_#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 66%; forest and woodland 0%; other 24%
_#_Environment: population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil exhaustion; desertification
_#_Note: landlocked; surrounded by South Africa; Highlands Water Project will control, store, and redirect water to South Africa
_*People#_Population: 1,801,174 (July 1991), growth rate 2.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 78 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 59 years male, 63 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pl.); adjective—Basotho
_#_Ethnic divisions: Sotho 99.7%; Europeans 1,600, Asians 800
_#_Religion: Christian 80%, rest indigenous beliefs
_#_Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
_#_Literacy: 59% (male 44%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1966)
_#_Labor force: 689,000 economically active; 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in South Africa
_#_Organized labor: there are two trade union federations; the government favors formation of a single, umbrella trade union confederation
_*Government#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Lesotho
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Maseru
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohales Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qachas Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka
_#_Independence: 4 October 1966 (from UK; formerly Basutoland)
_#_Constitution: 4 October 1966, suspended January 1970
_#_Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
_#_Executive branch: monarch, chairman of the Military Council, Military Council, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: none—the bicameral Parliament was dissolved following the military coup in January 1986; note—a National Constituent Assembly convened in June 1990 to rewrite the constitution and debate issues of national importance, but it has no legislative authority
_#_Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—King LETSIE III (since 12 November 1990 following dismissal of his father, exiled King MOSHOESHOE II, by Maj. Gen. LEKHANYA);
Head of Government—Chairman of the Military Council Col.Elias Phisoana RAMAEMA (since 30 April 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Basotho National Party (BNP), Matete MAJARA (interim leader);Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu MOKHEHLE;National Independent Party (NIP), A. C. MANYELI;Marematlou Freedom Party (MFP), S. H. MAPHELEBA;United Democratic Party, Charles MOFELI;Communist Party of Lesotho (CPL), Jacob KENYA
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21
_#_Elections:
National Assembly—dissolved following the military coup inJanuary 1986; military has pledged elections will take place in June 1992
_#_Communists: small Lesotho Communist Party
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador W. T. VAN TONDER; Chancery at 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-5 534;
US—Ambassador Leonard H.O. SPEARMAN, Jr.; Embassy at address NA, Maseru (mailing address is P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100); telephone [266] 312666
_#_Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is white bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in the corner
_*Economy#_Overview: Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho has no important natural resources other than water. Its economy is based on agriculture, light manufacturing, and remittances from laborers employed in South Africa ($153 million in 1989). The great majority of households gain their livelihoods from subsistence farming and migrant labor. Manufacturing depends largely on farm products to support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries; other industries include textile, clothing, and light engineering. Industry's share of GDP rose from 6% in 1982 to 15% in 1989. Political and economic instability in South Africa raise uncertainties for Lesotho's economy, especially with respect to migrant worker remittances—over one-third of GDP.
_#_GDP: $420 million, per capita $240; real growth rate 4.0% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 23% (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $280 million; expenditures $288 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.)
