:Iceland Economy
Exchange rates:Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 57.277 (January 1992), 58.996 (1991),58.284 (1990), 57.042 (1989), 43.014 (1988), 38.677 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Iceland Communications
Highways:12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treatedand gravel; 10,893 km earthPorts:Reykjavik, Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Keflavik, Seydhisfjordhur,Siglufjordhur, VestmannaeyjarMerchant marine:12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,969 GRT/57,060 DWT; includes 5cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum tanker, 1chemical tankerCivil air:20 major transport aircraftAirports:94 total, 89 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:adequate domestic service; coaxial and fiber-optical cables and radio relayfor trunk network; 135,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 30 (43repeaters) FM, 13 (132 repeaters) TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT earth station carries majority of international traffic
:Iceland Defense Forces
Branches:no armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; Iceland's defense is provided by theUS-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at KeflavikManpower availability:males 15-49, 69,072; 61,556 fit for military service; no conscription orcompulsory military serviceDefense expenditures:none
:India Geography
Total area:3,287,590 km2Land area:2,973,190 km2Comparative area:slightly more than one-third the size of the USLand boundaries:14,103 km; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380,Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 kmCoastline:7,000 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmContinental shelf:edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing problems withdownstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the IndusClimate:varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in northTerrain:upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along theGanges, deserts in west, Himalayas in northNatural resources:coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica,bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude oil, limestoneLand use:arable land 55%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest andwoodland 23%; other 17%; includes irrigated 13%Environment:droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common; deforestation; soilerosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution; desertificationNote:dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade routes
:India People
Population:886,362,180 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)Birth rate:30 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:11 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:81 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:57 years male, 58 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.7 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Indian(s); adjective - IndianEthnic divisions:Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3%Religions:Hindu 82.6%, Muslim 11.4%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2.0%, Buddhist 0.7%, Jains0.5%, other 0.4%Languages:Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi,Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or morepersons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most partmutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongueof 30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the mostimportant language for national, political, and commercial communication;Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughoutnorthern IndiaLiteracy:48% (male 62%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)Organized labor:less than 5% of the labor force
:India Government
Long-form name:Republic of IndiaType:federal republicCapital:New DelhiAdministrative divisions:25 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, AndhraPradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Dadra and NagarHaveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*,Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West BengalIndependence:15 August 1947 (from UK)Constitution:26 January 1950Legal system:based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts;accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January (1950)Executive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house or Council ofStates (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly (Lok Sabha)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July 1987); Vice PresidentDr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987)Head of Government:Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June 1991)Political parties and leaders:Congress (I) Party, P. V. Narasimha RAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party,L. K. ADVANI; Janata Dal Party, V. P. SINGH; Communist Party ofIndia/Marxist (CPI/M), Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India(CPI), C. Rajeswara RAO; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh),N. T. Rama RAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regionalparty in Tamil Nadu), JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Janata Party, CHANDRA SHEKHAR;Shiv Sena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), TridipCHOWDHURY; Bahujana Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party,leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), SatyanarayanSINGH; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M.KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious community in thePunjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu and Kashmir),Farooq ABDULLAH; Asom Gana Parishad (a regional party in Assam), PrafullaMAHANTASuffrage:universal at age 18
:India Government
Elections:People's Assembly:last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by November 1996);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total), 520 elected -Congress (I) Party 231, Bharatiya Janata Party 119, Janata Dal Party 59,CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, ShivSena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23; note - second andthird rounds of voting were delayed because of the assassination of CongressPresident Rajiv GANDHI on 21 May 1991Communists:466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communistextremist groups, about 15,000 membersOther political or pressure groups:various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy;numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including AdamSena, Ananda Marg, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak SanghMember of:AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-19, G-24,G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN,UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there are Indian ConsulatesGeneral in Chicago, New York, and San FranciscoUS:Ambassador William CLARK, Jr.; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021,New Delhi; telephone [91] (11) 600651; FAX [91] (11) 687-2028, 687-2391;there are US Consulates General in Bombay, Calcutta, and MadrasFlag:three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a bluechakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag ofNiger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
