_#_GDP: $2.0 billion, per capita $270; real growth rate - 3.3% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 2.8% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $220 million; expenditures $446 million, including capital expenditures of $190 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $308 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—uranium 75%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions;
partners—France 65%, Nigeria 11%, Ivory Coast, Italy
_#_Imports: $386 million (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
commodities—petroleum products, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical products, cereals, foodstuffs;
partners—France 32%, Ivory Coast 11%, Germany 5%, Italy 4%, Nigeria 4%
_#_External debt: $1.8 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 102,000 kW capacity; 225 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses, and a few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971
_#_Agriculture: accounts for roughly 40% of GDP and 90% of labor force; cash crops—cowpeas, cotton, peanuts; food crops—millet, sorghum, cassava, rice; livestock—cattle, sheep, goats; self-sufficient in food except in drought years
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $380 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $3.0 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $504 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $61 million
_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
_*Communications#_Highways: 39,970 km total; 3,170 km bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite, 3,470 km earthen, 23,000 km tracks
_#_Inland waterways: Niger river is navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 31 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: small system of wire, radiocommunications, and radio relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 11,900 telephones; stations—15 AM, 5 FM, 16 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and 4 domestic
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, paramilitaryRepublican Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard, paramilitary NationalPolice
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,713,566; 923,634 fit for military service; 90,801 reach military age (18) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $20.6 million, 0.9% of GDP (1988)%@Nigeria*Geography#_Total area: 923,770 km2; land area: 910,770 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California
_#_Land boundaries: 4,047 km total; Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km
_#_Coastline: 853 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 30 nm
_#_Disputes: demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; Nigerian proposals to reopen maritime boundary negotiations and redemarcate the entire land boundary have been rejected by Cameroon
_#_Climate: varies—equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
_#_Terrain: southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in southeast, plains in north
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas
_#_Land use: arable land 31%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 15%; other 28%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: recent droughts in north severely affecting marginal agricultural activities; desertification; soil degradation, rapid deforestation
_*People#_Population: 122,470,574 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 118 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Nigerian(s); adjective—Nigerian
_#_Ethnic divisions: more than 250 tribal groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Ibos of the southeast make up 65% of the population; about 27,000 non-Africans
_#_Religion: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%
_#_Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other languages also widely used
_#_Literacy: 51% (male 62%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 42,844,000; agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
_#_Organized labor: 3,520,000 wage earners belong to 42 recognized trade unions, which come under a single national labor federation—the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
_*Government#_Long-form name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
_#_Type: military government since 31 December 1983
_#_Capital: Lagos; note—some government departments have relocated to the designated new capital in Abuja
_#_Administrative divisions: 21 states and 1 territory*;Abuja Capital Territory*, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bendel, Benue,Borno, Cross River, Gongola, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kwara, Lagos,Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto
_#_Independence: 1 October 1960 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 1 October 1979, amended 9 February 1984, revised 1989
_#_Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic, and tribal law
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1960)
_#_Executive branch: president of the Armed Forces Ruling Council, Armed Forces Ruling Council, National Council of State, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: National Assembly was dissolved after the military coup of 31 December 1983
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Court of Appeal
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—President and Commander inChief of Armed Forces Gen. Ibrahim BABANGIDA (since 27 August 1985)
_#_Political parties and leaders: two political parties established by the government in 1989—Social Democratic Party (SDP) and National Republican Convention (NRC)
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21
_#_Elections:
President—scheduled for 1 October 1992;
National Assembly—scheduled for early 1992
_#_Communists: the pro-Communist underground consists of a small fraction of the Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor organization but have little influence on the government
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77,GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC,PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamzat AHMADU; Chancery at 2201 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 822-1500; there are Nigerian Consulates General in Atlanta, New York and San Francisco;
US—Ambassador Lannon WALKER; Embassy at 2 Eleke Crescent, Victoria Island, Lagos (mailing address is P. O. Box 554, Lagos); telephone [234] (1) 610097; there is a US Consulate General in Kaduna
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green
_*Economy#_Overview: Although Nigeria is Africa's leading oil-producing country, it remains poor with a $280 per capita GDP. In 1990, despite rising oil prices and a sharp drop in inflation, performance remained slack with continuing underutilization of industrial capacity and a second year of relatively weak agricultural performance. Agricultural production was up only 4.2% in 1990, still below the 1987 level. Industrial output showed a 7.2% increase, but remained below the 1985 level. Government efforts to reduce Nigeria's dependence on oil exports and to sustain noninflationary growth have fallen short due to inadequate new investment funds. Living standards continue to deteriorate from the higher level of the early 1980s oil boom.
_#_GDP: $27.2 billion, per capita $230; real growth rate 2.7% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $8.0 billion; expenditures $8.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities—oil 95%, cocoa, rubber;
partners—EC 51%, US 32%
_#_Imports: $9.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities—consumer goods, capital equipment, chemicals, raw materials;
partners—EC, US
_#_External debt: $35 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 7.2% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP, including petroleum
_#_Electricity: 4,737,000 kW capacity; 11,270 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: crude oil and mining—coal, tin, columbite; primary processing industries—palm oil, peanut, cotton, rubber, wood, hides and skins; manufacturing industries—textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics, steel
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 28% of GNP and half of labor force; inefficient small-scale farming dominates; once a large net exporter of food and now an importer; cash crops—cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, rubber; food crops—corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, yams; livestock—cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; fishing and forestry resources extensively exploited
_#_Illicit drugs: illicit heroin and some cocaine trafficking; marijuana cultivation for domestic consumption and export; major transit country for heroin en route from Southwest Asia via Africa to Western Europe and the US; growing transit route for cocaine from South America via West Africa to Western Europe and the US
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $705 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.2 billion
_#_Currency: naira (plural—naira); 1 naira (4) = 100 kobo
_#_Exchange rates: naira (4) per US$1—8.707 (December 1990), 8.038 (1990), 7.3647 (1989), 4.5370 (1988), 4.0160 (1987), 1.7545 (1986), 0.8938 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
_#_Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous-surface treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unimproved
_#_Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue Rivers and smaller rivers and creeks
_#_Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 500 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined products
_#_Ports: Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele
_#_Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 420,658 GRT/668,951 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 bulk
_#_Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 81 total, 68 usable; 32 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: above-average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in progress; radio relay and cable routes; 155,000 telephones; stations—37 AM, 19 FM, 38 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, domestic, with 19 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 28,070,431; 16,040,870 fit for military service; 1,302,970 reach military age (18) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $300 million, 1% of GNP (1990 est.)%@Niue (free association with New Zealand)*Geography#_Total area: 260 km2; land area: 260 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 64 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
_#_Terrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau
_#_Natural resources: fish, arable land
_#_Land use: arable land 61%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 19%; other 12%
_#_Environment: subject to typhoons
_#_Note: one of world's largest coral islands; located about 460 km east of Tonga
_*People#_Population: 1,908 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Niuean(s); adjective—Niuean
_#_Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans
_#_Religion: Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean Church)—a Protestant church closely related to the London Missionary Society 75%, Mormon 10%, Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%
_#_Language: Polynesian tongue closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 14
_#_Labor force: 1,000 (1981 est.); most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand; Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs
_#_Capital: Alofi
_#_Administrative divisions: none
_#_Independence: became a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand on 19 October 1974
_#_Constitution: 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
_#_Legal system: English common law
_#_National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty), 6 February (1840)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, premier, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Appeal Court of New Zealand, High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by New Zealand Representative John SPRINGFORD (since 1974);
Head of Government—Premier Sir Robert R. REX (since NA October 1974)
_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
_#_Political parties and leaders: Niue Island Party (NIP), Young VIVIAN
_#_Elections:
Legislative Assembly—last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held March 1993); results—percent of vote NA; seats—(20 total, 6 elected) independents 5, NIP 1
_#_Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)
_#_Flag: yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars—a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of the bold red cross
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on aid from New Zealand. Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, with the shortfall made up by grants from New Zealand—the grants are used to pay wages to public employees. The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration of Niueans to New Zealand.
_#_GNP: $2.1 million, per capita $1,000; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1984)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $5.5 million; expenditures $6.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY85 est.)
_#_Exports: $175,274 (f.o.b., 1985);
commodities—canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products, pawpaw, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts;
partners—NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia
_#_Imports: $3.8 million (c.i.f., 1985);
commodities—food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs;
partners—NZ 59%, Fiji 20%, Japan 13%, Western Samoa, Australia, US
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 1,500 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 1,490 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourist, handicrafts
_#_Agriculture: copra, coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes; subsistence crops—taro, yams, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $62 million
_#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural—dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1—1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Highways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106 km access and plantation roads
_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m
_#_Telecommunications: single-line telephone system connects all villages on island; 383 telephones; 1,000 radio receivers (1987 est.); stations—1 AM, 1 FM, no TV
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Police Force
_#Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand%@Norfolk Island (territory of Australia)*Geography#_Total area: 34.6 km2; land area: 34.6 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 32 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
_#_Climate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
_#_Terrain: volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains
_#_Natural resources: fish
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 0%; other 75%
_#_Environment: subject to typhoons (especially May to July)
_#_Note: located 1,575 km east of Australia in the South Pacific Ocean
_*People#_Population: 2,576 (July 1991), growth rate NEGL% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Norfolk Islander(s); adjective—Norfolk Islander(s)
_#_Ethnic divisions: descendants of the Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian and New Zealand settlers
_#_Religion: Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia 16.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown 16.9%, other 2.4% (1986)
_#_Language: English (official) and Norfolk—a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: Territory of Norfolk Island
_#_Type: territory of Australia
_#_Capital: Kingston (administrative center), Burnt Pine (commercial center)
_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)
_#_Independence: none (territory of Australia)
_#_Constitution: Norfolk Island Act of 1957
_#_Legal system: wide legislative and executive responsibility under the Norfolk Island Act of 1979; Supreme Court
_#_National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day Anniversary, 8 June (1856)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Executive Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Administrator H. B. MACDONALD (since NA 1989), who is appointed by the Governor General of Australia;
Head of Government—Assembly President and Chief Minister JohnTerence BROWN (since NA)
_#_Political parties and leaders: NA
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Legislative Assembly—last held 1989 (held every three years); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(9 total) percent of seats by party NA
_#_Member of: none
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)
_#_Flag: three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider white band
_*Economy#_Overview: The primary economic activity is tourism, which has brought a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific Islands. The number of visitors has increased steadily over the years and reached 29,000 in FY89. Revenues from tourism have given the island a favorable balance of trade and helped the agricultural sector to become self-sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and eggs.
_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $4.2 million, including capital expenditures of $400,000 (FY89)
_#_Exports: $1.7 million (f.o.b., FY86);
commodities—postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia Palm, small quantities of avocados;
partners—Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
_#_Imports: $15.6 million (c.i.f., FY86);
commodities—NA;
partners—Australia, Pacific Islands, NZ, Asia, Europe
_#_External debt: NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism
_#_Agriculture: Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables, fruit, cattle, poultry
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53 km of sealed roads; remainder are earth formed or coral surfaced
_#_Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade
_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (Australian owned)
_#_Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers (1982); radio link service with Sydney; 987 telephones (1983); stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia%@Northern Mariana Islands (commonwealth associated with the US)*Geography#_Total area: 477 km2; land area: 477 km2; includes Saipan, Rota, and Tinian
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 1,482 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 3 nm
_#_Climate: tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to July, rainy season July to October
_#_Terrain: southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic; highest elevation is 471 meters (Mt. Tagpochu on Saipan)
_#_Natural resources: arable land, fish
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%
_#_Environment: Mt. Pagan is an active volcano (last erupted in October 1988); subject to typhoons during the rainy season
_#_Note: strategic location 5,635 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and the Philippines
_*People#_Population: 23,494 (July 1991), growth rate 3.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: undetermined
_#_Ethnic divisions: Chamorro majority; Carolinians and other Micronesians; Spanish, German, Japanese admixtures
_#_Religion: Christian with a Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found
_#_Language: English, but Chamorro and Carolinian are also spoken in the home and taught in school
_#_Literacy: 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
_#_Labor force: 12,788 local; 18,799 foreign workers (1990 est.)
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*Government#_Long-form name: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
_#_Type: commonwealth associated with the US and administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior
_#_Capital: Saipan
_#_Administrative divisions: none
_#_Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)
_#_Constitution: Covenant Agreement effective 3 November 1986
_#_Legal system: NA
_#_National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)
_#_Executive branch: governor, lieutenant governor
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislature consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989);Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);
Head of Government—Governor Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO(since NA 1990);Lieutenant Governor Benjamin T. MANGLONA (since NA 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Alonzo IGISOMAR; Democratic Party, Felicidad OGUMORO
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
_#_Elections:
Governor—last held on NA November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results—Lorenzo I. DeLeon GUERRERO, Republican Party, was elected governor;
Senate—last held on NA November 1989 (next to be held November 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(9 total) number of seats by party NA;
House of Representatives—last held on NA November 1989 (next to be held November 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(15 total) number of seats by party NA;
US House of Representatives—last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(1 total) party of nonvoting delegate NA
_#_Member of: ESCAP (associate), SPC
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: blue with a white five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the US. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitles the islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special programs. Another major source of income is the tourist industry, which employs about 10% of the work force. The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Industry is small scale in nature—mostly handicrafts and fish processing.
_#_GNP: $165 million, per capita $9,170; real growth rate NA% (1982)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $70.6 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987)
_#_Exports: $153.9 million (1989);
commodities—manufactured goods, garments;
partners—NA
_#_Imports: $313.7 million, a 43% increase over previous year (1989);
commodities—NA;
partners—NA
_#_External debt: none
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: tourism, construction, light industry, handicrafts
_#_Agriculture: coffee, coconuts, fruits, tobacco, cattle
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: US currency is used
_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used
_#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
_*Communications#_Highways: 300 km total (53 km primary, 55 km secondary, 192 km local)
_#_Ports: Saipan, Rota, Tinian
_#_Airports: 6 total, 4 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: stations—2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of the US%@Norway*Geography#_Total area: 324,220 km2; land area: 307,860 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico
_#_Land boundaries: 2,544 km total; Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, USSR 196 km
_#_Coastline: 21,925 km (3,419 km mainland; 2,413 km large islands; 16,093 km long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations)
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 10 nm;
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 4 nm
_#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with USSR; territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen
_#_Climate: temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior; rainy year-round on west coast
_#_Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
_#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and woodland 27%; other 70%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: air and water pollution; acid rain
_#_Note: strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway and Turkey only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR
_*People#_Population: 4,273,442 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Norwegian(s); adjective—Norwegian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Lapps
_#_Religion: Evangelical Lutheran (state church) 87.8%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980)
_#_Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 6.4% (1989)
_#_Organized labor: 66% of labor force (1985)
_*Government#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Norway
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Oslo
_#_Administrative divisions: 19 provinces (fylker, singular—fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
_#_Independence: 26 October 1905 (from Sweden)
_#_Constitution: 17 May 1814, modified in 1884
_#_Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
_#_Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, State Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Stortinget) with an Upper Chamber (Lagting) and a Lower Chamber (Odelsting)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hoiesterett)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); HeirApparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Labor, Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND;Conservative, Kaci Kullmann FIVE;Center Party, Anne Enger LAHNSTEIN;Christian People's, Kjell Magne BONDEVIK;Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM;Norwegian Communist, Kare Andre NILSEN;Progress, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Arne FJORTOFT;Finnmark List, leader NA
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Storting—last held on 11 September 1989 (next to be held 6 September 1993); results—Labor 34.3%, Conservative 22.2%, Progress 13.0%, Socialist Left 10.1%, Christian People's 8.5%, Center Party 6.6%, Finnmark List 0.3%, other 5%; seats—(165 total) Labor 63, Conservative 37, Progress 22, Socialist Left 17, Christian People's 14, Center Party 11, Finnmark List 1
_#_Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)
_#_Member of: AfDB, AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD,ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU,WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kjeld VIBE; Chancery at 2720 34th Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-6000; there are Norwegian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Miami and New Orleans;
US—Ambassador Loret Miller RUPPE; Embassy at Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2 (mailing address is APO New York 09085); telephone [47] (2) 44-85-50
_#_Flag: red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
_*Economy#_Overview: Norway is a prosperous capitalist nation with the resources to finance extensive welfare measures. Since 1975 exploitation of large crude oil and natural gas reserves has helped maintain high growth; for the past five years growth has averaged 4.1%, the fourth-highest among OECD countries. Growth slackened in 1987-88 partially because of the sharp drop in world oil prices, but picked up again in 1989. The Brundtland government plans to push hard on environmental issues, as well as cutting unemployment, improving child care, upgrading major industries, and negotiating an EC - European Free Trade Association (EFTA) agreement on an Economic European Area.
_#_GDP: $74.2 billion, per capita $17,400; real growth rate 3.1% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.1% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 5.2% (1990, excluding people in job-training programs)
_#_Budget: revenues $47.9 billion; expenditures $48.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990)
_#_Exports: $33.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities—petroleum and petroleum products 25%, natural gas 11%, fish 7%, aluminum 6%, ships 3.5%, pulp and paper;
partners—EC 64.9%, Nordic countries 19.5%, developing countries 6.9%, US 6.2%, Japan 1.7% (1990)
_#_Imports: $26.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities—machinery, fuels and lubricants, transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing, ships;
partners—EC 46.3%, Nordic countries 25.7%, developing countries 14.3%, US 8.1%, Japan 4.7% (1990)
_#_External debt: $15 billion (December 1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1990)
_#_Electricity: 26,735,000 kW capacity; 121,685 million kWh produced, 28,950 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 2.8% of GNP and 6.4% of labor force; among world's top 10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989
_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion
_#_Currency: Norwegian krone (plural—kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore
_#_Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1—5.9060 (January 1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km other
_#_Highways: 79,540 km total; 18,600 km concrete, bituminous, stone block; 19,980 km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
_#_Inland waterways: 1,577 km along west coast; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum
_#_Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
_#_Ports: Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim
_#_Merchant marine: 867 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 23,270,845 GRT/41,199,182 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 23 short-sea passenger, 121 cargo, 3 passenger-cargo, 24 refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 50 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 186 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 98 chemical tanker, 69 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 35 combination ore/oil, 204 bulk, 9 combination bulk; note—the government has created a captive register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of ships (777) under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NIS
_#_Civil air: 76 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 104 total, 103 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 3,102,000 telephones; stations—8 AM, 46 (1,400 relays) FM, 55 (2,100 relays) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; communications satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and domestic systems
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,124,201; 942,158 fit for military service; 31,813 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $3.3 billion, 3.3% of GDP (1990)%@Oman*Geography#_Total area: 212,460 km2; land area: 212,460 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Kansas
_#_Land boundaries: 1,374 km total; Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km
_#_Coastline: 2,092 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: to be defined;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: Administrative Line with Yemen; no defined boundary with most of UAE, Administrative Line in far north
_#_Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
_#_Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: summer winds often raise large sandstorms and duststorms in interior; sparse natural freshwater resources
_#_Note: strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula controlling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world's oil production transits this point going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)
_*People#_Population: 1,534,011 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 68 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Omani(s); adjective—Omani
_#_Ethnic divisions: mostly Arab, with small Balochi, Zanzibari, and South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) groups
_#_Religion: Ibadhi Muslim 75%; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, some Hindu
_#_Language: Arabic (official); English, Balochi, Urdu, Indian dialects
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: 430,000; agriculture (est.) 60%; 58% are non-Omani
_#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
_*Government#_Long-form name: Sultanate of Oman
_#_Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with residual UK influence
_#_Capital: Muscat
_#_Administrative divisions: there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are 7 planning regions (manatiq takhtitiyah, singular—mintaqah takhtitiyah) that include 1 governorate* (muhafazah) and 50 districts (wilayat, singular—wilayah);
al-Batinah—Awabi, Barka, Khabura, Liwa, Musanaa, Nakhl, Rustaq, Saham, Shinas, Sohar, Suwaiq, Wadi al-Maawil;
al-Dakhiliah—Adam, al-Hamra, Bahla, Bidbid, Haima, Izki, Manah, Nizwa, Sumail;
al-Dhahirah—al-Buraimi, Dhank, Ibri, Mhadha, Yanqul;
al-Janubiah—Dhalqut, Mirbat, Rokhyut, Sadah, Salalah, Shalim, Taqa, Thamrait;
al-Sharqiya—al Kamil and al-Wafi, al-Mudhaiby, al-Qabil, Bidiya, Dimaa and Tayin, Ibra, Jaalan Bani Bu Ali, Jaalan Bani Bu Hassan, Masirah, Sur, Wadi Bani Khalid;
Musandam—Daba al-Biya, Bukha, Khasab, Madha;
Muscat—Muscat*, Quriyat
_#_Independence: 1650, expulsion of the Portuguese
_#_Constitution: none
_#_Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_Executive branch: sultan, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: State Consultative Assembly (advisory function only)
_#_Judicial branch: none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system
_#_National holiday: National Day, 18 November
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government—Sultan and Prime MinisterQABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970)
_#_Political parties: none
_#_Suffrage: none
_#_Elections: none
_#_Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in Yemen
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD,ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Awadh Bader AL-SHANFARI; Chancery at 2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-1980 through 1982;
US—Ambassador Richard W. BOEHM; Embassy at address NA, Muscat (mailing address is P. O. Box 50200 Madinat Qaboos, Muscat); telephone 698-989
_#_Flag: three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green (double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical band