Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Johnston Atoll Geography
Total area:2.8 km2Land area:2.8 km2Comparative area:about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:10 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:12 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth)Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with littleseasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 metersNatural resources:guano (deposits worked until about 1890)Land use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 100%Environment:some low-growing vegetationNote:strategic location 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Honolulu in theNorth Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and theMarshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; NorthIsland (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coraldredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site ofJohnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS)
:Johnston Atoll People
Population: 1,375 (December 1991); all US government personnel and contractors
:Johnston Atoll Government
Long-form name:none (territory of the US)Type:unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense NuclearAgency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and WildlifeService of the US Department of the Interior as part of the NationalWildlife Refuge systemCapital:
none; administered from Washington, DC Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) Flag: the flag of the US is used
:Johnston Atoll Economy
Overview:Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personneland contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods mustbe imported.Electricity:supplied by the management and operations contractor
:Johnston Atoll Communications
Ports:Johnston IslandAirports:1 with permanent-surface runways 2,743 mTelecommunications:excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal,digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station),commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marineVHF/FM Channel 16Note:US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station (estimated closing datefor LORAN is December 1992)
:Johnston Atoll Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
:Jordan Geography
Total area:91,880 km2Land area:91,540 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than IndianaLand boundaries:1,586 km; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km,West Bank 97 kmCoastline:26 kmMaritime claims:Territorial sea:3 nmDisputes:differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line thatseparates the two countriesClimate:mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)Terrain:mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valleyseparates East and West Banks of the Jordan RiverNatural resources:phosphates, potash, shale oilLand use:arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest andwoodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5%Environment:lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;desertificationNote:The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel incontrol of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David accords andreaffirmed by President Bush's post - Gulf crisis peace initiative, thefinal status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with theirneighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiatedamong the concerned parties. The Camp David accords also specify that thesenegotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pendingthe completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of theWest Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.
:Jordan People
Population:3,557,304 (July 1992), growth rate 4.1% (1992); Palestinians now constituteroughly two-thirds of the population; most are Jordanian citizensBirth rate:45 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 73 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:7.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Jordanian(s); adjective - JordanianEthnic divisions:Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%Religions:Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%Languages:Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classesLiteracy:80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)Organized labor:about 10% of labor force
:Jordan Government
Long-form name:Hashemite Kingdom of JordanType:constitutional monarchyCapital:AmmanAdministrative divisions:8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, AlMafraq, `Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma`anIndependence:25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration;formerly Transjordan)Constitution:8 January 1952Legal system:based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative actsin a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 25 May (1946)Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-`Umma) consists of an upper house orHouse of Notables (Majlis al-A`ayan) and a lower house or House ofRepresentatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives hasbeen convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and inNovember 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were heldJudicial branch:Court of CassationLeaders:Chief of State:King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952)Head of Government:Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)Political parties and leaders:approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, butthe number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Husseinpromised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charterthat sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including thecreation of political parties - was approved in principle by the specialNational Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet tobe passed by National AssemblySuffrage:universal at age 20Elections:House of Representatives:last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist)22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc(mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalistbloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10Member of:ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
:Jordan Government
Diplomatic representation:Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664US:Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailingaddress is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892); telephone [962] (6)644-371Flag:three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a redisosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small whiteseven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the sevenfundamental laws of the Koran
:Jordan Economy
Overview:Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. Inthe remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and workerremittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year.Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have beenoutstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, andborrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-reschedulingnegotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to graduallyreduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. ThePersian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan'salready serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMFprogram, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aidfrom Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees haveflooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery isunlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion, per capita $1,100; real growth rate3% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:40% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992)Exports:$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufacturespartners:India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, ChinaImports:$2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufacturedgoodspartners:EC, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, TurkeyExternal debt:$9 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:1,025,000 kW capacity; 3,900 million kWh produced, 1,150 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturingAgriculture:accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrusfruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; largenet importer of foodEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44millionCurrency:Jordanian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
:Jordan Economy
Exchange rates:Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6861 (March 1992), 0.6807 1991), 0.6636(1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Jordan Communications
Railroads:619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single trackHighways:7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stonePipelines:crude oil 209 kmPorts:Al `AqabahMerchant marine:2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1cargo and 1 petroleum tankerCivil air:23 major transport aircraftAirports:19 total, 15 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations- 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domesticTV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, andSyria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participates in a microwavenetwork linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
:Jordan Defense Forces
Branches:Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Navy, PublicSecurity ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 808,725; 576,934 fit for military service; 39,310 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $404 million, 9.5% of GDP (1990)
:Juan de Nova Island Geography
Total area:4.4 km2Land area:4.4 km2Comparative area:about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:24.1 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:12 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:claimed by MadagascarClimate:tropicalTerrain:undeterminedNatural resources:guano deposits and other fertilizersLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 90%; other 10%Environment:subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuaryNote:located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa andMadagascar
:Juan de Nova Island People
Population: uninhabited
:Juan de Nova Island Government
Long-form name:noneType:French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic JacquesDEWATRE, resident in ReunionCapital:none; administered by France from Reunion
:Juan de Nova Island Economy
Overview: no economic activity
:Juan de Nova Island Communications
Railroads:short line going to a jettyPorts:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:1 with non-permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
:Juan de Nova Island Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
:Kazakhstan Geography
Total area:2,717,300 km2Land area:2,669,800 km2Comparative area:slightly less than four times the size of TexasLand boundaries:12,012 km; China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 kmCoastline:0 kmnote:Kazakhstan does border the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894km)Maritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:noneClimate:dry continental, about half is desertTerrain:extends from the Volga to the Altai mountains and from the plains in westernSiberia to oasis and desert in Central AsiaNatural resources:petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, ironLand use:NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forestand woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigatedEnvironment:drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemicalpesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution
:Kazakhstan People
Population:17,103,927 (July 1992), growth rate 1.0% (1992)Birth rate:23 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-6.1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)Infant mortality rate:25.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:63 years male, 72 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.9 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Kazakh(s); adjective - KazakhstaniEthnic divisions:Kazakh (Qazaq) 40%, Russian 38%, other Slavs 7%, Germans 6%, other 9%Religions:Muslim 47% Russian Orthodox NA%, Lutheran NA%Languages:Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), RussianLiteracy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and writeLabor force:8,267,000 (1989)Organized labor:official trade unions, independent coal miners' union
:Kazakhstan Government
Long-form name:Republic of KazakhstanType:republicCapital:Alma-Ata (Almaty)Administrative divisions:19 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Aktyubinsk, Alma-Ata, Atyrau,Chimkent, Dzhambul, Dzhezkazgan, Karaganda, Kokchetav, Kustanay, Kzyl-Orda,Mangistauz (Aqtau), Pavlodar, Semipalatinsk, Severo-Kazakhstan(Petropavlovsk), Taldy-Kurgan, Tselinograd, Turgay (Arkalyk), Ural'sk,Vostochno-Kazakhstan (Ust'-Kamenogorsk); note - an oblast has the same nameas its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center namefollowing in parentheses)Independence:16 December 1991; from the Soviet Union (formerly the Kazakh SovietSocialist Republic)Constitution:new postindependence constitution under preparationLegal system:NANational holiday:NAExecutive branch:president with presidential appointed cabinet of ministersLegislative branch:Supreme SovietJudicial branch:NALeaders:Chief of State:President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (since April 1990), Vice President YerikASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Sergey TERESHCHENKO (since 14 October 1991), Deputy PrimeMinister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since November 1990)Political parties and leaders:Peoples Forum Party, Olzhas SULEIMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Anuar ALIJANOV, chairman;ZHOLTOKSAN, Hasan KOJAKHETOV, chairmen; AZAT Party, Sabitkazi AKETAEV,chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA;seats - (NA total) percent of seats by party NACommunists:party disbanded 6 September 1992Member of:CIS, CSCE, IMF, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTADDiplomatic representation:Ambassador NA; Chancery at NA NW, Washington, DC 200__; telephone NA; thereare NA Consulates GeneralUS:Ambassador-designate William Courtney; Embassy at Hotel Kazakhstan,Alma-Ata, (mailing address is APO AE 09862); telephone 8-011-7-3272-61-90-56Flag:no national flag yet adopted
:Kazakhstan Economy
Overview:The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan hasvast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependenton trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumerand industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollutionproblems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. Thegovernment in 1991 pushed privatization of the economy at a faster pace thanRussia's program. The ongoing transitional period - marked by sharpinflation in wages and prices, lower output, lost jobs, and disruption oftime-honored channels of supply - has brought considerable social unrest.Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and managerial skills for a quickrecovery of output. US firms have been enlisted to increase oil output butface formidable obstacles; for example, oil can now reach Western marketsonly through pipelines that run across independent (and sometimesunfriendly) former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithicCommunist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 millionRussians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostilityof a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of theformidable obstacles to the creation of a productive, technologicallyadvancing society.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $NA; per capita NA; real growth rate - 7%(1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):83% (1991)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $NA million; expenditures $NA million, including capitalexpenditures of $1.76 billion (1991)Exports:$4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991)partners:Russia, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports:$NA million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and parts, industrial materialspartners:Russia and other former Soviet republicsExternal debt:$2.6 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 0.7% (1991)Electricity:17,900,000 kW capacity; 79,100 million kWh produced, 4,735 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur) iron and steel,nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electricmotors, construction materialsAgriculture:employs 30% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton,wool
:Kazakhstan Economy
Illicit drugs:illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipmentpoints for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $NA billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;Communist countries (1971-86), $NA millionCurrency:as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currencyExchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
:Kazakhstan Communications
Railroads:14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:189,000 km total (1990); 188,900 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900km earthInland waterways:NA km perennially navigablePipelines:crude oil NA km, refined products NA km, natural gas NAPorts:none - landlocked; inland - GuryevCivil air:NA major transport aircraftAirports:NATelecommunications:telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Alma-Ata has 184,000;international traffic with other former USSR republics and China carried bylandline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and throughthe Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSATand Orbita
:Kazakhstan Defense Forces
Branches:Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CISForces (Ground, Air, Air Defense, and Strategic Rocket)Manpower availability:males 15-49, NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)annuallyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Kenya Geography
Total area:582,650 km2Land area:569,250 km2Comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of NevadaLand boundaries:3,477 km; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km,Uganda 933 kmCoastline:536 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with internationalboundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate:varies from tropical along coast to arid in interiorTerrain:low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertileplateau in westNatural resources:gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets,wildlifeLand use:arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest andwoodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific andeconomic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers onMt. KenyaNote:the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agriculturalproduction regions in Africa
:Kenya People
Population:26,164,473 (July 1992), growth rate 3.6% (1992)Birth rate:44 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:68 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:60 years male, 64 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Kenyan(s); adjective - KenyanEthnic divisions:Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%,Asian, European, and Arab 1%Religions:Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6%Languages:English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languagesLiteracy:69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8%of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0%(1989)Organized labor:390,000 (est.)
:Kenya Government
Long-form name:Republic of KenyaType:republicCapital:NairobiAdministrative divisions:7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, NorthEastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, WesternIndependence:12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa)Constitution:12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979,1983, 1986, 1988, and 1991Legal system:based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review inHigh Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party staterepealed in 1991National holiday:Independence Day, 12 December (1963)Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice PresidentGeorge SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)Political parties and leaders:ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI,president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy(FORD), Oginga ODINJA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), KIBAKI; note - somedozen other opposition partiesSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); results -President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelectedNational Assembly:last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held before March 1993); will befirst multiparty election since repeal of one-party state lawOther political or pressure groups:labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groupsMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in LosAngeles and New York
:Kenya Government
US:Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue andHaile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobior APO AE 09831); telephone [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838; there isa US Consulate in MombasaFlag:three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band isedged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears issuperimposed at the center
:Kenya Economy
Overview:Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world- presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDPgrowth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annuallyaveraging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and ashortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leadingeconomic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, andsagging export prices held economic growth below the all-importantpopulation growth figure.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $9.7 billion, per capita $385 (1989 est.); realgrowth rate 2.3% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):14.3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemploymentBudget:revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90)Exports:$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989)partners:EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988)Imports:$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989)partners:EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)External debt:$6.0 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDPElectricity:730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap,cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourismAgriculture:most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 19% of the workforce, and over 50% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple;food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products;food output not keeping pace with population growthIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption;widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit countryfor heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa,Western Europe, and the USEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83millionCurrency:Kenyan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents
:Kenya Economy
Exchange rates:Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 28.466 (January 1992), 27.508 (1991),22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Kenya Communications
Railroads:2,040 km 1.000-meter gaugeHighways:64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earthInland waterways:part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inlandport is at KisumuPipelines:petroleum products 483 kmPorts:Mombasa, LamuMerchant marine:1 petroleum tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,727 GRT/5,558 DWTCivil air:19 major transport aircraftAirports:249 total, 214 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links;over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satelliteearth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
:Kenya Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 5,688,543; 3,513,611 fit for military service; no conscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1% of GDP (1989 est.)
:Kingman Reef Geography
Total area:1 km2Land area:1 km2Comparative area:about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:3 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:12 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth)Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical, but moderated by prevailing windsTerrain:low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meterNatural resources:noneLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 100%Environment:barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the timeNote:located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean,about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public
:Kingman Reef People
Population: uninhabited
:Kingman Reef Government
Long-form name:noneType:unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US NavyCapital:none; administered from Washington, DC
:Kingman Reef Economy
Overview: no economic activity
:Kingman Reef Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa byPan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
:Kingman Reef Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
:Kiribati Geography
Total area:717 km2Land area:717 km2; includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,Phoenix IslandsComparative area:slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:1,143 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade windsTerrain:mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefsNatural resources:phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)Land use:arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 3%; other 46%Environment:typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33islands are inhabitedNote:Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rockislands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesiaand Nauru
:Kiribati People
Population:74,788 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)Birth rate:33 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:99 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:52 years male, 56 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.9 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - I-Kiribati (singular and plural); adjective - I-KiribatiEthnic divisions:MicronesianReligions:Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-DayAdventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)Languages:English (official), GilberteseLiteracy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%)Labor force:7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)Organized labor:Kiribati Trades Union Congress - 2,500 members
:Kiribati Government
Long-form name:Republic of Kiribati; note - pronounced KiribasType:republicCapital:TarawaAdministrative divisions:3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - a newadministrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, LineIslands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changedto 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang,Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton, Kiritimati,Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea,Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, TerainaIndependence:12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands)Constitution:12 July 1979National holiday:Independence Day, 12 July (1979)Executive branch:president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA(since 8 July 1991)Political parties and leaders:National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party,Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, TewarekaTENTOA; note - there is no tradition of formally organized political partiesin Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups becausethey have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structuresSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - TeataoTEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28%House of Assembly:last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by partyNAMember of:ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL,ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati)US:the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to KiribatiFlag:the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow risingsun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes torepresent the ocean
:Kiribati Economy
Overview:The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphatedeposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fishnow represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuatedwidely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fishcatch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra productionwas hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with realGDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase incopra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in outputin 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate1.0% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.0% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate:2% (1985); considerable underemploymentBudget:revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)Exports:$5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:fish 55%, copra 42%partners:EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985)Imports:$26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipmentpartners:Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985)External debt:$2.0 million (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDPElectricity:5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:fishing, handicraftsAgriculture:accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro,breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$273 millionCurrency:Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3177 (March 1992), 1.2835 (1991),1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986)Fiscal year:NA
:Kiribati Communications
Highways:640 km of motorable roadsInland waterways:small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line IslandsPorts:Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)Civil air:2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraftAirports:21 total; 20 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific OceanINTELSAT earth station
:Kiribati Defense Forces
Branches:no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcementfunctions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on allislandsManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Korea, North Geography
Total area:120,540 km2Land area:120,410 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than MississippiLand boundaries:1,673 km; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 kmCoastline:2,495 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmMilitary boundary line:50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in theYellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned)Territorial sea:12 nmDisputes:short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line withSouth KoreaClimate:temperate with rainfall concentrated in summerTerrain:mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plainswide in west, discontinuous in eastNatural resources:coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold,pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropowerLand use:arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest andwoodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9%Environment:mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparselypopulated; late spring droughts often followed by severe floodingNote:strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia
:Korea, North People
Population:22,227,303 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)Birth rate:24 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:30 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:66 years male, 72 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Korean(s);adjective - KoreanEthnic divisions:racially homogeneousReligions:Buddhism and Confucianism; some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo;autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsoredreligious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedomLanguages:KoreanLiteracy:99%, (male 99%, female 99%); note - presumed to be virtually universal amongpopulation under age 60Labor force:9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled andunskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)Organized labor:1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the GeneralFederation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee
:Korea, North Government
Long-form name:Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRKType:Communist state; Stalinist dictatorshipCapital:P'yongyangAdministrative divisions:9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto,Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*,P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo,P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-doIndependence:9 September 1948Constitution:adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972Legal system:based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communistlegal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 9 September (1948)Executive branch:president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, StateAdministration Council (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)Judicial branch:Central CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1945, formally President since28 December 1972); designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born16 February 1942)Head of Government:Premier YON Hyong-muk (since December 1988)Political parties and leaders:major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary,and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean SocialDemocratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONGSin-hyok, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 17Elections:President:last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - President KIMIl-song was reelected without oppositionSupreme People's Assembly:last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list ofcandidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a fewseatsCommunists:KWP claims membership of about 3 millionMember of:ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU,LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:none
:Korea, North Government
Flag:three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the redband is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white diskwith a red five-pointed star
:Korea, North Economy
Overview:More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land iscollectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods.State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communistcountry because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and thestrict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth duringthe period 1984-89 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 2-4% annuallyduring 1990-91, largely because of disruptions in economic relations withthe USSR. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis ofindustrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal,iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals.Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging farbehind. Despite the use of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation,and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet becomeself-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests,coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages.North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development andliving standards.GNP:purchasing power equivalent - $23.3 billion, per capita $1,100; real growthrate -2% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:officially noneBudget:revenues $17.3 billion; expenditures $17.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1990)Exports:$2.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufacturespartners:USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, SingaporeImports:$2.62 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grainpartners:USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, SingaporeExternal debt:$7 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:7,140,000 kW capacity; 36,000 million kWh produced, 1,650 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining,metallurgy, textiles, food processingAgriculture:accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice,corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle,hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7million metric tons in 1987Economic aid:Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980sCurrency:North Korean won (plural - won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon
:Korea, North Economy
Exchange rates:North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1(January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Korea, North Communications
Railroads:4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meternarrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned(1989)Highways:about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5%pavedInland waterways:2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft onlyPipelines:crude oil 37 kmPorts:Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong (formerlyUnggi), Kim ChaekMerchant marine:78 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 543,033 GRT/804,507 DWT; includes 1passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 petroleumtanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 containerAirports:55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewerthan 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 withrunways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radioreceivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Korea, North Defense Forces
Branches:Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil SecurityForcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 6,476,839; 3,949,568 fit for military service; 227,154 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note- the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% ofGNP (1991 est.)
:Korea, South Geography
Total area:98,480 km2Land area:98,190 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than IndianaLand boundaries:238 km; North Korea 238 kmCoastline:2,413 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:not specificTerritorial sea:12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait)Disputes:Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by JapanClimate:temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winterTerrain:mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and southNatural resources:coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropowerLand use:arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest andwoodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12%Environment:occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest;air pollution in large cities
:Korea, South People
Population:44,149,199 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)Birth rate:16 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:23 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:67 years male, 73 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.6 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Korean(s);adjective - KoreanEthnic divisions:homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000)Religions:strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (24.3% of the totalpopulation); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondogyo(religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtonesfounded in 19th century, about 0.1% of populationLanguages:Korean; English widely taught in high schoolLiteracy:96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21%agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987)Organized labor:23.4% (1989) of labor force in government-sanctioned unions
:Korea, South Government
Long-form name:Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROKType:republicCapital:SeoulAdministrative divisions:9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo,Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo,Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*Independence:15 August 1948Constitution:25 February 1988Legal system:combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-Americanlaw, and Chinese classical thoughtNational holiday:Independence Day, 15 August (1948)Executive branch:president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council(cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988)Head of Government:Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime MinisterCHOI Gak Kyu (since 19 February 1991)Political parties and leaders:ruling party:Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam,chairman; KIM Chong Pil and PAK Tae Chun, co-chairmen; note - the DLPresulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), ReunificationDemocratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9February 1990opposition:Democratic Party (DP), result of a merger of the New Democratic Party andthe Democratic Party formalized 16 September 1991; KIM Dae Jung, executivechairman; LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; several smaller partiesSuffrage:universal at age 20Elections:President:last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results - ROHTae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%,other 10.1%National Assembly:last held on 26 April 1988 (next to be held around March 1992); results -DJP 34%, RDP 24%, PPD 19%, NDRP 15%, other 8%; seats - (296 total) DJP 125,PPD 70, RDP 59, NDRP 35, other 10; note - on 9 February 1990 the DJP, RDP,and NDRP merged to form the DLP; also the PPD, later renamed the NDP, mergedwith another party to form the DP in September 1991. The distribution ofseats as of December 1991 was DLP 214, DP 72, independent 9, vacant 1
:Korea, South Government
Other political or pressure groups:Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea;National Council of College Student Representatives; National Federation ofFarmers' Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation ofKorean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of KoreanIndustries; Korean Traders AssociationMember of:AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador HYUN Hong Joo; Chancery at 2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-5600; there are Korean ConsulatesGeneral in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, LosAngeles, New York, San Francisco, and SeattleUS:Ambassador Donald P. GREGG; Embassy at 82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul,AMEMB, Unit 15550 (mailing address is APO AP 96205-0001); telephone [82] (2)732-2601 through 2618; FAX [82] (2) 738-8845; there is a US Consulate inPusanFlag:white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is adifferent black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in eachcorner of the white field
:Korea, South Economy
Overview:The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planneddevelopment of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurialsociety. Real GNP has increased more than 10% annually over the past sixyears. This growth has led to an overheated situation characterized by atight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly risingcurrent account deficit. Policymakers have stated they will focus attentionon slowing inflation. In any event, the economy will remain the envy of thegreat majority of the world's peoples.GNP:purchasing power equivalent - $273 billion, per capita $6,300; real growthrate 8.7% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9.7% (1991)Unemployment rate:2.4% (1991)Budget:revenues $44 billion; expenditures $44 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992)Exports:$71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear,machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fishpartners:US 26%, Japan 18% (1991)Imports:$81.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transportequipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grainspartners:Japan 26%, US 23% (1991)External debt:$38.2 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 7.5% (1991 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNPElectricity:24,000,000 kW capacity; 106,000 million kWh produced, 2,460 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel,electronics, automobile production, shipbuildingAgriculture:accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing andforestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit;livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs;self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metrictons, seventh-largest in worldEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries(1970-89), $3.0 billionCurrency:South Korean won (plural - won); 1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon(theoretical)Exchange rates:South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 766.66 (January 1992), 733.35 (1991), 707.76(1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988), 822.57 (1987)
:Korea, South Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
:Korea, South Communications
Railroads:3,106 km operating in 1983; 3,059 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 47 km0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712 km double track, 418 km electrified;government ownedHighways:62,936 km total (1982); 13,476 km national highway, 49,460 km provincial andlocal roadsInland waterways:1,609 km; use restricted to small native craftPipelines:petroleum products 455 kmPorts:Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, UlsanMerchant marine:435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,924,818 GRT/11,389,397 DWT;includes 2 short-sea passenger, 140 cargo, 53 container, 11 refrigeratedcargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 14liquefied gas, 5 combination ore/oil, 145 bulk, 3 combination bulk, 1multifunction large-load carrierCivil air:93 major transport aircraftAirports:105 total, 97 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:adequate domestic and international services; 4,800,000 telephones;broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or greater); satelliteearth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
:Korea, South Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Marines Corps, Air ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 13,131,113; 8,456,428 fit for military service; 448,450 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $12.6 billion, 4.5% of GNP (1992 budget)
:Kuwait Geography
Total area:17,820 km2Land area:17,820 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries:462 km; Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 kmCoastline:499 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:not specificTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:in April 1991 official Iraqi acceptance of UN Security Council Resolution687, which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary setforth in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyanand Warbah Islands or to all of Kuwait; a UN Boundary Demarcation Commissionis demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait boundary persuant to Resolution 687, and, on17 June 1992, the UN Security Council reaffirmed the finality of theBoundary Demarcation Commission's decisions; ownership of Qaruh and Umm alMaradim Islands disputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate:dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool wintersTerrain:flat to slightly undulating desert plainNatural resources:petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gasLand use:arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 8%; forest andwoodland NEGL%; other 92%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilitiesprovide most of water; air and water pollution; desertificationNote:strategic location at head of Persian Gulf