_#_Exports: $66 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, baskets;
partners—South Africa 53%, EC 30%, North and South America 13% (1989)
_#_Imports: $499 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum, oil, and lubricants;
partners—South Africa 95%, EC 2% (1989)
_#_External debt: $370 million (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 7.8% (1989 est.); accounts for 15% of GDP
_#_Electricity: power supplied by South Africa
_#_Industries: food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts, tourism
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 18% of GDP and employs 60-70% of all households; exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $268 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $754 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $14 million
_#_Currency: loti (plural—maloti); 1 loti (L) = 100 lisente
_#_Exchange rates: maloti (M) per US$1—2.5625 (January 1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985); note—the Basotho loti is at par with the South African rand
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of South Africa
_#_Highways: 5,167 km total; 508 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 946 km improved earth, 2,128 km unimproved earth
_#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 28 total, 28 usable; 3 with permanent surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: rudimentary system consisting of a few land lines, a small radio relay system, and minor radiocommunication stations; 5,920 telephones; stations—2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Royal Lesotho Defense Force (RLDF; includes Army, Air Wing), Royal Lesotho Mounted Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 394,829; 212,967 fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $55 million, 8.6% of GDP (1990 est.)%@Liberia*Geography#_Total area: 111,370 km2; land area: 96,320 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee
_#_Land boundaries: 1,585 km total; Guinea 563 km, Ivory Coast 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km
_#_Coastline: 579 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Territorial sea: 200 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
_#_Terrain: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and low mountains in northeast
_#_Natural resources: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 39%; other 55%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: West Africa's largest tropical rain forest, subject to deforestation
_*People#_Population: 2,730,446 (July 1991), growth rate 3.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 124 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 59 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Liberian(s); adjective—Liberian
_#_Ethnic divisions: indigenous African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and Bella 95%; descendants of repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians 5%
_#_Religion: traditional 70%, Muslim 20%, Christian 10%
_#_Language: English (official); more than 20 local languages of the Niger-Congo language group; English used by about 20%
_#_Literacy: 40% (male 50%, female 29%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy; agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%; non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age
_#_Organized labor: 2% of labor force
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Liberia
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Monrovia
_#_Administrative divisions: 13 counties; Bomi, Bong, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount, Grand Jide, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba, Rivercess, Sino
_#_Independence: 26 July 1847
_#_Constitution: 6 January 1986
_#_Legal system: dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for indigenous sector
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 26 July (1847)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—interim President Dr. Amos SAWYER (since 15 November 1990); interim Vice President Ronald DIGGS (since 15 November 1990); note—this is an interim government appointed by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) that will be replaced after elections are held under a West African-brokered peace plan; rival rebel factions led by Prince Y. JOHNSON and Charles TAYLOR are challenging the Sawyer government's legitimacy while observing a tenuous cease fire; the former president, Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE, was ousted and killed on 9 September 1990 in a coup led by Prince Y. JOHNSON
_#_Political parties and leaders:National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), Augustus CAINE, chairman;Liberian Action Party (LAP), Emmanuel KOROMAH, chairman;Unity Party (UP), Carlos SMITH, chairman;United People's Party (UPP), Gabriel Baccus MATTHEWS, chairman
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President—last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results—Gen. Dr. Samuel Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%; note—President Doe was killed by rebel forces on 9 September 1990;
Senate—last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(26 total) NDPL 21, LAP 3, UP 1, LUP 1;
House of Representatives—last held on 15 October 1985 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(64 total) NDPL 51, LAP 8, UP 3, LUP 2
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eugenia A. WORDSWORTH-STEVENSON; Chancery at 5201 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 723-0437 through 0440; there is a Liberian Consulate General in New York;
US—Ambassador Peter J. de VOS; Embassy at 111 United NationsDrive, Monrovia (mailing address is P. O. Box 98, Monrovia, or APO NewYork 09155); telephone [231] 222991 through 222994
_#_Flag: 11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag
_*Economy#_Overview: Civil war during 1990 destroyed much of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around Monrovia. Expatriate businessmen fled the country, taking capital and expertise with them. Many will not return. Richly endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter of basic products, while local manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. Political instability threatens prospects for economic reconstruction and repatriation of some 750,000 Liberian refugees who fled to neighboring countries.
_#_GDP: $988 million, per capita $400; real growth rate 1.5% (1988)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 43% urban (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $242.1 million; expenditures $435.4 million, including capital expenditures of $29.5 million (1989)
_#_Exports: $505 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—iron ore 61%, rubber 20%, timber 11%, coffee;
partners—US, EC, Netherlands
_#_Imports: $394 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
commodities—rice, mineral fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, other foodstuffs;
partners—US, EC, Japan, China, Netherlands, ECOWAS
_#_External debt: $1.6 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% in manufacturing (1987); accounts for 22% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 400,000 kW capacity; 730 million kWh produced, 290 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds)
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 40% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); principal products—rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava, palm oil, sugarcane, bananas, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food, imports 25% of rice consumption
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $665 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $853 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $25 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $77 million
_#_Currency: Liberian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1—1.00 (fixed rate since 1940); unofficial parallel exchange rate of L$2.5 = US$1, January 1989
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 152 km 1.067-meter narrow gauge; all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
_#_Highways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bituminous treated, 2,848 km all weather, 4,313 km dry weather; there are also 2,323 km of private, laterite-surfaced roads open to public use, owned by rubber and timber companies
_#_Ports: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville, Harper (or Cape Palmas)
_#_Merchant marine: 1,563 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,053,254 DWT/94,597,871 DWT; includes 18 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 156 cargo, 47 refrigerated cargo, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 67 vehicle carrier, 74 container, 5 barge carrier, 450 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 104 chemical, 60 combination ore/oil, 44 liquefied gas, 6 specialized tanker, 485 bulk, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 30 combination bulk; note—a flag of convenience registry; all ships are foreign owned; the top four owning flags are US 19%, Japan 17%, Hong Kong 12%, and Norway 10%; China owns at least 28 ships, Bulgaria owns 3, and Poland owns 1
_#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 75 total, 58 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph service via radio relay network; main center is Monrovia; 8,500 telephones; stations—3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia (includes Army, Navy, Air Force), Coast Guard, National Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 648,636; 346,349 fit for military service; no conscription
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 2.4% of GDP (1987)%@Libya*Geography#_Total area: 1,759,540 km2; land area: 1,759,540 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
_#_Land boundaries: 4,383 km total; Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km
_#_Coastline: 1,770 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm;
Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32o 30%19 N
_#_Disputes: claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in northern Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria
_#_Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
_#_Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, gypsum
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest and woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural surface-water resources
_#_Note: the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
_*People#_Population: 4,350,742 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Libyan(s); adjective—Libyan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
_#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 97%
_#_Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
_#_Literacy: 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners; industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%
_#_Organized labor: National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000 members; General Union for Oil and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation of Petroleum Energy and Allied Workers
_*Government#_Long-form name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
_#_Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
_#_Capital: Tripoli
_#_Administrative divisions: 46 municipalities (baladiyat,singular—baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al Abyar, AlAziziyah, Al Bayda, Al Jufrah, Al Jumayl, Al Khums, AlKufrah, Al Marj, Al Qarabulli, Al Qubbah, Al Ujaylat, AshShati, Awbari, Az Zahra, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,Bani Walid, Bin Jawwad, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,Ghat, Jadu, Jalu, Janzur, Masallatah, Misratah,Mizdah, Murzuq, Nalut, Qaminis, Qasr Bin Ghashir, Sabha,Sabratah, Shahhat, Surman, Surt, Tajura,Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Tukrah, Yafran, Zlitan,Zuwarah; note—the number of municipalities may have been reduced to13 named Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Al Jabal al-Gharbi, Al Jabal al-Khums, AlBatnam, Al Kufrah, Al Marqab, Al Marzuq, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,Khalij Surt, Sabha, Tripoli, Wadi al-Hayat
_#_Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
_#_Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
_#_Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
_#_Executive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General People's Committee, General People's Committee (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General People's Congress
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969);
Head of Government—Chairman of the General People's Committee(Premier) Abu Zayd Umar DURDA (since 7 October 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
_#_Elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of revolutionary committees
_#_Political parties: none
_#_Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
_#_Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO,G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state religion)
_*Economy#_Overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export earnings and about one-third of GNP. Since 1980, however, the sharp drop in oil prices and the resulting decline in export revenues have adversely affected economic development. In 1988 per capita GNP was the highest in Africa at $5,410, but it had been $2,000 higher in 1982. Severe cutbacks in imports over the past five years have led to shortages of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening of the Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian border in December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. Austerity budgets and a lack of trained technicians have undermined the government's ability to implement a number of planned infrastructure development projects. Windfall profits from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved the foreign payments position and may permit Tripoli to ease austerity measures. The nonoil industrial and construction sectors, which account for about 22% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Although agriculture accounts for less than 5% of GNP, it employs 18% of the labor force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output, requiring Libya to import about 75% of its food requirements.
_#_GNP: $24 billion, per capita $5,860; real growth rate 3% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1988 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1988 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—petroleum, peanuts, hides;
partners—Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg, Turkey
_#_Imports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured goods;
partners—Italy, USSR, FRG, UK, Japan
_#_External debt: $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 43% of GDP (including oil)
_#_Electricity: 4,705,000 kW capacity; 13,600 million kWh produced, 3,220 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
_#_Agriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops—wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $242 million; no longer a recipient
_#_Currency: Libyan dinar (plural—dinars); 1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
_#_Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1—0.2669 (January 1991), 0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987), 0.3139 (1986), 0.2961 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 32,500 km total; 24,000 km bituminous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth
_#_Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; refined products 443 km (includes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
_#_Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa el Brega
_#_Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 807,539 GRT/1,452,847 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker
_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 131 total, 123 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite stations; 370,000 telephones; stations—18 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 14 domestic; submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to Tunisia; tropospheric scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik satellite stations
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahariya (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command), National Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,023,335; 603,886 fit for military service; 52,059 reach military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 11.1% of GNP (1987)%@Liechtenstein*Geography#_Total area: 160 km2; land area: 160 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: 78 km total; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
_#_Coastline: none—landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked
_#_Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
_#_Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
_#_Natural resources: hydroelectric potential
_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 38%; forest and woodland 19%; other 18%
_#_Environment: variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
_#_Note: landlocked
_*People#_Population: 28,476 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Liechtensteiner(s); adjective—Liechtenstein
_#_Ethnic divisions: Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)
_#_Language: German (official), Alemannic dialect
_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can read and write (1981)
_#_Labor force: 12,258; 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria); industry, trade, and building 54.4%; services 41.6%; agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 4.0%
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: Principality of Liechtenstein
_#_Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Vaduz
_#_Administrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden, singular—gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
_#_Independence: 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established
_#_Constitution: 5 October 1921
_#_Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March
_#_Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, head of government, deputy head of government
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Diet (Landtag)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases and Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968);
Head of Government—Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978);Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER;Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Emanuel VOGT;Free Electoral List (FW)
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Diet—last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(25 total) VU 13, FBP 12
_#_Communists: none
_#_Member of: CE, CSCE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO
_#_Diplomatic representation: in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the Swiss Embassy;
US—the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation at Vaduz
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band
_*Economy#_Overview: The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light industry and tourism. Industry accounts for 54% of total employment, the service sector 42% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and forestry 4%. The sale of postage stamps to collectors is estimated at $10 million annually. Low business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000 holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated solely for tax purposes, provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
_#_GDP: $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1989 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 0.1% (December 1986)
_#_Budget: revenues $240 million; expenditures $197 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1988)
_#_Exports: $1.28 billion (1988);
commodities—small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery;
partners—EC 40%, EFTA 22% (Switzerland 18%) (1988)
_#_Imports: $NA;
commodities—machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles;
partners—NA
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced, 5,340 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism
_#_Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural—francs, franken, or franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi
_#_Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1—1.2724 (January 1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986), 2.4571 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
_#_Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
_#_Civil air: no transport aircraft
_#_Airports: none
_#_Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones; stations—no AM, no FM, no TV
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Police Department
_#Note: defense is responsibility of Switzerland%@Luxembourg*Geography#_Total area: 2,586 km2; land area: 2,586 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: 359 km total; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km
_#_Coastline: none—landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked
_#_Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
_#_Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle floodplain in the southeast
_#_Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited)
_#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and woodland 21%; other 34%
_#_Environment: deforestation
_#_Note: landlocked
_*People#_Population: 388,017 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Luxembourger(s); adjective—Luxembourg
_#_Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French and German blend; also guest and worker residents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
_#_Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English
_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
_#_Labor force: 169,600; one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 50%, industry 23.2%, government 14.4%, construction 9%, agriculture 3.4% (1987)
_#_Organized labor: 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated trade unions
_*Government#_Long-form name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Luxembourg
_#_Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg
_#_Independence: 1839
_#_Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: National Day (public celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday), 23 June (1921)
_#_Executive branch: grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes); note—the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies
_#_Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER;Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques POOS;Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH;Communist (KPL), Andre HOFFMANN;Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
_#_Elections:
Chamber of Deputies—last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994); results—CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%; seats—(60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1
_#_Communists: 500 party members (1982)
_#_Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
_#_Member of: ACCT, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA,UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Andre PHILIPPE; Chancery at 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-4171; there are Luxembourg Consulates General in New York and San Francisco;
US—Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City (mailing address is APO New York 09132); telephone [352] 460123
_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands which uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France
_*Economy#_Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified, particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with Belgium on trade and most financial matters and is also closely connected economically to the Netherlands.
_#_GDP: $6.9 billion, per capita $18,000; real growth rate 2.5% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 1.3% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (1988)
_#_Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products, glass, aluminum, other industrial products;
partners—EC 75%, US 5%
_#_Imports: $6.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
commodities—minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods;
partners—Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%
_#_External debt: $131.6 million (1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 1% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced, 3,170 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
_#_Agriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry); principal products—barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; cattle raising widespread
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: Luxembourg franc (plural—francs); 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1—31.102 (January 1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672 (1986), 59.378 (1985); note—the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified
_#_Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway
_#_Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
_#_Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
_#_Ports: Mertert (river port)
_#_Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,731 GRT/2,460 DWT
_#_Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m
_#_Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried cables; 230,000 telephones; stations—2 AM, 4 FM, 6 TV; 2 communication satellite earth stations operating in EUTELSAT and domestic systems
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, National Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 100,476; 83,724 fit for military service; 2,297 reach military age (19) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $90 million, 1.2% of GDP (1990)%@Macau (overseas territory of Portugal)*Geography#_Total area: 16 km2; land area: 16 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundary: 0.34 km with China
_#_Coastline: 40 km
_#_Maritime claims: not known
_#_Disputes: scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999
_#_Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
_#_Terrain: generally flat
_#_Natural resources: negligible
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%
_#_Environment: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect the two islands to the peninsula on mainland
_#_Note: 27 km west southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of China
_*People#_Population: 446,262 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Macanese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Macau
_#_Ethnic divisions: Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%
_#_Religion: Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none 45.8%, other 1.2% (1981)
_#_Language: Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of commerce
_#_Literacy: 90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
_#_Labor force: 180,000 (1986)
_#_Organized labor: none
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China in 1999
_#_Capital: Macau
_#_Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular—concelho); Ilhas, Macau
_#_Independence: none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20 December 1999; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after transition
_#_Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau
_#_Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
_#_National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
_#_Executive branch: president of Portugal, governor, Consultative Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
Head of Government—Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA (since 20 March 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Association to Defend the Interests of Macau;Macau Democratic Center;Group to Study the Development of Macau;Macau Independent Group
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Legislative Assembly—last held on 9 November 1988 (next to be held November 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(17 total; 6 elected by universal suffrage, 6 by indirect suffrage) number of seats by party NA
_#_Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over administration
_#_Member of: GATT, WTO (associate)
_#_Diplomatic representation: as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration, Macanese interests in the US are represented by Portugal;
US—the US has no offices in Macau and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong
_#_Flag: the flag of Portugal is used
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling), and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small industries—toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has provided about two-thirds of export earnings. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods.
_#_GDP: $2.9 billion, per capita $6,560; real growth rate 6% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (1989 est.);
commodities—textiles, clothing, toys;
partners—US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)
_#_Imports: $1.6 billion (1989 est.);
commodities—raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods;
partners—Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987)
_#_External debt: $91 million (1985)
_#_Industrial production: NA
_#_Electricity: 203,000 kW capacity; 495 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture, tourism
_#_Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages—rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: pataca (plural—patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
_#_Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1—8.03 (1989), 8.044 (1988), 7.993 (1987), 8.029 (1986), 8.045 (1985); note—linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 42 km paved