company.

The water from this enlarged lake reservoir will be led through a channel into a masonry penstock whence pressure pipes will conduct it down a declivity to the site of the power house, within ten miles ofTacoma, giving a fall of 485 feet. At the foot of these pipes the power house, 105×250 feet, will be constructed, as shown on the opposite page, and the water will thence be released into the Stuck River. A short transmission line will conduct the power to the Tacoma Cataract Company building in this city, whence a large share of the present output of the Snoqualmie Falls power plant is now distributed to consumers, public and private, inTacoma.

Nisqually River at Its Source in a Glacier.

There are many other rivers or streams fed by the glaciers and snows of Mount Tacoma which may and will be utilized for generating electrical power as rapidly as required. The Tacoma Industrial Company has recently bought a continuous strip four miles in length, including the White River, and is making preparations to install a 15,000-horse power plant twelve miles fromTacoma. The Nisqually River, which flows into the Sound south ofTacoma, has enormous undeveloped power resources. Within thirty miles ofTacoma, at Le Grand, a station on the Tacoma Eastern, on the brink of the Nisqually Canyon, is an available and accessible water power capable of generating 30,000-horse power.Tacomacommands the use of from 150,000 to 200,000-horse power as soon as required.

NO OTHER SEAPORT IN THE WORLD HAS SUCH ABUNDANT RESOURCES OF CHEAP POWER FOR MANUFACTURING PURPOSES.

POWER IS BEING DELIVERED TO THE CITY OF TACOMA FOR PUMPING AND LIGHTING PURPOSES AT THE LOWEST CONTRACT PRICES AT WHICH POWER IS OBTAINED AT ANY CITY IN THE WORLD.

MANUFACTURERS AT TACOMA ARE OBTAINING ELECTRIC POWER AT A LOWER PRICE THAN THAT AT WHICH POWER IS OBTAINABLE AT ANY OTHER TIDEWATER PORT IN THE UNITED STATES.

TACOMA IS THE ELECTRIC CITY OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

Tacoma Smelter.

Another important factor inTacoma’sindustrial development, past, present and future, is its proximity and convenient access to the natural products or raw materials employed in manufacturing.Tacomais the point at which the leading staple products of Washington are chiefly assembled for manufacture and distribution. The resources of “Wonderful Washington” are manifold. The products of the mines, the forests, the farms and ranches, and of the waters are of untold value to the world.Tacoma’sgeographical position is such that she commands these products as does no other point in the pacific Northwest. The great Olympic Peninsula between Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean is surrounded by water on three sides. Railroads are required to bring its products to tidewater, andTacoma, at the head of ocean navigation on the Sound, is in closest proximity of all the Sound ports to this section rich in timber and mineral resources. South, southeast, east and northeast ofTacomaare equally rich sections of territory extending from the Sound on the north and west to the Columbia River on the south and to the ridge line of the Cascade Mountains on the east, whose treasures of agricultural, mineral and forest wealth must seek the markets of the world through this port.Tacomais the natural and exclusive outlet for the products of this region. Six steam and four electric railway lines radiating fromTacoma, and numerous steamers plying betweenTacomaand the island and mainland ports of the Sound afford transportation facilities for the traffic of the immediate and more remote regions tributary to the city. Across and beyond the mountain passes lie the Yakima Valley, the “Inland Empire,” and the greater domain of the United States whose products seeking trans-pacific markets pass through this natural gateway to the Orient.

Puget Sound is 300 miles nearer Japan, Manila and the Orient than San Francisco. It is 800 miles nearer Alaska than the Golden Gate. Ores for the Tacoma Smelter are brought by rail from Eastern Washington and by water from Alaska; from the islands along the coast of British North America; from British Columbia, Korea, Straits Settlements, Mexico and Central America. Foreign products brought across the pacific for manufacture in the United States, such as raw silk from China and Japan and hemp from Manila, are landed atTacoma. The rail and water transportation facilities which unite atTacoma, coupled with its command of raw materials and its wonderful resources of power and coal, make this city a most exceptionally favored point for manufacturing.

Homes of Tacoma Banks.1—Equitable Building.2—National Bank of Commerce Building.3—Berlin Building.4—Luzon Building.5—Fidelity Trust Company’s Building.

Homes of Tacoma Banks.

A resume ofTacoma’ssuperior advantages for manufacturing would be incomplete without reference to its abundant supply of manufacturing sites. There are twelve square miles of tide and river flats immediately east of the city which, owing to a combination of circumstances, were until recently incapable of private ownership and occupation. At the south end or head of Commencement Bay there is a level plain traversed near its westerly side by the Puyallup River. The lands on the easterly side of the river were for many years set apart by the government as a part of the Puyallup Indian reservation, but recently these have been sold by order of the government. The King County line extended also to the Puyallup River and the tide and river flats at the head of the bay—most advantageously located for commercial and industrial purposes—being without their jurisdiction, were incapable of improvement by the city or Pierce County. But in 1901 the reservation lands were legally annexed to Pierce County, of whichTacomais the county seat, and the occupation of this enormous area of flat lands adjacent to tidewater has just begun.

A substantial bridge has this year been erected by the city ofTacomaacross the Puyallup River at a convenient point for access to the annexed lands from the manufacturing district which occupies the flats west of the Puyallup River. The federal government has made a complete survey of the harbor ofTacoma, the plans for the improvement of which contemplate the construction of a series of waterways extending from deep water in the bay a considerable distance to the south. The City Waterway, which is being dredged to a width of 550 feet and depths increasing as it approaches the bay from fifteen to thirty feet, under a contract awarded by the federal government in January, 1903, extends as far south as Twenty-third Street, or nearly twenty city blocks from the original harbor line. Miles of additional waterfront and wharves will thus be obtained at the head of the bay, exclusive of the natural shore line some ten miles in extent from Brown’s Point to Point Defiance. Railroads and steamships will have direct and immediate access to the very heart of this district. The acquisition and improvement by the construction of roads, bridges and waterways of 6,000 acres of land immediately adjacent to the city, make it possible for many more manufacturers to secure sites and utilize the limitless power resources ofTacoma, the greatIndustrial City of the Pacific Northwest.

Loading Lumber at Tacoma Mill Company’s Wharf.

Tacomais now the leading manufacturing city of Washington and the Pacific Northwest. The industrial development of the city since 1900 has been phenomenal. According to the federal census there were in 1900 381 manufacturing establishments atTacoma, whose aggregate invested capital was $8,146,691, of which there were 385 proprietors and in whose employ there were 293 salaried officials and clerks and 4,347 wage-earners. Of this total number of wage-earners in manufacturing and mechanical industries atTacoma, 4,104 were men, while only 243 were women or children under the age of 16 years. The total value of the products, including custom work and repairing, of the 381 establishments atTacomafor the year preceding the taking of the census was $12,029,497.

MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED NEW MILLS AND FACTORIES HAVE BEEN ADDED TO THE LIST OF TACOMA’S MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES DURING THE FOUR YEARS THAT HAVE ELAPSED SINCE THE FEDERAL CENSUS WAS TAKEN. THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF MORE THAN TWO NEW FACTORIES EVERY MONTH. MANY OF THE OLDER ESTABLISHMENTS HAVE DOUBLED OR TREBLED THEIR CAPACITY DURING THE SAME PERIOD.

No complete summary of the operations ofTacoma’smanufacturing establishments can be presented for comparison with the census report of 1900. But from written reports submitted to the Tacoma Daily News by some of the leading manufacturing concerns inTacoma, it appears that during the calendar year 1903, one hundred and thirty-five representative manufacturers in the city employed an average of 6,796 wage-earners during the year, while the value of the finished product of these establishments alone for the same year was $28,932,295, and the cost of permanent improvements or additions to the plants during the year was $1,129,550. In other words, 135 out of 500 to 600 establishments that would now be classified by the census as manufacturing concerns in this city employed 2,349 more wage-earners in 1903 than were employed by a total of 389 establishments during the census year, while the value of the output of these 135 establishments in 1903 was nearly two and one-half times as great as the total value of the product of 389 establishments in 1900.

Tacomais the largest lumber manufacturing point on the Pacific Coast. The manufacture of lumber is the most important industry in the Pacific Northwest. In 1900 there were twelve lumber and shingle mills in operation inTacoma. In 1903 there were twenty-two in operation, employing an average of 2,682 wage-earners. The increase in the lumber and shingle output since 1900 may be shown by the following figures, based upon reports from the local mills.

Cut of Tacoma Lumber Mills.

St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company’s Mill and Wheeler-Osgood Company’s New Sash and Door Factory.

The increase in three years in the number of mills engaged in the lumber and shingle industry atTacomais at the rate of 83.3 per cent.; in the lumber cut at the rate of 96.6 per cent.; in the output of shingles at the rate of 94.0 per cent.; and in the value of the product at the rate of 103.0 per cent.

The St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company’s plant on the flats between the City Waterway and the Puyallup River, is the largest saw mill plant in the United States and probably in the world. It was established in 1888. Its original capacity of 300,000 feet per diem has been increased to 500,000 feet by the erection of a second mill since 1900, and during the year 1903 the company cut 122,348,562 feet of fir, spruce, hemlock and cedar and sawed, dried and packed 63,822,000 shingles, its output for the year being valued at $1,761,698. The company operates five logging camps along the Northern Pacific and Tacoma Eastern railways and employs 1,500 men.

The Tacoma Mill Company’s plant on the waterfront at “Old Town” is the second largest lumber plant atTacomain capacity, number of men employed and the value of its output. This company is the successor of the firm of Hanson & Ackerson who established a mill in 1868 on the shore of Commencement Bay where the present plant of the Tacoma Mill Company now stands. The first settlement atTacomawas due to this mill. Its original capacity was 40,000 feet per diem, which has been increased to 300,000 feet, the output for 1903 including 85,824,204 feet of lumber and 42,738,500 shingles, valued at $1,000,000.

RAIL SHIPMENTS OF LUMBER AND SHINGLES FROM THE TACOMA MILLS INCREASED FROM 3,141 CARS IN 1900 TO 6,012 CARS IN 1903, WHILE CARGO SHIPMENTS OF LUMBER INCREASED FROM 77,818,557 FEET IN 1900 TO 129,036,317 FEET IN 1903.

The United States transportDixsailed on May 9, 1903, from this port for Manila with 3,900,156 feet of lumber loaded at twoTacomamill wharves.THIS WAS THE LARGEST LUMBER CARGO EVER LOADED IN THE WORLD.

A large share of the product of theTacomalumber mills is supplied to manufacturers in this city. A long list of industries has developed atTacomain consequence of its pre-eminence as the lumber mart of the State. There are many planing mills and sash, door and blind factories. The largest plant of this description in the State is that of the Wheeler-Osgood Company, on the flats, enlarged and rebuilt since its destruction by fire in September, 1902. Tacoma has large ship yards and builds the largest wooden vessels for sail and steam navigation engaged in the Sound or Coastwise trade to Alaska. There are three car construction and repair plants atTacoma; several furniture factories, including the largest plant in this industry on the Coast, that of the Carman Manufacturing Company, covering six acres; the largest plant in the West for the manufacture of coffins and caskets; also the largest plant in this section of the world for the manufacture of wooden-stave water-pipe, that of the Washington Pipe and Foundry Company. There are several large plants for the manufacture of boxes and box shooks, and a great variety of industrial enterprises for the manufacture of articles chiefly of wood, such as ladders, wheelbarrows, incubators, churns, carriages and wagons, kegs, mantles, pails, tubs, trucks, wooden spoons, and many other articles.

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