:India Economy
Overview:India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming and handicrafts,modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry, and a multitude ofsupport services. It presents both the entrepreneurial skills and drives ofthe capitalist system and widespread government intervention of thesocialist mold. Growth of 4-5% annually in the 1980s has softened the impactof population growth on unemployment, social tranquility, and theenvironment. Agricultural output has continued to expand, reflecting thegreater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that have helpedto make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net agriculturalexporter. However, tens of millions of villagers, particularly in the south,have not benefited from the green revolution and live in abject poverty, andgreat numbers of urban residents lack the basic essentials of life. Industryhas benefited from a partial liberalization of controls. The growth rate ofthe service sector has also been strong. India, however, has been challengedmore recently by much lower foreign exchange reserves, higher inflation, anda large debt service burden.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $328 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate2.5% (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):12.0% (1991)Unemployment rate:20% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $38.5 billion; expenditures $53.4 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $11.1 billion (FY92)Exports:$20.2 billion (f.o.b., FY91)commodities:gems and jewelry, engineering goods, clothing, textiles, chemicals, tea,coffee, fish productspartners:EC 25%, US 16%, USSR and Eastern Europe 19%, Japan 10% (1989)Imports:$25.2 billion (c.i.f., FY91)commodities:petroleum products, capital goods, uncut gems, gems, jewelry, chemicals,iron and steel, edible oilspartners:EC 33%, Middle East 19%, US 12%, Japan 8%, USSR and Eastern Europe 8% (1989)External debt:$72.0 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 8.4% (1990); accounts for about 25% of GDPElectricity:80,000,000 kW capacity; 290,000 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment,cement, jute manufactures, mining, petroleum, power, chemicals,pharmaceuticals, electronicsAgriculture:accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 67% of labor force;self-sufficient in food grains; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds,cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes,sheep, goats and poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranksIndia among the world's top 10 fishing nations
:India Economy
Illicit drugs:licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but some opiumis diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country forillicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer ofhashishEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million; USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion;Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 millionCurrency:Indian rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paiseExchange rates:Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 25.917 (January 1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504(1990), 16.226 (1989), 13.917 (1988), 12.962 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:India Communications
Railroads:61,850 km total (1986); 33,553 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow gauge (0.762 meter and 0.610 meter);12,617 km is double track; 6,500 km is electrifiedHighways:1,970,000 km total (1989); 960,000 km surfaced and 1,010,000 km gravel,crushed stone, or earthInland waterways:16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vesselsPipelines:crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; natural gas 902 km (1989)Ports:Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Kandla, Madras, New Mangalore, Port Blair (AndamanIslands)Merchant marine:299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,991,278 GRT/9,935,463 DWT; includes1 short-sea passenger, 7 passenger-cargo, 91 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 8container, 54 oil tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 8 combination ore/oil, 111bulk, 2 combination bulk, 6 liquefied gasCivil air:93 major transport aircraftAirports:341 total, 288 usable; 203 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 59 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:poor domestic telephone service, international radio communicationsadequate; 4,700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 96 AM, 4 FM, 274 TV(government controlled); domestic satellite system for communications andTV; 3 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; submarine cables to Malaysia andUnited Arab Emirates
:India Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Security or Paramilitary Forces, Border SecurityForce, Coast Guard, Assam RiflesManpower availability:males 15-49, 237,803,153; 140,140,736 fit for military service; about9,474,290 reach military age (17) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP (FY91)
:Indian Ocean Geography
Total area:73,600,000 km2Land area:73,600,000 km2; Arabian Sea, Bass Strait, Bay of Bengal, Java Sea, PersianGulf, Red Sea, Strait of Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary waterbodiesComparative area:slightly less than eight times the size of the US; third-largest ocean(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the ArcticOcean)Coastline:66,526 kmDisputes:some maritime disputes (see littoral states)Climate:northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October);tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northIndian Ocean and January/February in the south Indian OceanTerrain:surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system ofcurrents) in the south Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents inthe north Indian Ocean - low pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising,summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast windsand currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling,winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest windsand currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge andsubdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian OceanRidge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the JavaTrenchNatural resources:oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placerdeposits, polymetallic nodulesEnvironment:endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales;oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red SeaNote:major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait ofMalacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait; shipssubject to superstructure icing in extreme south near Antarctica from May toOctober
:Indian Ocean Economy
Overview:The Indian Ocean provides a major highway for the movement of petroleumproducts from the Middle East to Europe and North and South Americancountries. Fish from the ocean are of growing economic importance to many ofthe bordering countries as a source of both food and exports. Fishing fleetsfrom Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainlyfor shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in theoffshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. Anestimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the IndianOcean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits areactively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa,Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.Industries:based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly marine life,minerals, oil and gas production, fishing, sand and gravel aggregates,placer deposits
:Indian Ocean Communications
Ports:Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Madras (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka),Durban (South Africa), Fremantle (Australia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Melbourne(Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)Telecommunications:submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates and Malaysia
:Indonesia Geography
Total area:1,919,440 km2Land area:1,826,440 km2Comparative area:slightly less than three times the size of TexasLand boundaries:2,602 km; Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 kmCoastline:54,716 kmMaritime claims:(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with PortugalClimate:tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlandsTerrain:mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountainsNatural resources:crude oil, tin, natural gas liquids, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,fertile soils, coal, gold, silverLand use:arable land 8%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest andwoodland 67%; other 15%; includes irrigated 3%Environment:archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); occasional floods, severedroughts, and tsunamis; deforestationNote:straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes fromIndian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
:Indonesia People
Population:195,683,531 (July 1992), growth rate 1.7% (1992)Birth rate:25 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:70 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:59 years male, 64 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.8 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Indonesian(s); adjective - IndonesianEthnic divisions:majority of Malay stock comprising Javanese 45.0%, Sundanese 14.0%, Madurese7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26.0%Religions:Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other1% (1985)Languages:Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official); English and Dutchleading foreign languages; local dialects, the most widely spoken of whichis JavaneseLiteracy:77% (male 84%, female 68%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:67,000,000; agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transportand communications 3% (1985 est.)Organized labor:3,000,000 members (claimed); about 5% of labor force
:Indonesia Government
Long-form name:Republic of IndonesiaType:republicCapital:JakartaAdministrative divisions:24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capitalcity district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, KalimantanBarat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung,Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, SumateraSelatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*Independence:17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesiabecame legally independent from the Netherlands)Constitution:August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and ProvisionalConstitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts andby new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 17 August (1945)Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR); note -the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR)includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every fiveyears to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, todetermine national policyJudicial branch:Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Lt.Gen. (Ret.) SUDHARMONO (since 11 March 1988)Political parties and leaders:GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.)WAHONO, general chairman; Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation offormer Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman; DevelopmentUnity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail HasanMETAREUM, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 17 and married persons regardless of ageElections:House of Representatives:last held on 23 April 1987 (next to be held 8 June 1992); results - Golkar73%, UDP 16%, PDI 11%; seats - (500 total - 400 elected, 100 appointed)Golkar 299, UDP 61, PDI 40Communists:Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strengthabout 1,000-3,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity;pre-October 1965 hardcore membership about 1.5 million
:Indonesia Government
Member of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY; Chancery at 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 775-5200; there are IndonesianConsulates General in Houston, New York, and Los Angeles, and Consulates inChicago and San FranciscoUS:Ambassador John C. MONJO; Embassy at Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta(mailing address is APO AP 96520); telephone [62] (21) 360-360; FAX [62](21) 360-644; there are US Consulates in Medan and SurabayaFlag:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag ofMonaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white(top) and red
:Indonesia Economy
Overview:Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and centralplanning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise.Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidlyincreasing population, it remains a poor country. GDP growth in 1985-91averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slashunderemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering thelabor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an importantsector, accounting for 23% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. Thestaple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia isnow nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - andtextiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and jobgeneration. Industrial output now accounts for 30% of GDP and is based on asupply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas,timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the externaleconomy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% ofexport earnings in 1989. However, the economy's growth is highly dependenton the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan is Indonesia's mostimportant customer and supplier of aid. In 1991, rapid growth in the moneysupply prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy, forcing theprivate sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Realinterest rates remained above 10%, off-shore commercial debt grew, and realGDP growth dropped slightly from the 7% of 1990.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $122 billion, per capita $630; real growth rate6.0% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):10% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:3%; underemployment 45% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $17.2 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)Exports:$25.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%,coffee 3%partners:Japan 40%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, Europe 16% (1990)Imports:$21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%partners:Japan 23%, US 13%, EC, SingaporeExternal debt:$58.5 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for 30% of GDPElectricity:11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food,rubber
:Indonesia Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 23% of GDP; subsistence food production; small-holder andplantation production for export; main products are rice, cassava, peanuts,rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry,beef, pork, eggsIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not amajor player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecutingtraffickersEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175millionCurrency:Indonesian rupiah (plural - rupiahs); 1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen(sen no longer used)Exchange rates:Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 1,998.2 (January 1992), 1,950.3 (1991),1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988), 1,643.8 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:Indonesia Communications
Railroads:6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all governmentownedHighways:119,500 km total; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 kmdistrict roadsInland waterways:21,579 km total; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 kmPipelines:crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)Ports:Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Palembang, Ujungpandang, Semarang,SurabayaMerchant marine:387 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,698,946 GRT/2,560,414 DWT; includes5 short-sea passenger, 13 passenger-cargo, 231 cargo, 8 container, 3roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 79 petroleum tanker, 5 chemicaltanker, 6 liquefied gas, 7 specialized tanker, 1 livestock carrier, 25 bulk,1 passengerCivil air:about 216 commercial transport aircraftAirports:437 total, 410 usable; 114 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 64 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair,international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 763,000 telephones(1986); broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations -1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earthstation; and 1 domestic satellite communications system
:Indonesia Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 51,906,415; 30,668,815 fit for military service; 2,095,698reach military age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 2% of GNP (FY91)
:Iran Geography
Total area:1,648,000 km2Land area:1,636,000 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries:5,440 km; Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan (north) 432 km,Azerbaijan (northwest) 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499km, Turkmenistan 992 kmCoastline:2,440 kmnote:Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)Maritime claims:Continental shelf:not specificExclusive fishing zone:50 nm in the Sea of Oman; continental shelf limit, continental shelfboundaries, or median lines in the Persian GulfTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying towork out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from theireight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedomof navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; Iran occupiestwo islands in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE: Tunb as Sughra (Arabic),Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek (Persian) or Lesser Tunb, and Tunb al Kubra(Arabic), Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg (Persian) or Greater Tunb; it jointlyadministers with the UAE an island in the Persian Gulf claimed by the UAE,Abu Musa (Arabic) or Jazireh-ye Abu Musa (Persian)Climate:mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coastTerrain:rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small,discontinuous plains along both coastsNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese,zinc, sulfurLand use:arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 27%; forest andwoodland 11%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2%Environment:deforestation; overgrazing; desertification
:Iran People
Population:61,183,138 (July 1992), growth rate 3.5% (1992)Birth rate:44 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:64 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:64 years male, 66 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.5 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Iranian(s); adjective - IranianEthnic divisions:Persian 51%, Azerbaijani 25%, Kurd 9%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Lur 2%,Baloch 1%, Arab 1%, other 3%Religions:Shi`a Muslim 95%, Sunni Muslim 4%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, andBaha'i 1%Languages:58% Persian and Persian dialects, 26% Turkic and Turkic dialects, 9%Kurdish, 2% Luri, 1% Baloch, 1% Arabic, 1% Turkish, 2% otherLiteracy:54% (male 64%, female 43%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:15,400,000; agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%; shortage of skilled labor(1988 est.)Organized labor:none
:Iran Government
Long-form name:Islamic Republic of IranType:theocratic republicCapital:TehranAdministrative divisions:24 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Azarbayjan-e Bakhtari,Azarbayjan-e Khavari, Bakhtaran, Bushehr, Chahar Machall va Bakhtiari,Ecsfahan, Fars, Gilan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman, Khorasan,Khuzestan, Kohkiluyeh va Buyer Achmadi, Kordestan, Lorestan, Markazi,Mazandaran, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan, Tehran, Yazd, ZanjanIndependence:1 April 1979, Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimedConstitution:2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency andeliminate the prime ministershipLegal system:the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of governmentNational holiday:Islamic Republic Day, 1 April (1979)Executive branch:cleric (faqih), president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Cleric and functional Chief of State:Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Ali HOSEINI-KHAMENEI (since 4June 1989)Head of Government:President Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (since 3 August 1989)Political parties and leaders:there are at least 18 licensed parties; the three most important are -Tehran Militant Clergy Association, Mohammad Reza MAHDAVI-KANI; MilitantClerics Association, Mehdi MAHDAVI-KARUBI and Mohammad AsqarMUSAVI-KHOINIHA; Fedaiyin Islam Organization, Sadeq KHALKHALISuffrage:universal at age 15Elections:President:last held July 1989 (next to be held April 1993); results - Ali AkbarHASHEMI-RAFSANJANI was elected with only token oppositionIslamic Consultative Assembly:last held 8 April 1992 (next to be held April 1996); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (270 seats total) number of seats by party NACommunists:1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crackdownin 1983 crippled the party; trials of captured leaders began in late 1983Other political or pressure groups:groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Hizballah,Hojjatiyeh Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution, Muslim StudentsFollowing the Line of the Imam; armed political groups that have been almostcompletely repressed by the government include Mojahedin-e KhalqOrganization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Kurdish Democratic Party; the Societyfor the Defense of Freedom
:Iran Government
Member of:CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB,IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:none; protecting power in the US is Pakistan - Iranian Interests Section,2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200US:protecting power in Iran is SwitzerlandFlag:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the nationalemblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in red is centered inthe white band; Allah Alkbar (God is Great) in white Arabic script isrepeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11 times alongthe top edge of the red band
:Iran Economy
Overview:Iran's economy is a mixture of central planning, state ownership of oil andother large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale privatetrading and service ventures. After a decade of economic decline, Iran's GNPgrew roughly 4% in FY90 and 10% in FY91. An oil windfall in 1990 combinedwith a substantial increase in imports contributed to Iran's recent economicgrowth. Iran has also begun implementing a number of economic reforms toreduce government intervention (including subsidies) and has allocatedsubstantial resources to development projects in the hope of stimulating theeconomy. Nevertheless, lower oil revenues in 1991 - oil accounts for morethan 90% of export revenues and provides roughly 65% of the financing forthe five-year economic development plan - and dramatic increases in externaldebt are threatening development plans and could prompt Iran to cut imports,thus limiting economic growth in the medium term.GNP:exchange rate conversion - $90 billion, per capita $1,500; real growth rate10% (FY91 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):18% (FY91 est.)Unemployment rate:30% (1989)Budget:revenues $63 billion; expenditures $80 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $23 billion (FY90 est.)Exports:$17.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:petroleum 90%, carpets, fruits, nuts, hidespartners:Japan, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium/Luxembourg, Spain, and GermanyImports:$15.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery, military supplies, metal works, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,technical services, refined oil productspartners:Germany, Japan, Italy, UK, FranceExternal debt:$10 billion (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:14,579,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita(1989)Industries:petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other building materials,food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production),metal fabricating (steel and copper)Agriculture:principal products - wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts,cotton, dairy products, wool, caviar; not self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:illicit producer of opium poppy for the domestic and international drugtradeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.675 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $976 million; note - aid fell sharplyfollowing the 1979 revolution
:Iran Economy
Currency:Iranian rial (plural - rials); 1 Iranian rial (IR) = 100 dinars; note -domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman (plural -tomans), which equals 10 rialsExchange rates:Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 65.515 (January 1992), 67.505 (1991), 68.096(1990), 72.015 (1989), 68.683 (1988), 71.460 (1987); note - black-marketrate 1,400 (January 1991)Fiscal year:21 March - 20 March
:Iran Communications
Railroads:4,850 km total; 4,760 km 1.432-meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge; 480 kmunder construction from Bafq to Bandar Abbas, rail construction from Bafq toSirjan has been completed and is operationalHighways:140,072 km total; 42,694 km paved surfaces; 46,866 km gravel and crushedstone; 49,440 km improved earth; 1,200 km (est.) rural road networkInland waterways:904 km; the Shatt-al-Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about130 km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq warPipelines:crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 kmPorts:Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war), Bandar Beheshti,Bandar-e Abbas, Bandar-e Bushehr, Bandar-e Khomeyni, Bandar-e Shahid Raja,Khorramshahr (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war)Merchant marine:134 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,466,395 GRT/8,329,760 DWT; includes38 cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 32 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3refrigerated cargo, 47 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 liquefied gasCivil air:48 major transport aircraftAirports:214 total, 188 usable; 81 with permanent-surface runways; 16 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:radio relay extends throughout country; system centered in Tehran; 2,143,000telephones; broadcast stations - 77 AM, 3 FM, 28 TV; satellite earthstations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; HF radioand radio relay to Turkey, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, andUzbekistan
:Iran Defense Forces
Branches:Islamic Republic of Iran Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, and RevolutionaryGuard Corps (includes Basij militia and own ground, air, and naval forces);Law Enforcement ForcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 13,267,810; 7,895,591 fit for military service; 552,408 reachmilitary age (21) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $13 billion, 14-15% of GNP (1991 est.)
:Iraq Geography
Total area:436,245 km2Land area:435,292 km2 (est.)Comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of IdahoLand boundaries:3,576 km; Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 134 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 808 km,Syria 605 km, Turkey 331 kmCoastline:58 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:not specificTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Iran and Iraq restored diplomatic relations in 1990 but are still trying towork out written agreements settling outstanding disputes from theireight-year war concerning border demarcation, prisoners-of-war, and freedomof navigation and sovereignty over the Shatt-al-Arab waterway; in April 1991official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution 687, whichdemands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth in its1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and WarbahIslands or to all of Kuwait; a United Nations Boundary DemarcationCommission is demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution687, and, on 17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finalityof the Boundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; periodic disputes withupstream riparian Syria over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute overwater development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates RiversClimate:mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers;northernmost regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience coldwinters with occasionally heavy snowsTerrain:mostly broad plains; reedy marshes in southeast; mountains along borderswith Iran and TurkeyNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, phosphates, sulfurLand use:arable land 12%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest andwoodland 3%; other 75%; includes irrigated 4%Environment:development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreementswith upstream riparians (Syria, Turkey); air and water pollution; soildegradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification
:Iraq People
Population:18,445,847 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)Birth rate:45 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:84 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:62 years male, 64 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:7.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Iraqi(s); adjective - IraqiEthnic divisions:Arab 75-80%, Kurdish 15-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%Religions:Muslim 97%, (Shi`a 60-65%, Sunni 32-37%), Christian or other 3%Languages:Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, ArmenianLiteracy:60% (male 70%, female 49%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:4,400,000 (1989); services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe laborshortage; expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990)Organized labor:less than 10% of the labor force
:Iraq Government
Long-form name:Republic of IraqType:republicCapital:BaghdadAdministrative divisions:18 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, AlMuthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'im, Babil,Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din,WasitIndependence:3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)Constitution:22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (interim Constitution); newconstitution drafted in 1990 but not adoptedLegal system:based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law systemelsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)Executive branch:president, vice president, chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council,vice chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, prime minister, firstdeputy prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Watani)Judicial branch:Court of CassationLeaders:Chief of State:President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice President Taha Muhyial-Din MA'RUF (since 21 April 1974); Vice President Taha Yasin RAMADAN(since 23 March 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Muhammad Hamza al-ZUBAYDI (since 13 September 1991); DeputyPrime Minister Tariq `AZIZ (since NA 1979)Suffrage:universal adult at age 18Elections:National Assembly:last held on 1 April 1989 (next to be held NA); results - Sunni Arabs 53%,Shi`a Arabs 30%, Kurds 15%, Christians 2% est.; seats - (250 total) numberof seats by party NAOther political or pressure groups:political parties and activity severely restricted; possibly some oppositionto regime from disaffected members of the regime, Army officers, and Shi`areligious and Kurdish ethnic dissidentsMember of:ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy in Washington, DC;Chancery at 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-7500
:Iraq Government
US:no US representative in Baghdad since mid-January 1991; Embassy in MasbahQuarter (opposite the Foreign Ministry Club), Baghdad (mailing address is P.O. Box 2447 Alwiyah, Baghdad); telephone [964] (1) 719-6138 or 719-6139,718-1840, 719-3791Flag:three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three greenfive-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; thephrase Allahu Akbar (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to theright of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - wasadded in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag ofSyria that has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen that has aplain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt that has a symboliceagle centered in the white band
:Iraq Economy
Overview:The Ba`thist regime engages in extensive central planning and management ofindustrial production and foreign trade while leaving some small-scaleindustry and services and most agriculture to private enterprise. Theeconomy has been dominated by the oil sector, which has provided about 95%of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems, caused bymassive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oilexport facilities by Iran, led the government to implement austeritymeasures and to borrow heavily and later reschedule foreign debt payments.After the end of hostilities in 1988, oil exports gradually increased withthe construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities.Agricultural development remained hampered by labor shortages, salinization,and dislocations caused by previous land reform and collectivizationprograms. The industrial sector, although accorded high priority by thegovernment, also was under financial constraints. Iraq's seizure of Kuwaitin August 1990, subsequent international economic embargoes, and militaryactions by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drasticallychanged the economic picture. Oil exports were cut to near zero, andindustrial and transportation facilities were severely damaged. Throughout1991, the UN's economic embargo worked to reduce exports and imports and toincrease prices for most goods. The government's policy to allocate goods tokey supporters of the regime exacerbated shortages.GNP:$35 billion, per capita $1,940; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):45% (1989)Unemployment rate:less than 5% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues $NA billion; expenditures $NA billion, including capitalexpenditures of NA (1989)Exports:$10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:crude oil and refined products, fertilizer, sulfurpartners:US, Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Netherlands, Spain (1990)Imports:$6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:manufactures, foodpartners:FRG, US, Turkey, France, UK (1990)External debt:$45 billion (1989 est.), excluding debt of about $35 billion owed to ArabGulf statesIndustrial production:NA%; manufacturing accounts for 10% of GNP (1989)Electricity:3,800,000 kW available out of 9,902,000 kw capacity due to Gulf war; 7,700million kWh produced, 430 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:petroleum production and refining, chemicals, textiles, constructionmaterials, food processingAgriculture:accounts for 11% of GNP but 30% of labor force; principal products - wheat,barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton, wool; livestock -cattle, sheep; not self-sufficient in food output
:Iraq Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $3 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $647 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $3.9 billionCurrency:Iraqi dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 filsExchange rates:Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 3.1 (fixed official rate since 1982);black-market rate (December 1991) US$1 = 12 Iraqi dinarsFiscal year:calendar year
:Iraq Communications
Railroads:2,457 km 1.435-meter standard gaugeHighways:34,700 km total; 17,500 km paved, 5,500 km improved earth, 11,700 kmunimproved earthInland waterways:1,015 km; Shatt-al-Arab usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130km, but closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war; Tigris andEuphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft watercraft;Shatt-al-Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in1991 because of the Persian Gulf warPipelines:crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 kmPorts:Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, Al Basrah (closed since 1980)Merchant marine:42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 936,665 GRT/1,683,212 DWT; includes 1passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3roll-on/roll-off cargo, 19 petroleum tanker, 1 chemical tanker; note - sincethe 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, Iraq has sought toregister at least part of its merchant fleet under convenience flags; noneof the Iraqi flag merchant fleet was trading internationally as of 1 January1992Civil air:34 major transport aircraft (including 7 grounded in Iran; excluding 12IL-76s and 7 Kuwait Airlines)Airports:113 total, 98 usable; 73 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways over3,659 m; 52 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:reconstitution of damaged telecommunication infrastructure began afterDesert Storm; the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave links;632,000 telephones; the network is operational; broadcast stations - 16 AM,1 FM, 13 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 IndianOcean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system and 1ARABSAT; coaxial cable and microwave to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey
:Iraq Defense Forces
Branches:Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, InternalSecurity ForcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 4,042,374; 2,272,578 fit for military service; 213,788 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
:Ireland Geography
Total area:70,280 km2Land area:68,890 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries:360 km; UK 360 kmCoastline:1,448 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:no precise definitionExclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf disputeinvolving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed aboundary agreement in the Rockall area)Climate:temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, coolsummers; consistently humid; overcast about half the timeTerrain:mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and lowmountains; sea cliffs on west coastNatural resources:zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone,dolomite, peat, silverLand use:arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest andwoodland 5%; other 10%Environment:deforestation
:Ireland People
Population:3,521,207 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)Birth rate:15 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-4 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:8 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:72 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective - IrishEthnic divisions:Celtic, with English minorityReligions:Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)Languages:Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, withGaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboardLiteracy:98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981)Labor force:1,333,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%,agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1991)Organized labor:58% of labor force (1991)
:Ireland Government
Long-form name:noneType:republicCapital:DublinAdministrative divisions:26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry,Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath,Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath,Wexford, WicklowIndependence:6 December 1921 (from UK)Constitution:29 December 1937; adopted 1937Legal system:based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts;judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Saint Patrick's Day, 17 MarchExecutive branch:president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate(Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (DailEireann)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Albert REYNOLDS (since 11 February 1992)Political parties and leaders:Fianna Fail, Albert REYNOLDS; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, JohnBRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party(vacant); Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY;note - Prime Minister REYNOLDS heads a coalition consisting of the FiannaFail and the Progressive DemocratsSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results - MaryBourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%Senate:last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30,Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, independents 11House of Representatives:last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results - Fianna Fail44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%,Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats - (166 total)Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, ProgressiveDemocrats 6, independents 6Communists:under 500
:Ireland Government
Member of:AG, BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,ITU, LORCS, NEA, NSG, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL,UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation:Ambassador Dermot GALLAGHER; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish ConsulatesGeneral in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San FranciscoUS:Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin;telephone [353] (1) 688777; FAX [353] (1) 689-946Flag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similarto the flag of the Ivory Coast, which is shorter and has the colors reversed- orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy,which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red
:Ireland Economy
Overview:The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the mostimportant sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDPand about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The governmenthas successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures inthe late 1970s to 3.8% in 1991. In 1987, after years of deficits, thebalance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however,remains a serious problem. A 1991 unemployment rate of 20.4% placed Irelandalong with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in WesternEurope.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $39.2 billion, per capita $11,200; real growthrate 1.3% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.8% (1991)Unemployment rate:20.4% (1991)Budget:revenues $11.4 billion; expenditures $12.6 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $1.6 billion (1992 est.)Exports:$27.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals,animal productspartners:EC 74% (UK 34%, Germany 11%, France 10%), US 8%Imports:$24.5 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery,textiles, clothingpartners:EC 66% (UK 41%, Germany 9%, France 4%), US 14%External debt:$14.8 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 3.0% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDPElectricity:4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystalAgriculture:accounts for 11% of GDP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops -turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock - meat and dairyproducts; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain,fruits, vegetablesEconomic aid:donor - ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 millionCurrency:Irish pound (plural - pounds); 1 Irish pound (#Ir) = 100 penceExchange rates:Irish pounds (#Ir) per US$1 - 0.6227 (March 1992), 0.6190 (1991), 0.6030(1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Ireland Communications
Railroads:Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge,government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrifiedHighways:92,294 km total; 87,422 km paved, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stoneInland waterways:limited for commercial trafficPipelines:natural gas 225 kmPorts:Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, WaterfordMerchant marine:55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 146,081 GRT/177,058 DWT; includes 4short-sea passenger, 32 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3petroleum tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulkCivil air:23 major transport aircraftAirports:36 total, 35 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:small, modern system using cable and digital microwave circuits; 900,000telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 45 FM, 86 TV; 2 coaxial submarinecables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Ireland Defense Forces
Branches:Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA)Manpower availability:males 15-49, 894,421; 724,262 fit for military service; 34,182 reachmilitary age (17) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $566 million, 1-2% of GDP (1992 est.)
:Israel Header
Note:The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not includedin the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmedby President Bush's post-Gulf crisis peace initiative, the final status ofthe West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and apeace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among theconcerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that thesenegotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pendingthe completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of theWest Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and GazaStrip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai toEgypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in theSyria entry.
:Israel Geography
Total area:20,770 km2Land area:20,330 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than New JerseyLand boundaries:1,006 km; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank307, Gaza Strip 51 kmCoastline:273 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:to depth of exploitationTerritorial sea:6 nmDisputes:separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line;differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line thatseparates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupiedwith status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israelitroops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with JordanClimate:temperate; hot and dry in desert areasTerrain:Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan RiftValleyNatural resources:copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese,small amounts of natural gas and crude oilLand use:arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest andwoodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11%Environment:sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land andnatural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestationNote:there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in theIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-builtJewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem