_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million
_#_Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1—2.6724 (January 1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified
_#_Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication
_#_Pipelines: 8 km, refined products
_#_Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 499 total, 415 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations—8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police, People's Militia
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,263,724; 1,399,354 fit for military service
_#Defense expenditures: $412.4 million, NA% of GDP (FY91 est.)%@Taiwan*Geography#_Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 1,448 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
_#_Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands withChina, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied byChina, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administeredSenkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan
_#_Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
_#_Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west
_#_Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
_#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14%
_#_Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons
_*People#_Population: 20,658,702 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (19901
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective—Chinese
_#_Ethnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%
_#_Religion: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%
_#_Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used
_#_Literacy: 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
_#_Labor force: 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989)
_#_Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983)
_*Administration#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989
_#_Capital: Taipei
_#_Administrative divisions: the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural)—Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province—16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note—Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization
_#_Constitution: 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan
_#_Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State—President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988);Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990);
Head of Government—Premier (President of the Executive Yuan)HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of theExecutive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988)
_#_Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20
_#_Elections:
President—last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results—President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly;
Vice President—last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results—LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly;
Legislative Yuan—last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results—KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats—(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3;
National Assembly:—originally elected in November 1947 (last supplementary election in December 1986; Assembly will be completely reelected in December 1991)
_#_Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC
_#_Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA;
US—unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people ofTaiwan are maintained through a private institution, the AmericanInstitute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7 Lane 134,telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3dRoad, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American TradeCenter at Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World TradeCenter, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2)720-1550
_#_Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays
_*Economy#_Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.
_#_GNP: $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth rate 5.2% (1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)
_#_Exports: $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities—textiles 15.6%, electrical machinery 18.2%, general machinery and equipment 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and wood products 1.6% (1989);
partners—US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989)
_#_Imports: $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);
commodities—machinery and equipment 15.3%, crude oil 5%, chemical and chemical products 11.1%, basic metals 13.0%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989);
partners—Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989)
_#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1990 est.)
_#_Electricity: 17,000,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 3,310 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops—vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock—hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988)
_#_Economic aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $445 million
_#_Currency: New Taiwan dollar (plural—dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents
_#_Exchange rates: New Taiwan dollars per US$1—27.2 (January 1991), 27.243 (November 1990), 26.407 (1989), 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987), 37.838 (1986), 39.849 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
_*Communications#_Railroads: about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises
_#_Highways: 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete, 2,371 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth
_#_Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas
_#_Ports: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung
_#_Merchant marine: 226 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,557,167 GRT/9,153,646 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 52 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 75 container, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 62 bulk
_#_Airports: 38 total, 37 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; stations—91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 relays); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); earth stations—1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe
_*Defense Forces#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan Garrison Command, Ministry of National Defense
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,874,345; 4,577,294 fit for military service; about 187,807 currently reach military age (19) annually
_#Defense expenditures: $9.10 billion, 4.5% of GDP (FY91)%_
Appendix A: The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRefugees in the Near EastUNSF United Nations Special FundUNU United Nations UniversityWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food Program
3) Security Council:UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer GroupUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India andPakistanUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):Specialized agenciesFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIDA International Development AssociationIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationILO International Labor OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationITU International Telecommunication UnionUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganizationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationRelated organizationsGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyRegional commissionsECA Economic Commission for AfricaECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western AsiaFunctional commissionsCommission on Human RightsCommission on Narcotic DrugsCommission for Social DevelopmentCommission on the Status of WomenPopulation CommissionStatistical Commission
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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Appendix B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in AfricaACC Arab Cooperation CouncilACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical CooperationACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific CountriesAfDB African Development BankAFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social DevelopmentAG Andean GroupAL Arab LeagueALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see LatinAmerican Integration Association (LAIA)AMF Arab Monetary FundAMU Arab Maghreb UnionANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security TreatyAPEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAsDB Asian Development BankASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement;see African Development Bank (AfDB)BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique;see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see CentralAmerican Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; seeCentral African States Development Bank (BDEAC)Benelux Benelux Economic UnionBID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank (IADB)BIS Bank for International SettlementsBOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West AfricanDevelopment Bank (WADB)
C CommonwealthCACM Central American Common MarketCAEU Council of Arab Economic UnityCARICOM Caribbean Community and Common MarketCCC Customs Cooperation CouncilCDB Caribbean Development BankCE Council of EuropeCEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see WestAfrican Economic Community (CEAO)CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; seeEconomic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA orComecon; abolished 1 January 1991CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see EconomicCommunity of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see EuropeanOrganization for Nuclear Research (CERN)CG Contadora GroupCMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known asComecon; abolished 1 January 1991COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export ControlsComecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known asCMEA; abolished 1 January 1991CP Colombo PlanCSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
DC developed country
EADB East African Development BankEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEC European CommunityECA Economic Commission for AfricaECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)ECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commissionfor Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and SocialCommission for Western Asia (ESCWA)EFTA European Free Trade AssociationEIB European Investment BankEntente Council of the EntenteESA European Space AgencyESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFLS Front Line StatesFZ Franc Zone
G-2 Group of 2G-3 Group of 3G-5 Group of 5G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)G-7 Group of 7G-8 Group of 8G-9 Group of 9G-10 Group of 10G-11 Group of 11G-19 Group of 19G-24 Group of 24G-30 Group of 30G-33 Group of 33G-77 Group of 77GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCC Gulf Cooperation Council
Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
IADB Inter-American Development BankIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIBEC International Bank for Economic CooperationIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICC International Chamber of CommerceICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; seeInternational Organization for Migration (IOM)ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsICJ International Court of JusticeICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; seeInternational Organization for Migration (IOM)ICRC International Committee of the Red CrossIDA International Development AssociationIDB Islamic Development BankIEA International Energy AgencyIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and DevelopmentIIB International Investment BankILO International Labor OrganizationIMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; seeInternational Maritime Organization (IMO)IMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationINMARSAT International Maritime Satellite OrganizationINTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationINTERPOL International Criminal Police OrganizationIOC International Olympic CommitteeIOM International Organization for MigrationISO International Organization for StandardizationITU International Telecommunication Union
LAES Latin American Economic SystemLAIA Latin American Integration AssociationLAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)LDC less developed countryLLDC least developed countryLORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
NAM Nonaligned MovementNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Nordic CouncilNEA Nuclear Energy AgencyNIB Nordic Investment BankNIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializingeconomy (NIE)NIE newly industrializing economy
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting CountriesOAS Organization of American StatesOAU Organization of African UnityOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOIC Organization of the Islamic ConferenceOPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin Americaand the CaribbeanOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
RG Rio Group
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSACU Southern African Customs UnionSADCC Southern African Development Coordination ConferenceSELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American EconomicSystem (LAES)SPC South Pacific CommissionSPF South Pacific Forum
UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; seeCentral African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)UN United NationsUNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (alsoknown as Habitat)UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganizationUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN PopulationFund (UNFPA)UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; seeUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer GroupUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and PakistanUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugeesin the Near EastUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionUSSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe
WADB West African Development BankWCL World Confederation of LaborWEU Western European UnionWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food ProgramWFTU World Federation of Trade UnionsWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)WTO World Tourism Organization
note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
=========================================================================
Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups
————————————————————————————————————- _#advanced developing countries—another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) ————————————————————————————————————-#_African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established—1 April 1976;
aim—members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EC;
members—(66) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica,Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati,Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius,Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa,Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe————————————————————————————————————-_#_African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine deDeveloppement (BAD);
established—4 August 1963;
aim—to promote economic and social development;
regional members—(50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina,Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia,Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco,Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe;
nonregional members—(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————- _#Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)—see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)—acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique;
established—21 March 1970;
aim—to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries;
members—(30) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada,Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica,France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mali,Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia,Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire;
associate members—(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia;
participating governments—(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada) ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)—acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL);
established—14 February 1967;
aim—to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons;
members—(25) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia,Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,Uruguay, Venezuela;
_@observer—(1) Cuba ————————————————————————————————————-#_Andean Group (AG)
established—26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969;
aim—to promote harmonious development through economic integration;
members—(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela;
associate member—(1) Panama;
observers—(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA), also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA);
established—18 February 1974, effective 16 September 1974;
aim—to promote economic development;
members—(17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note—these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
established—16 February 1989;
aim—to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market;
members—(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established—16 May 1968;
aim—to promote economic and social development;
members—(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab League (AL), also known as League of Arab States (LAS);
established—22 March 1945;
aim—to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation;
members—(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
established—17 February 1989;
aim—to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa;
members—(5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established—27 April 1976, effective 2 February 1977;
aim—to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs;
members—(19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established—NA November 1989;
aim—to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin;
members—(12) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, NZ, US ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
established—19 December 1966;
aim—to promote regional economic cooperation;
regional members—(34) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan,Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia,Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal,NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands,Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Vanuatu, Vietnam, WesternSamoa;
nonregional members—(15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ————————————————————————————————————- _#Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)—see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established—9 August 1967;
aim—regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia;
members—(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand;
observer—(1) Papua New Guinea ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established—1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952;
aim—trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986;
members—(3) Australia, NZ, US ————————————————————————————————————- _#Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)—see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) ————————————————————————————————————-#Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)—see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established—20 January 1930, effective 17 March 1930;
aim—to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements;
members—(29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————- _#Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)—see African Development Bank (AfDB) ————————————————————————————————————-#Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)—see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) ————————————————————————————————————-#Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)—see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) ————————————————————————————————————-#Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)—see West African Development Bank (WADB) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)—acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg;
established—3 February 1958, effective 1 November 1960;
aim—to develop closer economic cooperation and integration;
members—(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Big Seven—membership is the same as the Group of 7;
established—NA;
aim—to discuss and coordinate major economic policies;
members—(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Big Six—not to be confused with the Group of 6;
established—NA;
aim—economic cooperation;
members—(6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
established—4 July 1973, effective 1 August 1973;
aim—to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries;
members—(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago;
observers—(7) Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Netherlands Antilles, Suriname ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
established—18 October 1969, effective 26 January 1970;
aim—to promote economic development and cooperation;
regional members—(20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia,Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela;
nonregional members—(3) Canada, France, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#Cartagena Group—see Group of 11 ————————————————————————————————————-#_Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)—acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale;
established—8 December 1964, effective 1 January 1966;
aim—to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market;
members—(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)—acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;
established—3 December 1975;
aim—to provide loans for economic development;
members—(9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)—acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico;
established—13 December 1960;
aim—to promote economic integration and development;
members—(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Central American Common Market (CACM)
established—13 December 1960, effective 3 June 1961;
aim—to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market;
members—(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua ————————————————————————————————————- _#centrally planned economies—a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the USSR for leadership; many are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————-#_Colombo Plan (CP)
established—1 July 1951;
aim—to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific;
members—(26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Commission for Social Development
established—21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966;
aim—ECOSOC organization dealing with social development programs;
members—(32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Commission on Human Rights
established—18 February 1946;
aim—ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights;
members—(43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Commission on Narcotic Drugs
established—16 February 1946;
aim—ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs;
members—(40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Commission on the Status of Women
established—21 June 1946;
aim—ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights;
members—(32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Commonwealth (C)
established—31 December 1931;
aim—voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance;
members—(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica,The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati,Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ,Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad andTobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe;
special members—(2) Nauru, Tuvalu ————————————————————————————————————- _#Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)—see West African Economic Community (CEAO) ————————————————————————————————————-#Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)—see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) ————————————————————————————————————-#Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)—see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) ————————————————————————————————————-#Communist countries—traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; see centrally planned economies ————————————————————————————————————-#_Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
established—NA November 1972;
aim—discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the Helsinki Agreement;
members—(35) Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, USSR, Vatican City, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————- _#Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)—see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ————————————————————————————————————-#Contadora Group (CG) was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela ————————————————————————————————————-#Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf—see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
established—NA 1949;
aim—compiles strategic embargo list of goods not to be sold by the West to Eastern bloc countries;
members—(15) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, UK, US ————————————————————————————————————- _#Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA), also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
established—3 June 1957, effective 30 May 1964;
aim—to promote economic integration among Arab nations;
members—(11) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Council of Europe (CE)
established—5 May 1949, effective 3 August 1949;
aim—to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe;
members—(24) Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Council of the Entente (Entente)
established—29 May 1959;
aim—to promote economic, social, and political coordination;
members—(5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
established—15 December 1950;
aim—to promote international cooperation in customs matters;
members—(104) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ————————————————————————————————————- _#_developed countries (DCs)—the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), USSR/Eastern Europe (USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and three of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of $10,000 or more;
the 34 DCs are—Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Vatican City ————————————————————————————————————- _#developing countries—an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs) ————————————————————————————————————-#_East African Development Bank (EADB)
established—6 June 1967, effective 1 December 1967;
aim—to promote economic development;
members—(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
established—28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE);
aim—to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC;
members—(38) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei,Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan,South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal,Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, USSR,Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa;
associate members—(9) Cook Islands, Guam, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
established—9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA);
aim—to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC;
members—(12) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
established—26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945;
aim—to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population Commission, and Statistical Commission);
members—(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
established—29 April 1958;
aim—to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC;
members—(51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi,Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo,Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe;
associate members—(3) France, Namibia, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)—see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
established—28 March 1947;
aim—to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC;
members—(33) Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, US, USSR, Yugoslavia ————————————————————————————————————- _#Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)—see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established—25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA);
aim—to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC;
members—(41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France,Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela;
associate members—(5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands ————————————————————————————————————- _#Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)—see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) ————————————————————————————————————-#_Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)—acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale;
established—18 October 1983;
aim—to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market;
members—(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire;
observer—(1) Angola ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)—acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs;
established—26 September 1976;
aim—to promote regional economic cooperation and integration;
members—(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire ————————————————————————————————————- _#_Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
established—28 May 1975;
aim—to promote regional economic cooperation;
members—(16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo ————————————————————————————————————- _#_European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
established—15 April 1991;
aim—to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, and Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization;
members—(34) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note—includes all 12 members of the EC as individual countries and the EC itself as an institution ————————————————————————————————————- _#_European Community (EC)
established—8 April 1965, effective 1 July 1967;
aim—a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an eventual federation of Europe;
members—(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#_European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
established—4 January 1960, effective 3 May 1960;
aim—to promote expansion of free trade;
members—(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland ————————————————————————————————————- _#_European Investment Bank (EIB)
established—25 March 1957, effective 1 January 1958;
aim—to promote economic development of the EC;
members—(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK ————————————————————————————————————- _#_European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)—acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire;