_#_Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
_#_Literacy: 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 18,800,000; agriculture 56%, services 30%, industry 14%; about 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987)
_#_Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Turkey
_#_Type: republican parliamentary democracy
_#_Capital: Ankara
_#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular—il);Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya,Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis,Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta,Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu,Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya,Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu,Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat,Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
_#_Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
_#_Constitution: 7 November 1982
_#_Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)
_#_Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 30 June 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ekrem PAKDAMIRLI (since 30 June 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ;Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), Erdal INONU;Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL;People's Labor Party (HEP), Fehmi ISIKLAR;Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA;Democratic Center Party (DMP), Bedrettin DALAN;Great Anatolia Party (BAP), leader NA;Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN;Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN;Grand National Party (GNP), leader NA
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21
_#_Elections:
Grand National Assembly—last held 29 November 1987 (next to be held November 1992); results—ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, DYP 19%, other 20%; seats—(450 total) ANAP 275, SHP 82, DYP 60, HEP 9, SBP 4, DMP 2, BAP 1, independent 6, vacant 11
_#_Communists: strength and support negligible
_#_Member of: AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD,ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York;
US—Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard,Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 09257-0006);telephone [90] (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General inIstanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana
_#_Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
_*Economy#_Overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6% annually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector, employing about 55% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and contributing about 20% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not solved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market economy. The government has launched a multimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.
_#_GDP: $178.0 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth rate 7.6% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60.3% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 10.4% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $27.6 billion; expenditures $34.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.6 billion (1991)
_#_Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—industrial products 78%, crops and livestock products 20%;
partners—FRG 18%, Italy 8%, Iraq 8%, US 8%, UK 5%, France 4%
_#_Imports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals;
partners—FRG 15%, US 11%, Iraq 10%, Italy 7%, France 6%, UK 5%
_#_External debt: $42.8 billion (June 1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 32% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 14,315,000 kW capacity; 41,000 million kWh produced, 720 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of population; products—tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
_#_Illicit drugs: one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion
_#_Currency: Turkish lira (plural—liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
_#_Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1—2,873.9 (December 1990), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Railroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified
_#_Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)
_#_Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
_#_Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products; 708 km natural gas
_#_Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
_#_Merchant marine: 340 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,583,720 GRT/6,220,642 DWT; includes 8 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 190 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 72 bulk, 4 combination bulk
_#_Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft (1990)
_#_Airports: 115 total, 109 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; 3,400,000 telephones; stations—15 AM; 45 (60 repeaters) FM; 67 (504 repeaters) TV; satellite communications ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine telephone cable
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,861,358; 9,083,559 fit for military service; 606,871 reach military age (20) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $5.6 billion, 5% of GDP (1990)%@Turks and Caicos Islands (dependent territory of the UK)*Geography#_Total area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 389 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
_#_Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
_#_Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 98%
_#_Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
_#_Note: located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean
_*People#_Population: 9,983 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms
_#_Ethnic divisions: majority of African descent
_#_Religion: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)
_#_Language: English (official)
_#_Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)
_#_Labor force: NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture
_#_Organized labor: Saint George's Industrial Trade Union
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: dependent territory of the UK
_#_Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
_#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
_#_Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents
_#_Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
_#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);
Head of Government—Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March 1988)
_#_Political parties and leaders:People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS;Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan MALCOLM and Norman SAUNDERS;National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Legislative Council—last held on 3 March 1988 (next to be held NA); results—PDM 60%, PNP 30%, other 10%; seats—(20 total, 13 elected) PDM 11, PNP 2
_#_Communists: none
_#_Member of: CDB
_#_Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by the UK;
US—none
_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
_*Economy#_Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Subsistence farming—corn and beans—exists only on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.
_#_GDP: $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth rate NA% (1986)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: 12% (1989)
_#_Budget: revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)
_#_Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84);
commodities—lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells;
partners—US, UK
_#_Imports: $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84);
commodities—foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing;
partners—US, UK
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
_#_Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $100 million
_#_Currency: US currency is used
_#_Exchange rates: US currency is used
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
_#_Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour
_#_Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
_#_Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; stations—3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK%@Tuvalu*Geography#_Total area: 26 km2; land area: 26 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 24 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
_#_Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
_#_Natural resources: fish
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%
_#_Environment: severe tropical storms are rare
_#_Note: located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
_*People#_Population: 9,317 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 63 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Tuvaluans(s); adjective—Tuvaluan
_#_Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
_#_Religion: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.06%
_#_Language: Tuvaluan, English
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: none
_*Government#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: democracy
_#_Capital: Funafuti
_#_Administrative divisions: none
_#_Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)
_#_Constitution: 1 October 1978
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Palamene)
_#_Judicial branch: High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986);
Head of Government—Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Parliament—last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results—percent of vote NA; seats—(12 total)
_#_Member of: ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant);
US—none
_#_Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
_*Economy#_Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.
_#_GNP: $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
_#_Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.);
commodities—copra;
partners—Fiji, Australia, NZ
_#_Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.);
commodities—food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods;
partners—Fiji, Australia, NZ
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA
_#_Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: fishing, tourism, copra
_#_Agriculture: coconuts, copra
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $96 million
_#_Currency: Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: NA
_*Communications#_Highways: 8 km gravel
_#_Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau
_#_Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; 108 telephones
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: NA
_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP%@Uganda*Geography#_Total area: 236,040 km2; land area: 199,710 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
_#_Land boundaries: 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km
_#_Coastline: none—landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked
_#_Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
_#_Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
_#_Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
_#_Land use: arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion
_#_Note: landlocked
_*People#_Population: 18,690,070 (July 1991), growth rate 3.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 52 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Ugandan(s); adjective—Ugandan
_#_Ethnic divisions: African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs
_#_Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages
_#_Literacy: 48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 4,500,000 (est.); subsistence agriculture 94%, wage earners (est.) 6%; 50% of population of working age (1983)
_#_Organized labor: 125,000 union members
_*Government#_Long-form name: Republic of Uganda
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Kampala
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western
_#_Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision
_#_Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council
_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991);
Head of Government—Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NAJanuary 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—National ResistanceMovement (NRM); note—the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), UgandanPeople's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and Conservative Party(CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political activities
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
National Resistance Council—last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held after January 1995); results—NRM is the only party; seats—(278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 members elected without party affiliation
_#_Other political parties or pressure groups:Uganda People's Front (UPF),Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army (UPCDA),Ruwenzori Movement
_#_Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102;
US—Ambassador James CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795
_#_Flag: six equal horizonal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
_*Economy#_Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has been devastated by much political instability, mismanagement, and civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings.
_#_GDP: $4.9 billion, per capita $290 (1988); real growth rate 6.1% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (FY90)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $273 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities—coffee 97%, cotton, tea;
partners—US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
_#_Imports: $652 million (c.i.f., 1989);
commodities—petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food;
partners—Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
_#_External debt: $1.9 billion (1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 15.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 312 million kWh produced, 18 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 57% of GDP and 83% of labor force; cash crops—coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops—cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products—beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 million
_#_Currency: Ugandan shilling (plural—shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1—563.18 (January 1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.09 (1989), 106.14 (1988), 42.84 (1987), 14.00 (1986), 6.72 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track
_#_Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks
_#_Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria
_#_Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT
_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 37 total, 28 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay and radio communications stations; 61,600 telephones; stations—10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, about 3,980,637; about 2,162,241 fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $68 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988)%@United Arab Emirates*Geography#_Total area: 83,600 km2; land area: 83,600 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine
_#_Land boundaries: 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km
_#_Coastline: 1,448 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah(Sharjah)
_#_Disputes: boundary with Qatar is in dispute; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims three islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb)
_#_Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
_#_Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
_#_Natural resources: crude oil and natural gas
_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification
_#_Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
_*People#_Population: 2,389,759 (July 1991), growth rate 5.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 30 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Emirian(s), adjective—Emirian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982)
_#_Religion: Muslim 96% (Shia 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
_#_Language: Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, Urdu
_#_Literacy: 68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not available (1980)
_#_Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign
_#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal
_*Government#_Long-form name: United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE
_#_Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates
_#_Capital: Abu Dhabi
_#_Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular—imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ras al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn
_#_Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)
_#_Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)
_#_Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential
_#_National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, Council of Ministers
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)
_#_Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy;
Head of Government—Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since 20 November 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: none
_#_Elections: none
_#_Communists: NA
_#_Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine groups are active
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77,GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC,OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdullah bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500;
US—Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691; there is a US Consulate General in Dubayy (Dubai)
_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side
_*Economy#_Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.
_#_GDP: $27.3 billion, per capita $12,100; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3-4% (1989 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NEGL (1988)
_#_Budget: revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $15.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates;
partners—US, EC, Japan
_#_Imports: $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities—food, consumer and capital goods;
partners—EC, Japan, US
_#_External debt: $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 9.3% (1986)
_#_Electricity: 5,773,000 kW capacity; 15,400 million kWh produced, 6,830 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 5% of labor force; cash crop—dates; food products—vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food
_#_Economic aid: donor—pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89)
_#_Currency: Emirian dirham (plural—dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils
_#_Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1—3.6710 (fixed rate)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*Communications#_Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
_#_Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas liquids
_#_Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina Jabal Ali, Mina Khalid, Mina Rashid, Mina Saqr, Mina Zayid
_#_Merchant marine: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 925,424 GRT/1,543,716 DWT; includes 22 cargo, 8 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 20 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 bulk
_#_Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 38 total, 35 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; stations—8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite communications ground stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 940,130; 516,218 fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $1.59 billion, 6.8% of GDP (1988)%@United Kingdom*Geography#_Total area: 244,820 km2; land area: 241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
_#_Land boundary: Ireland 360 km
_#_Coastline: 12,429 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries;
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory)
_#_Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast
_#_Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast
_#_Natural resources: coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica
_#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1%
_#_Environment: pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters
_#_Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now being linked by tunnel under the English Channel
_*People#_Population: 57,515,307 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective—British
_#_Ethnic divisions: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
_#_Religion: Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million, Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000
_#_Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.)
_#_Labor force: 28,966,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government 8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1990)
_#_Organized labor: 35.7% of labor force (1989)
_*Government#_Long-form name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: London
_#_Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas;
England—39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford,Berkshire, Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria,Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, GreaterLondon*, Greater Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester,Hertford, Humberside, Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester,Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland,North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, SouthYorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, WestMidlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire;
Northern Ireland—26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena,Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine,Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady,Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey,North Down, Omagh, Strabane;
Scotland—9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, Western Isles*;
Wales—8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan,Powys, South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan
_#_Independence: 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established
_#_Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
_#_Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
_#_Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989
_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons
_#_Judicial branch: House of Lords
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948);
Head of Government—Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders:Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR;Labor Party, Neil KINNOCK;Social and Liberal Democratic Party (SLDP; formed from the merger of theLiberal Party and the Social Democratic Party), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN;Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND;Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd THOMAS;Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX;Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY;Ulster Popular Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER;Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME;Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMS;Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE;Communist Party, Nina TEMPLE
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
House of Commons—last held 11 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results—Conservative 43%, Labor 32%, Liberal/Social Democratic 23%, other 2%; seats—(650 total) Conservative 376, Labor 228, Liberal/Social Democratic 22, Ulster Unionist (Northern Ireland) 9, Scottish National 4, Welsh National 3, Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland) 3, Social Democratic and Labor (Northern Ireland) 3, Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland) 1, Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) 1; note—the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party merged to become the Social and Liberal Democratic Party in 1988
_#_Communists: 15,961
_#_Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C,CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE,ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD,PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council,UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir Antony ACLAND; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle;
US—Ambassador Raymond SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO New York 09509); telephone [44] (71) 499-9000; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and Edinburgh
_#_Flag: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others
_*Economy#_Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare programs and government ownership. Over the last decade the Thatcher government halted the expansion of welfare measures and promoted extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above those of her major trading partners, is expected to decline in 1991. Between 1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but it is now rising rapidly because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry, and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds.
_#_GDP: $858.3 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth rate 0.8% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.3% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 5.7% (1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $385.0 billion; expenditures $385.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $35.0 billion (FY91 est.)
_#_Exports: $188.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities—manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment;
partners—EC 50.7% (FRG 11.9%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 13.1%
_#_Imports: $222 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities—manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods;
partners—EC 52.6% (FRG 16.6%, France 8.9%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.8%
_#_External debt: $10.5 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1990)
_#_Electricity: 98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing, other consumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum, coal
_#_Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GNP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 metric tons (1987)
_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion
_#_Currency: British pound or pound sterling (plural—pounds); 1 British pound (5) = 100 pence
_#_Exchange rates: British pounds (5) per US$1—0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985)