_#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum;
partners—FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
_#_Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;
partners—US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
_#_External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 16% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
_#_Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops—coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops—bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million
_#_Currency: Rwandan franc (plural—francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1—120.00 (December 1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved
_#_Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations—2 AM, 5 FM, no TV; earth stations—1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for military service; no conscription
_#Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)%@Saint Helena (dependent territory of the UK)*Geography#_Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 60 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
_#_Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
_#_Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no minerals
_#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 3%; other 83%
_#_Environment: very few perennial streams
_#_Note: located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains were taken to Paris in 1840
_*People#_Population: 6,695 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Saint Helenian(s); adjective—Saint Helenian
_#_Ethnic divisions: NA
_#_Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic
_#_Language: English
_#_Literacy: 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34%
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK
_#_Capital: Jamestown
_#_Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha
_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Constitution: 1 January 1967
_#_Legal system: NA
_#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
Head of Government—Governor and Commander in Chief RobertF. STIMSON (since 1987)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party, G. A. O. THORNTON; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note—both political parties inactive since 1976
_#_Suffrage: NA
_#_Elections:
Legislative Council—last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA
_#_Communists: probably none
_#_Member of: ICFTU
_#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas.
_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1984)
_#_Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984);
commodities—fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts;
partners—South Africa, UK
_#_Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984);
commodities—food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts;
partners—UK, South Africa
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish
_#_Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $184 million
_#_Currency: Saint Helenian pound (plural—pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (5S) = 100 pence
_#_Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (5S) per US$1—0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); note—the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads onSaint Helena; 80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed onTristan da Cunha
_#_Ports: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
_#_Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 6,767 GRT/5,600 DWT
_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension
_#_Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK%@Saint Kitts and Nevis*Geography#_Total area: 269 km2; land area: 269 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 135 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
_#_Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors
_#_Natural resources: negligible
_#_Land use: arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 17%; other 41%
_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)
_#_Note: located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico
_*People#_Population: 40,293 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent
_#_Nationality: noun—Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective—Kittsian, Nevisian
_#_Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
_#_Language: English
_#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
_#_Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
_#_Organized labor: 6,700
_*Government#_Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Basseterre
_#_Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town,Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland,Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, SaintMary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint PeterBasseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, TrinityPalmetto Point
_#_Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 19 September 1983
_#_Legal system: based on English common law
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)
_#_Political parties and leaders:People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS;Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee MOORE;Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL;Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY
_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
_#_Elections:
House of Assembly—last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); seats—(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1
_#_Communists: none known
_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540, 2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550;
US—none
_#_Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.
_#_GDP: $97.5 million, per capita $2,400; real growth rate 4.6% (1988)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)
_#_Budget: revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $31.5 million (1991)
_#_Exports: $32.8 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps;
partners—US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)
_#_Imports: $89.6 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels;
partners—US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988)
_#_External debt: $26.4 million (1988)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beverages
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop—sugarcane; subsistence crops—rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $57 million
_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural—dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1—2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane
_#_Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth
_#_Ports: Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; stations—2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 38,090; NA fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@Saint Lucia*Geography#_Total area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 158 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
_#_Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
_#_Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential
_#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%
_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion
_#_Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico
_*People#_Population: 153,075 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Saint Lucian(s); adjective—Saint Lucian
_#_Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%
_#_Language: English (official), French patois
_#_Literacy: 67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980)
_#_Labor force: 43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)
_#_Organized labor: 20% of labor force
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: parliamentary democracy
_#_Capital: Castries
_#_Administrative divisions: 11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort
_#_Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 22 February 1979
_#_Legal system: based on English common law
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);
Head of Government—Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982)
_#_Political parties and leaders:United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON;Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE;Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
House of Assembly—last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by April 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7
_#_Communists: negligible
_#_Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO,G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint Lucian Consulate General in New York;
US—none
_#_Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border
_*Economy#_Overview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the UK for bananas may end in 1992.
_#_GDP: $273 million, per capita $1,830; real growth rate 4.0% (1989)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 16.0% (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.)
_#_Exports: $111.9 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil;
partners—UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10%
_#_Imports: $265.9 million (c.i.f., 1989);
commodities—manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6%;
partners—US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23%
_#_External debt: $54.5 million (1989)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 730 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops—bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist industry
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $118 million
_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural—dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1—2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal Year: 1 April-31 March
_*Communications#_Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved
_#_Ports: Castries
_#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
_#_Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; stations—4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 38,050; NA fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@Saint Pierre and Miquelon (territorial collectivity of France)*Geography#_Total area: 242 km2; land area: 242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 120 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France
_#_Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
_#_Terrain: mostly barren rock
_#_Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports
_#_Land use: arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 4%; other 83%
_#_Environment: vegetation scanty
_#_Note: located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean
_*People#_Population: 6,356 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective—French
_#_Ethnic divisions: originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 98%
_#_Language: French
_#_Literacy: 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982)
_#_Labor force: 2,850 (1988)
_#_Organized labor: Workers' Force trade union
_*Government#_Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
_#_Type: territorial collectivity of France
_#_Capital: Saint-Pierre
_#_Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)
_#_Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France); note—has been under French control since 1763
_#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
_#_Legal system: French law
_#_National holiday: National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille)
_#_Executive branch: commissioner of the Republic
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council
_#_Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);
Head of Government—Commissioner of the Republic Jean-PierreMARQUIE (since February 1989); President of the General Council MarcPLANTEGENEST (since NA)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
General Council—last held September-October 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6;
French President—last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results—(second ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%;
French Senate—last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(1 total) PS 1;
French National Assembly—last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(1 total) UDF/CDS 1
_#_Member of: FZ, WFTU
_#_Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in the US by France
_#_Flag: the flag of France is used
_*Economy#_Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada and France.
_#_GDP: $50 million, per capita $7,900; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: 8.3% (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989)
_#_Exports: $24.1 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities—fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts;
partners—US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal
_#_Imports: $61.6 million (c.i.f., 1988);
commodities—meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials;
partners—Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
_#_Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500 metric tons (1989)
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $493 million
_#_Currency: French franc (plural—francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1—5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985)
_#_Ports: Saint Pierre
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; stations—1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radiotelecommunication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic system
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of France%@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines*Geography#_Total area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 84 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
_#_Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent
_#_Natural resources: negligible
_#_Land use: arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3%
_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat
_#_Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
_*People#_Population: 114,221 (July 1991), growth rate 1.4% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives—Saint Vincentian or Vincentian
_#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East Indian, Carib Indian
_#_Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
_#_Language: English, some French patois
_#_Literacy: 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
_#_Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.)
_#_Organized labor: 10% of labor force
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Kingstown
_#_Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick
_#_Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 27 October 1979
_#_Legal system: based on English common law
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);
Head of Government—Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)
_#_Political parties and leaders:New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL;Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent BEACH;United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES;National Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
House of Assembly—last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held July 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 15
_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
_*Economy#_Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.
_#_GDP: $146 million, per capita $1,315; real growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 30% (1989 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)
_#_Exports: $74.6 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—bananas 45%, eddoes and dasheen (taro), sweet potatoes, spices, light manufactures;
partners—UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%
_#_Imports: $127.5 million (c.i.f., 1989);
commodities—foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels;
partners—US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%
_#_External debt: $42.2 million (FY89)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet metal, beverage
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; products—bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $76 million
_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural—dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1—2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Highways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved
_#_Ports: Kingstown
_#_Merchant marine: 242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,855,061 GRT/2,919,872 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 132 cargo, 11 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 refrigerated cargo, 13 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 44 bulk, 6 combination bulk, 1 vehicle carrier; note—China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience registry
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; stations—2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 28,339; NA fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@San Marino*Geography#_Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundary: 39 km with Italy
_#_Coastline: none—landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked
_#_Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
_#_Terrain: rugged mountains
_#_Natural resources: building stones
_#_Land use: arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 83%
_#_Environment: dominated by the Appenines
_#_Note: landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy
_*People#_Population: 23,264 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Sanmarinese
_#_Ethnic divisions: Sanmarinese, Italian
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic
_#_Language: Italian
_#_Literacy: 96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976)
_#_Labor force: about 4,300
_#_Organized labor: Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400 members
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of San Marino
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: San Marino
_#_Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular—castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
_#_Independence: 301 AD (by tradition)
_#_Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
_#_Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of state for internal affairs
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)
_#_Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
_#_Leaders:
Co-Chiefs of State—Captain Regent Aldamiro BARTOLINI andCaptain Regent Ottaviano ROSSI (since 1 April 1990);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Gabriele GATTI;San Marino Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San MarinoCommunist Party (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI;San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI;San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Grand and General Council—last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7
_#_Communists: about 300 members
_#_Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy
_#_Member of: CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York, and an honorary Consulate in Detroit;
US—no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence(Italy) is accredited to San Marino; Consulate General atLungarno Amerigo Vespucci, 38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address isAPO New York 09019-0007); telephone [39] (55) 239-8276 through 8279 and217-605
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
_*Economy#_Overview: More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy.
_#_GDP: $393 million, per capita $17,000; real growth rate 2% (1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1985)
_#_Budget: revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1983)
_#_Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures
_#Imports: see#_Exports
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: supplied by Italy
_#_Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourist
_#_Agriculture: employs less than 4% of labor force; products—wheat, grapes, corn, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for food imports
_#_Economic aid: NA
_#_Currency: Italian lira (plural—lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also mints its own coins
_#_Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1—1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 104 km
_#_Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 11,700 telephones; stations—no AM, 20 FM, no TV; radio relay and cable links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: public security or police force of less than 50 people
_#_Manpower availability: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@Sao Tome and Principe*Geography#_Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 209 km
_#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
_#_Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
_#_Natural resources: fish
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 75%; other 3%
_#_Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
_#_Note: located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North Atlantic Ocean
_*People#_Population: 128,499 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 68 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.3 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Sao Tomean(s); adjective—Sao Tomean
_#_Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist