:Sao Tome and Principe Government
Long-form name:Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and PrincipeType:republicCapital:Sao TomeAdministrative divisions:2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao TomeIndependence:12 July 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution:5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982Legal system:based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 12 July (1975)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Noberto COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)Political parties and leaders:Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime MinisterDaniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberationof Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian DemocraticFront (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO),leader NA; other small partiesSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - MiguelTROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multipartypresidential electionNational People's Assembly:last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results -PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats - (55total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multipartyelection in Sao Tome and PrincipeMember of:ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue,Suite 603, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211US:Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresidentbasis and makes periodic visits to the islands
:Sao Tome and Principe Government
Flag:three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green withtwo black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellowband and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popularpan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
Overview:The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gainedindependence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production hasgradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, ashortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-paymentsproblem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palmkernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that ofexports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expenseof other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs.It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years,Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts toroughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists fordevelopment of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps toexpand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented aFive-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and rescheduleexternal debt service payments in cooperation with the InternationalDevelopment Association and Western lenders.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $46.0 million, per capita $400; real growth rate1.5% (1989)Inflation rate (consumer prices):36% (1989)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capitalexpenditures of $22.5 million (1989)Exports:$4.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oilpartners:FRG, GDR, Netherlands, ChinaImports:$21.3 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%partners:Portugal, GDR, Angola, ChinaExternal debt:$147 million (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.1% (1986)Electricity:5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processingAgriculture:dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa(85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya,beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meatEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 millionCurrency:dobra (plural - dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
:Sao Tome and Principe Economy
Exchange rates:dobras (Db) per US$1 - 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827(1987), 36.993 (1986)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Sao Tome and Principe Communications
Highways:300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and inneed of repairPorts:Sao Tome, Santo AntonioCivil air:10 major transport aircraftAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT earth station
:Sao Tome and Principe Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 30,188; 15,918 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Saudi Arabia Geography
Total area:1,945,000 km2Land area:1,945,000 km2Comparative area:slightly less than one-fourth the size of the USLand boundaries:4,532 km total; Iraq 808 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km,Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 kmCoastline:2,510 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:18 nmContinental shelf:not specificTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:no defined boundaries with Yemen; location and status of Saudi Arabia'sboundaries with Qatar and UAE are unresolved; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh andUmm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate:harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperatureTerrain:mostly uninhabited, sandy desertNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copperLand use:arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest andwoodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastalseawater desalination facilities; desertificationNote:extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage onshipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
:Saudi Arabia People
Population:17,050,934 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992); note - the populationfigure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 thatreported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers;estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lowerBirth rate:39 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:59 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:65 years male, 68 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.7 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Saudi(s); adjective - Saudi or Saudi ArabianEthnic divisions:Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%Religions:Muslim 100%Languages:ArabicLiteracy:62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:5,000,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16%Organized labor:trade unions are illegal
:Saudi Arabia Government
Long-form name:Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaType:monarchyCapital:RiyadhAdministrative divisions:14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah,Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, `Asir,Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, TabukIndependence:23 September 1932 (unification)Constitution:none; governed according to Shari`a (Islamic law)Legal system:based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercialdisputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)Executive branch:monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Councilof MinistersLegislative branch:noneJudicial branch:Supreme Council of JusticeLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:King and Prime Minister FAHD bin `Abd al-`Aziz Al Sa`ud (since 13 June1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister `ABDALLAH bin `Abd al-`Aziz AlSa`ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)Suffrage:noneElections:noneMember of:ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi ArabianConsulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS:Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, DiplomaticQuarter, Riyadh (mailing address is American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh;International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307);telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; Telex 406866; there are US Consulates Generalin Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)Flag:green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is noGod but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontalsaber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color ofIslam
:Saudi Arabia Economy
Overview:The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 37% ofGDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reservesof petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, andplays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends toencourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process ofturning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditionalIslamic values.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $104 billion, per capita $5,800; real growth rate1.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:0% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues $40.3 billion; expenditures $48.3 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992)Exports:$44.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products 85%partners:US 22%, Japan 22%, Singapore 7%, France 6%Imports:$21.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials,processed food productspartners:US 16%, UK 14%, Japan 14%, FRG 7%External debt:$18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:30,000,000 kW capacity; 60,000 million kWh produced, 3,300 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement,small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plasticAgriculture:accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economicsector; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes,melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approachingself-sufficiency in foodEconomic aid:donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)Currency:Saudi riyal (plural - riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalasExchange rates:Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033(1986)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Saudi Arabia Communications
Railroads:886 km 1.435-meter standard gaugeHighways:74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earthPipelines:crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km,includes natural gas liquids 1,600 kmPorts:Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu alSinaiyahMerchant marine:8l ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 884,470 GRT/1,254,882 DWT; includes 1passenger, 7 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 14 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 24 petroleum tanker, 7chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulkCivil air:104 major transport aircraft availableAirports:211 total, 191 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 105 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:good system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cablesystems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV;radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan;coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt andBahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian OceanINTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
:Saudi Arabia Defense Forces
Branches:Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, CoastGuard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 5,619,147; 3,118,261 fit for military service; 133,314 reachmilitary age (17) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $14.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1992 budget)
:Senegal Geography
Total area:196,190 km2Land area:192,000 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundaries:2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali419 km, Mauritania 813 kmCoastline:531 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmContinental shelf:edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered itsdecision on the Guinea-Bissau/ Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal- that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with MauritaniaClimate:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeastwinds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan windTerrain:generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeastNatural resources:fish, phosphates, iron oreLand use:arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest andwoodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1%Environment:lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;desertificationNote:The Gambia is almost an enclave
:Senegal People
Population:8,205,058 (July 1992), growth rate 3.1% (1992)Birth rate:44 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:13 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:54 years male, 57 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Senegalese (singular and plural); adjective - SenegaleseEthnic divisions:Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%,European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%Religions:Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)Languages:French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, MandingoLiteracy:38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners -private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population ofworking age (1985)Organized labor:majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-payingmembership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation ofSenegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of the governing party
:Senegal Government
Long-form name:Republic of SenegalType:republic under multiparty democratic ruleCapital:DakarAdministrative divisions:10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack,Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, ZiguinchorIndependence:20 August 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation ofa loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement wasdissolved on 30 September 1989Constitution:3 March 1963, last revised in 1991Legal system:based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts inSupreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 4 April (1960)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)Head of Government:Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)Political parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party(PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential partiesSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results -Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1%National Assembly:last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA February 1993); results - PS71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17Other political or pressure groups:students, teachers, labor, Muslim BrotherhoodsMember of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington,DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541US:Ambassador Katherine SHIRLEY; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner ofAvenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221]23-42-96 or 23-34-24; FAX [221] 22-29-91
:Senegal Government
Flag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with asmall green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popularpan-African colors of Ethiopia
:Senegal Economy
Overview:The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and providesemployment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the totalcultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Theprincipal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 millionor about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominatedby the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because ofreduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $5.0 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate3.6% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.0% (1990)Unemployment rate:3.5% (1987)Budget:revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capitalexpenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)Exports:$814 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%,phosphates 10%partners:France, other EC members, Mali, Ivory Coast, IndiaImports:$1.05 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.)commodities:semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%,capital goods 14%partners:France, other EC, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Algeria, China, JapanExternal debt:$2.9 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity:215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining,building materialsAgriculture:including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force;major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food;fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295millionCurrency:Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)= 100 centimesExchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54(1987)
:Senegal Economy
Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June; note - in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendaryear
:Senegal Communications
Railroads:1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakarto ThiesHighways:14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earthInland waterways:897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the SaloumPorts:Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, ZiguinchorMerchant marine:2 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 7,676 GRT/12,310 DWT; includes 1cargo, 1 bulkCivil air:3 major transport aircraftAirports:25 total, 19 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations -8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
:Senegal Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 1,814,452; 947,723 fit for military service; 88,271 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)
:Serbia and Montenegro Geography
Total area:102,350 km2Land area:102,136 km2: note - Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2while Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land area of 13,724km2Comparative area:slightly larger than Kentucky; note - Serbia is slightly larger than Mainewhile Montenegro is slightly larger than ConnecticutLand boundaries:2,234 km total; Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with Montenegro),Bosnia and Hercegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro),Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km; note - the internal boundary betweenMontenegro and Serbia is 211 kmCoastline:199 km; Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 kmMaritime claims:none - landlockedContiguous zone:NA nmContinental shelf:NA meter depthExclusive fishing zone:NA nmExclusive economic zone:NA nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to theformer Yugoslavia (Serbia) by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes withBosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanianminority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian RepublicClimate:in the north, continental climate - cold winter and hot, humid summers withwell distributed rainfall; central portion, continental and Mediterraneanclimate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summersand autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inlandTerrain:extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestoneranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to thesouthwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home oflargest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake ScutariNatural resources:oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chromeLand use:arable land 30%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest andwoodland 25%; other 20%; includes irrigated 5%Environment:coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist relatedareas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrialcities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dump into theSava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakesNote:controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and theNear East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
:Serbia and Montenegro People
Population:10,642,000 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1991)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:Serbia - 70.11 years male, 75.21 years female (1992); Montenegro - 76.33years male, 82.27 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:NA children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Serbian(s) and Montenegrin(s); adjective - Serbian and MontenegrinEthnic divisions:Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%Religions:Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%Languages:Serbo-Croatian 100%Literacy:89% (male 95%, female 83%) age 10 and over can read and write (1991 est.)Labor force:2,640,909; industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)Organized labor:NA
:Serbia and Montenegro Government
Long-form name:noneType:republicCapital:BelgradeAdministrative divisions:2 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 automous provinces*;Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*Independence:NA April 1992Constitution:NA April 1992Legal system:based on civil law systemNational holiday:NAExecutive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime ministerLegislative branch:ParliamentJudicial branch:NALeaders:Chief of State:President Dobric COSIC (since NA), Vice President Branko KOSTIC (since July1991); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of SerbiaHead of Government:Prime Minister Milan PANIC (since 14 July 1992), Deputy Prime MinisterAleksandr MITROVIC (since March 1989)Political parties and leaders:former Communisty Party, Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party, VojislavSESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party, Vok DRASKOVICSuffrage:at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18Elections:President:NAParliament:last held 4 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (138 total) former Community Party 73, Radical Party 33,other 32Communists:NAOther political or pressure groups:NAMember of:CSCE, UNDiplomatic representation:none; US does not recognize Serbia and MontenegroFlag:NA
:Serbia and Montenegro Economy
Overview:The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been accompanied by bloodyethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakupof important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia andMontenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and militarystrife. This new state faces major economic problems. First, like the otherformer Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro depended on their sisterrepublics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, andmanufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels oftechnology among the six republics accentuated this interdependence, as didthe Communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a smallnumber of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharpdrop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and thedestruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to theeconomic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economicsituation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of aCommunist government that is primarily interested in political and militarymastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the major economicsanctions by the leading industrial nations.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $44 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rateNA% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):60% per monthUnemployment rate:25-40%Budget:NAExports:$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and liveanimals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco1%partners:principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC,the former USSR, East European countries, USImports:$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coalfor the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5%partners:principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the former USSR, ECcountries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, USExternal debt:$4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)Industrial production:growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)Electricity:8,633,000 kW capacity; 34,600 million kWh produced, 3,496 kWh per capita(1991)
:Serbia and Montenegro Economy
Industries:machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles andweapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel,aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining(coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods(textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleumproducts, chemicals, and pharmaceuticalsAgriculture:the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of theformer Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodinaalso produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production;Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a longgrowing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestockproduction (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo provinceproduces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; themountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goathusbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near thecoast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus,grapes, and riceIllicit drugs:NAEconomic aid:NACurrency:Yugoslav New Dinar (plural - New Dinars); 1 Yugo New Dinar (YD) = 100 parasExchange rates:Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990),15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Serbia and Montenegro Communications
Railroads:NAHighways:46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earthInland waterways:NA kmPipelines:crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 kmPorts:maritime - Bar; inland - BelgradeMerchant marine:43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 866,915 GRT/1,449,094 DWT; includes 19cargo, 5 container, 16 bulk carriers, 2 combination/ore carrier and 1passenger ship, under Serbian and Montenegrin flag; note - Montenegro alsooperates 3 bulk carriers under the flags of Panama and Saint Vincent and theGrenadinesCivil air:NAAirports:NATelecommunications:700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
:Serbia and Montenegro Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, and Air ForcesManpower availability:males 15-49, 2,545,357; NA fit for military service; 96,832 reach militaryage (18) annually (est.)Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Seychelles Geography
Total area:455 km2Land area:455 km2Comparative area:slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:491 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:claims Tromelin IslandClimate:tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May toSeptember); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)Terrain:Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others arecoral, flat, elevated reefsNatural resources:fish, copra, cinnamon treesLand use:arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 18%; other 60%Environment:lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughtspossible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50coralline islandsNote:located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean
:Seychelles People
Population:69,519 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)Birth rate:23 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:15 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:65 years male, 75 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Seychellois (singular and plural); adjective - SeychellesEthnic divisions:Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)Religions:Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%Languages:English and French (official); CreoleLiteracy:85% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)Labor force:27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%,agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of populationof working age (1983)Organized labor:three major trade unions
:Seychelles Government
Long-form name:Republic of SeychellesType:republicCapital:VictoriaAdministrative divisions:23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, AnseLouis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, BelOmbre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (onPraslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, TakamakaIndependence:29 June 1976 (from UK)Constitution:5 June 1979Legal system:based on English common law, French civil law, and customary lawNational holiday:Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977)Executive branch:president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)Political parties and leaders:ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France AlbertRENE; note - in December 1991, President RENE announced that the Seychelleswould begin an immediate transition to a multiparty political system;registration of new political parties was scheduled to begin in January 1992Suffrage:universal at age 17Elections:election of delegates to a multiparty constitutional conference is scheduledfor June 1992President:last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results - PresidentFrance Albert RENE reelected without oppositionPeople's Assembly:last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held NA December 1992); results - SPPFwas the only legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23Other political or pressure groups:trade unions, Roman Catholic ChurchMember of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation:Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery(temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017; telephone(212) 687-9766US:Ambassador Richard W. CARLSON; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House,Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251,Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO AE 09815-2501); telephone (248) 25256;FAX (248) 25189
:Seychelles Government
Flag:three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white bandis the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
:Seychelles Economy
Overview:In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employsabout 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currencyearnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investmentin order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, thegovernment has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promotingthe development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $350 million, per capita $5,200; real growth rate-4.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.8% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate:9% (1987)Budget:revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capitalexpenditures of $32 million (1989)Exports:$40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports)partners:France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)Imports:$186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportationequipment, petroleum productspartners:UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6%(1987)External debt:$189 million (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity:30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boatbuilding, printing, furniture, beverageAgriculture:accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts,cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas;broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tunafishing under wayEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60millionCurrency:Seychelles rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 centsExchange rates:Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2946 (March 1992), 5.2893 (1991),5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Seychelles Communications
Highways:260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earthPorts:VictoriaMerchant marine:1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWTCivil air:1 major transport aircraftAirports:14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastalcountries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
:Seychelles Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, MilitiaManpower availability:males 15-49, 17,739; 9,096 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
:Sierra Leone Geography
Total area:71,740 km2Land area:71,620 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries:958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 kmCoastline:402 kmMaritime claims:Territorial sea:200 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dryseason (December to April)Terrain:coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,mountains in eastNatural resources:diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromiteLand use:arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest andwoodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soildegradation
:Sierra Leone People
Population:4,456,737 (July 1992), growth rate -0.2% (1992)Birth rate:46 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:20 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-28 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:148 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:43 years male, 48 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.1 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Sierra Leonean(s); adjective - Sierra LeoneanEthnic divisions:native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, andAsian 1%; 13 tribesReligions:Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30%Languages:English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principalvernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language ofthe resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua francaLiteracy:21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English,Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.)Labor force:1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); onlyabout 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working ageOrganized labor:35% of wage earners
:Sierra Leone Government
Long-form name:Republic of Sierra LeoneType:military governmentCapital:FreetownAdministrative divisions:Western Area and 3 provinces; Eastern, Northern, SouthernIndependence:27 April 1961 (from UK)Constitution:1 October 1991; amended September 1991Legal system:based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Republic Day, 27 April (1961)Executive branch:National Provisional Ruling CouncilLegislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (suspended after coup of 29 April 1992)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was ousted in coup of 29 April 1992;succeeded by Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council ValentineSTRASSER (since 29 April 1992)Political parties and leaders:status of existing political parties are unknown following 29 April 1992coupSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:suspended after 29 April 1992 coup; Chairman STRASSER promises multi-partyelections sometime in the futureMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador (vacant); Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;telephone (202) 939-9261US:Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka StevensStreet, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 226-481; FAX [232] (22) 225471Flag:three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue
:Sierra Leone Economy
Overview:The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistenceagriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP andemploying about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing, whichaccounts for roughly 10% of GDP, consists mainly of the processing of rawmaterials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond miningprovides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from highunemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growingdependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting toget the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economicpolicy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. SinceMarch 1991, however, military incursions by Liberian rebels in southern andeastern Sierra Leone have severely strained the economy and have underminedefforts to institute economic reforms.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $1.4 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate3% (FY91 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):110% (1990)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capitalexpenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.)Exports:$138 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3%partners:US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western EuropeImports:$146 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, lightindustrial goodspartners:US, EC, Japan, China, NigeriaExternal debt:$572 million (1990)Industrial production:NAElectricity:85,000 kW capacity; 185 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages,textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refineryAgriculture:accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largelysubsistence farming; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests offood staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages53,000 metric tonsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $848 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101millionCurrency:leone (plural - leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents
:Sierra Leone Economy
Exchange rates:leones (Le) per US$1 - 476.74 (March 1992), 295.34 (1991), 144.9275 (1990),58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Sierra Leone Communications
Railroads:84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basisbecause the mine at Marampa is closedHighways:7,400 km total; 1,150 km paved, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainderimproved earthInland waterways:800 km; 600 km navigable year roundPorts:Freetown, Pepel, BontheMerchant marine:1 cargo ship totaling 5,592 GRT/9,107 DWTCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave systemunserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Sierra Leone Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, National Police Force, Special Security DetachmentManpower availability:males 15-49, 976,147; 472,112 fit for military service; no conscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.)
:Singapore Geography
Total area:632.6 km2Land area:622.6 km2Comparative area:slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:193 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive fishing zone:12 nmTerritorial sea:3 nmDisputes:two islands in dispute with MalaysiaClimate:tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons;thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)Terrain:lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area andnature preserveNatural resources:fish, deepwater portsLand use:arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 5%; other 84%Environment:mostly urban and industrializedNote:focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
:Singapore People
Population:2,792,092 (July 1992), growth rate 1.3% (1992)Birth rate:18 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:6 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:73 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.9 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Singaporean(s); adjective - SingaporeEthnic divisions:Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3%Religions:majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim(minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists)Languages:Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national)Literacy:88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:1,485,800; financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)Organized labor:210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989)
:Singapore Government
Long-form name:Republic of SingaporeType:republic within CommonwealthCapital:SingaporeAdministrative divisions:noneIndependence:9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)Constitution:3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of SingaporeConstitutionLegal system:based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:National Day, 9 August (1965)Executive branch:president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985)Head of Government:Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime MinisterLEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Ministers ONG TengCheong (since 2 January 1985) and LEE Hsien LoongPolitical parties and leaders:government:People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general;opposition:Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP),CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), leader NA; Barisan Sosialis(BS, Socialist Front), leader NASuffrage:universal and compulsory at age 20Elections:President:last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993); results -President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without oppositionParliament:last held 31 August 1991 (next to be held 31 August 1996); results - percentof vote by party NA; seats - (81 total) PAP 77, SDP 3, WP 1Communists:200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note - Communist partyillegalMember of:APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;telephone (202) 667-7555US:Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailingaddress is FPO AP 96534); telephone [65] 338-0251; FAX [65] 338-4550
:Singapore Government
Flag:two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side ofthe red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is towardthe hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arrangedin a circle
:Singapore Economy
Overview:Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service andmanufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived fromits entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expandedrapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP isamong the highest in Asia. The economy grew at a respectable 6.5% in 1991,down from 8.3% in 1990, in part because of a slowdown in overseas demand andlower growth in the financial and business services sector.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $38.3 billion, per capita $13,900; real growthrate 6.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.4% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:1.5% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $9.8 billion; expenditures $9.0 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $2.8 billion (FY91 est.)Exports:$57.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:includes transshipments to Malaysia - petroleum products, rubber,electronics, manufactured goodspartners:US 20%, Malaysia 15%, Japan 9%, Hong Kong 7%, Thailand 6%Imports:$65.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:includes transshipments from Malaysia - capital equipment, petroleum,chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffspartners:Japan 21%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%, Taiwan 4%External debt:$3.8 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1990)Electricity:4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processingand rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepottrade, financial services, biotechnologyAgriculture:occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient inpoultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops - rubber,copra, fruit, vegetablesEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.0 billionCurrency:Singapore dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 centsExchange rates:Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.6596 (March 1992), 1.7276 (1991), 1.8125(1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
:Singapore Communications
Railroads:38 km of 1.000-meter gaugeHighways:2,597 km total (1984)Ports:SingaporeMerchant marine:468 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,751,619 GRT/14,195,718 DWT;includes 1 passenger-cargo, 126 cargo, 74 container, 7 roll-on/roll-offcargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 144petroleum tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 4 combination ore/oil, 1 specializedtanker, 5 liquefied gas, 74 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 short-sea passenger;note - many Singapore flag ships are foreign ownedCivil air:38 major transport aircraft (est.)Airports:10 total, 10 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio andtelevision broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 13AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsularMalaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 1Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT
:Singapore Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 847,435; 626,914 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
:Slovenia Geography
Total area:20,296 km2Land area:20,296 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than New JerseyLand boundaries:998 km total; Austria 262 km, Croatia 455 km, Italy 199 km, Hungary 83 kmCoastline:32 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:NA nmContinental shelf:200 m or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:NA nmExclusive fishing zone:NA nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:dispute with Croatia over fishing rights in the Adriatic; small vocalminority in northern Italy seeks the return of parts of southwesternSloveniaClimate:Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hotsummers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the eastTerrain:a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent toItaly, mixed mountain and valleys with numerous rivers to the eastNatural resources:lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silverLand use:arable land 10%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest andwoodland 45%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1%Environment:Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; heavy metals andtoxic chemicals along coastal waters; near Koper, forest damage from airpollutants originating at metallurgical and chemical plants; subject toflooding and earthquakes
:Slovenia People
Population:1,963,000 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:NA children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Slovene(s); adjective - SloveniaEthnic divisions:Slovene 91%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%Religions:Roman Catholic 94%, Orthodox Catholic 2%, Muslim 1%, other 3%Languages:Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 7%, other 2%Literacy:99.2% (male 99.3%, female 99.1%) age 10 and over can read and writeLabor force:786,036; 2% agriculture, manufacturing and mining 46%Organized labor:NA
:Slovenia Government
Long-form name:Republic of SloveniaType:emerging democracyCapital:LjubljanaAdministrative divisions:62 provinces (pokajine, singular - pokajina)Independence:25 June 1991; 15 January 1992 from YugoslaviaConstitution:adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991Legal system:based on civil law systemNational holiday:NAExecutive branch:president, 4 vice presidentsLegislative branch:bicameral; consists of the State Assembly and the State Council; note - willtake effect after next electionJudicial branch:NALeaders:Chief of State:President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April 1990); Vice President Matjaz KMECL(since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ivan OMAN (since 11 April 1990); VicePresident Dusan PLUT (since 11 April 1990); Vice President Ciril ZLOBEC(since 11 April 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 14 May 1992)Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic, Lozje PETERLE, chairman; Liberal Democratic, JanezDRNOVSEK, chairman; Social Democratic, Joze PUNIK, chairman; Socialist,Viktor ZAKELJ, chairman; Greens, Dusan PLUT, chairman; National Democratic,Rajko PIRNAT, chairman; Democratic Peoples Party, Marjan PODOBNIK, chairman;Reformed Socialists (former Communist Party), Ciril RIBICIC, chairmanSuffrage:at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18Elections:President:last held NA (next to be held NA)State Assembly:last held NA (next to be held NA);State Council:last held NA (next to be held NA)Communists:NAOther political or pressure groups:NAMember of:CSCE, IMF, UNDiplomatic representation:Representative Ernest PETRIC; Chancery at 1300 19th Street NW, Washington,DC 20036; telephone (202) 828-1650US:Ambassador Ignac GOLOB, Embassy at NA (mailing address is APO AE 09862);telephone NA