:Tonga Communications
Highways:198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vava`u); 94 km unsealed roads usableonly in dry weatherPorts:Nukualofa, Neiafu, PangaiMerchant marine:4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,511 GRT/17,816 DWT; includes 2cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 liquefied gasCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1 AM, noFM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Tonga Defense Forces
Branches:Tonga Defense Force, Tonga Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, RoyalTongan Guard, PoliceManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Trinidad and Tobago Geography
Total area:5,130 km2Land area:5,130 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than DelawareLand boundaries:noneCoastline:362 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:outer edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; rainy season (June to December)Terrain:mostly plains with some hills and low mountainsNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, asphaltLand use:arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest andwoodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4%Environment:outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical stormsNote:located 11 km from Venezuela
:Trinidad and Tobago People
Population:1,299,301 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)Birth rate:21 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:68 years male, 73 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective - Trinidadian, TobagonianEthnic divisions:black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%,Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%Languages:English (official), Hindi, French, SpanishLiteracy:95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)Labor force:463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, andquarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.)Organized labor:22% of labor force (1988)
:Trinidad and Tobago Government
Long-form name:Republic of Trinidad and TobagoType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port-of-SpainAdministrative divisions:8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva,Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, SanFernando*, Tobago**, VictoriaIndependence:31 August 1962 (from UK)Constitution:31 August 1976Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in theSupreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 31 August (1962)Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower houseor House of RepresentativesJudicial branch:Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)Head of Government:Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December 1991)Political parties and leaders:People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress(UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), CarsonCHARLES; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH;National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Makandal DAAGASuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:House of Representatives:last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December 1996);results - PNM32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21, UNC 13, NAR 2Communists:Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council,James MILLETTEMember of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU,LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Corinne BAPTISTE; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has aConsulate General in New YorkUS:Ambassador Sally GROOMS-COWAL; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West,Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone(809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176; FAX (809) 628-5462
:Trinidad and Tobago Government
Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
:Trinidad and Tobago Economy
Overview:Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthydepression in 1990 and 1991. The economy fell sharply through most of the1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accountsfor 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, inresponse to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measuresthat pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showedsigns of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices.Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3%of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the largenumbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify itsexport base.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $4.9 billion, per capita $3,600; real growth rate0.7% (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):11.1% (1990)Unemployment rate:21% (1990)Budget:revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $150 million (1991 est.)Exports:$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:includes reexports - petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988)partners:US 54%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989)Imports:$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods26% (1988)partners:US 41%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989)External debt:$2.5 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 2.3%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 40% of GDP,including petroleumElectricity:1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,480 million kWh produced, 2,708 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cottontextilesAgriculture:highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcaneacreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultrysector most important source of animal protein; must import large share offood needsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518 millionCurrency:Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar(TT$) = 100 cents
:Trinidad and Tobago Economy
Exchange rates:Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 4.2500 (March 1992), 4.2500(1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Trinidad and Tobago Communications
Railroads:minimal agricultural railroad system near San FernandoHighways:8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimprovedearthPipelines:crude oil 1,032 km, petroleum products 19 km, natural gas 904 kmPorts:Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-PierreCivil air:14 major transport aircraftAirports:6 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbadosand Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Forces
Branches:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidadand Tobago Police ServiceManpower availability:males 15-49, 344,990; 248,912 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1-2% of GDP (1989 est.)
:Tromelin Island Geography
Total area:1 km2Land area:1 km2Comparative area:about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:3.7 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:12 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and SeychellesClimate:tropicalTerrain:sandyNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other - scattered bushes 100%Environment:wildlife sanctuaryNote:located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the IndianOcean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones
:Tromelin Island People
Population: uninhabited
:Tromelin Island Government
Long-form name:noneType:French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic JacquesDEWATRE (since NA July 1991), resident in ReunionCapital:none; administered by France from Reunion
:Tromelin Island Economy
Overview: no economic activity
:Tromelin Island Communications
Ports:none; offshore anchorage onlyAirports:1 with runway less than 1,220 mTelecommunications:important meteorological station
:Tromelin Island Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
:Tunisia Geography
Total area:163,610 km2Land area:155,360 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries:1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 kmCoastline:1,148 kmMaritime claims:Territorial sea:12 nmDisputes:maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary disputes with Algeriaunder discussionClimate:temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert insouthTerrain:mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into theSaharaNatural resources:crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, saltLand use:arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest andwoodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1%Environment:deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationNote:strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy acrossthe Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east
:Tunisia People
Population:8,445,656 (July 1992), growth rate 2.0% (1992)Birth rate:25 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:38 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:70 years male, 74 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tunisian(s); adjective - TunisianEthnic divisions:Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1%Religions:Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1%Languages:Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)Literacy:65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled laborOrganized labor:about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union ofTunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional DemocraticParty
:Tunisia Government
Long-form name:Republic of Tunisia; note - may be changed to Tunisian RepublicType:republicCapital:TunisAdministrative divisions:23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba, Kairouan,Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine, Monastir, Nabeul,Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine, Tozeur, Tunis, ZaghouanIndependence:20 March 1956 (from France)Constitution:1 June 1959Legal system:based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review oflegislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint sessionNational holiday:National Day, 20 March (1956)Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab)Judicial branch:Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)Leaders:Chief of State:President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)Head of Government:Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)Political parties and leaders:Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (officialruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Mohammed MOUAADA;five other political parties are legal, including the Communist PartySuffrage:universal at age 20Elections:President:last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - Gen. Zineel Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without oppositionChamber of Deputies:last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA April 1994); results - RCD 80.7%,independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD141Member of:ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Ismail KHELIL; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW,Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850US:Ambassador John T. McCARTHY; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566; FAX [216] (1) 789-719Flag:red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encirclinga red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols ofIslam
:Tunisia Economy
Overview:The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exportsof light manufactures. Following two years of drought-induced economicdecline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of abountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment.Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support forthe government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economicreform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing itsIMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreigndebt.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $10.9 billion, per capita $1,320; real growthrate 3.5% (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):8.2% (1991)Unemployment rate:15% (1991)Budget:revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $5.4 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $970 million (1992 est.)Exports:$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicalspartners:EC 74%, Middle East 11%, US 2%, Turkey, USSRImports:$4.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumergoodspartners:EC 67%, US 6%, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, Turkey, AlgeriaExternal debt:$8.6 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989)Industries:petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles,footwear, food, beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject tosevere fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops - olives,dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets, wine grapes,poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200metric tons (1987)Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.2 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410millionCurrency:Tunisian dinar (plural - dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimesExchange rates:Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 0.9272 (March 1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783(1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987)
:Tunisia Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
:Tunisia Communications
Railroads:2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km 1.000-metergaugeHighways:17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earthPipelines:crude oil 797 km, petroleum products 86 km, natural gas 742 kmPorts:Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, ZarzisMerchant marine:21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,069 GRT/218,791 DWT; includes 1short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker,6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulkCivil air:19 major transport aircraftAirports:29 total, 26 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wirelines, coaxial cable, and radio relay; key centers are Sfax, Sousse,Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19TV; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSATand 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria andLibya; radio relay to Algeria, and Libya
:Tunisia Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National GuardManpower availability:males 15-49, 2,117,864; 1,217,819 fit for military service; 88,619 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $520 million, 5% of GDP (1992 budget)
:Turkey Geography
Total area:780,580 km2Land area:770,760 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries:2,627 km total; Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 kmCoastline:7,200 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the formerUSSRTerritorial sea:6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean SeaDisputes:complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece inAegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute withdownstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for theTigris and Euphrates RiversClimate:temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interiorTerrain:mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)Natural resources:antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron oreLand use:arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest andwoodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3%Environment:subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;air pollution; desertificationNote:strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea ofMarmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas
:Turkey People
Population:59,640,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)Birth rate:27 births/1,000 populatition (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:55 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:68 years male, 72 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Turk(s); adjective - TurkishEthnic divisions:Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.)Religions:Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2%Languages:Turkish (official), Kurdish, ArabicLiteracy:81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:20,700,000; agriculture 49%, services 30%, industry 15%; about 1,500,000Turks work abroad (1989)Organized labor:10% of labor force
:Turkey Government
Long-form name:Republic of TurkeyType:republican parliamentary democracyCapital:AnkaraAdministrative divisions:73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, KahramanMaras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, ZonguldakIndependence:29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)Constitution:7 November 1982Legal system:derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)Executive branch:president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)Judicial branch:Court of CassationLeaders:Chief of State:President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister Suleyman DEMIREL (since 30 November 1991); Deputy PrimeMinister Erdal INONU (since 30 November 1991)Political parties and leaders:Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), MesutYILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party(RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP),Feridun YAZAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Great Anatolia Party(BAP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; GrandNational Party (GNP), leader NASuffrage:universal at age 21Elections:Grand National Assembly:last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP19, DSP 7, other 5
:Turkey Government
Member of:AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD,OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC;20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General inChicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS:Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara(mailing address is PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823); telephone[90] (4) 126 54 70; FAX [90] (4) 167-0057; there are US Consulates Generalin Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in AdanaFlag:red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoistside) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
:Turkey Economy
Overview:The impressive stream of benefits from the economic reforms that Turkeylaunched in 1980 have begun to peter out. Although real growth in per capitaGDP averaged 5% annually between 1983 and 1988, recent economic performancehas fallen substantially. Moreover, inflation and interest rates remainhigh, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for acountry undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlledto a free market economy. Agriculture remains an important economic sector,employing about half of the work force, accounting for 18% of GDP, andcontributing 19% to exports. The government has launched amultibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, whichincludes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers togenerate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The plannedtapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised seriousconcern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. The Turkisheconomy emerged from the Gulf War of early 1991 in stronger shape thanAnkara had expected. Although the negative effects of the crisis were feltprimarily in the politically sensitive southeast, aid pledges by thecoalition allies of more than $4 billion have helped offset the burden.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $198 billion, per capita $3,400; real growthrate 1.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):71.1% (1991)Unemployment rate:11.1% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $41.9 billion; expenditures $49.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $9.9 billion (1992)Exports:$13.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:industrial products (steel, chemicals) 81%; fruits, vegetables, tobacco andmeat products 19%partners:EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%Imports:$22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, chemicals,pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, fertilizers, grainpartners:EC countries 49%, US 7%, Iran 5%External debt:$49.0 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 10% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDPElectricity:14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals),steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paperAgriculture:accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products -tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, varietyof animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
:Turkey Economy
Illicit drugs:one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; governmentmaintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and outputof poppy straw concentrateEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies(1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billionCurrency:Turkish lira (plural - liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurusExchange rates:Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 6,098.4 (March 1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6(1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Turkey Communications
Railroads:8,401 km 1.435-meter gauge; 479 km electrifiedHighways:49,615 km total; 26,915 km paved; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)Inland waterways:about 1,200 kmPipelines:crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 kmPorts:Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, IzmirMerchant marine:353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,056,455 GRT/7,143,096 DWT; includes7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 1 container, 5roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37petroleum tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 combinationore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 4 combination bulkCivil air:52 major transport aircraft (1991)Airports:109 total, 104 usable; 65 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runwaysover 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; limitedopen wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 15 AM; 94 FM;357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT (2 AtlanticOcean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable
:Turkey Defense Forces
Branches:Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, CoastGuard, GendarmerieManpower availability:males 15-49, 15,274,591; 9,330,851 fit for military service; 597,814 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion, 3-4% of GDP (1992 budget)
:Turkmenistan Geography
Total area:488,100 km2Land area:488,100 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:3,736 km total; Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,Uzbekistan 1,621 kmCoastline:0 kmnote:Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)Maritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:noneClimate:subtropical desertTerrain:flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in westNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, salt, magnesiumLand use:NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forestand woodland; NA% other; includes NA% irrigatedEnvironment:NANote:landlocked
:Turkmenistan People
Population:3,838,108 (July 1992), growth rate 2.4% (1992)Birth rate:36 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:94 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:59 years male, 66 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:4.5 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Turkmen(s); adjective - TurkmenEthnic divisions:Turkmen 72%, Russian 9%, Uzbek 9%, other 10%Religions:Islam 85%, Eastern Orthodox 10%, unknown 5%Languages:Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%Literacy:NA% (male NA%, female NA) age 15 and over can read and writeLabor force:1,542,000; agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%,other 37% (1990)Organized labor:NA
:Turkmenistan Government
Long-form name:noneType:republicCapital:Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)Administrative divisions:4 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Balkan (Nebit-Dag), Chardzhou,Mary, Tashauz; note - the rayons around Ashgabat are under direct republicjurisdiction; all oblasts have the same name as their administrative centerexcept Balkan Oblast, centered at Nebit-DagIndependence:27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union; formerly Turkmen Soviet SocialistRepublic)Constitution:adopted 18 May 1992Legal system:NANational holiday:Independence Day, 27 October (1991)Executive branch:president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:MajlisJudicial branch:NALeaders:Chief of State:President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since 21 June 1992)Head of Government:Prime Minister (vacant), Deputy Prime Ministers V. G. OCHERTSOV and AttaCHARYYEV (since NA 1991)Political parties and leaders:Democratic Party (formerly Communist), Saparmurad NIYAZOV, chairmanopposition:Democratic Party, Durdymorad KHODZHA Mukhammed, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - SaparmuradNIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)Majlis:last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, butCommunist Party members won nearly 90% of seatsCommunists:renamed Democratic Party, 16 December 1990Other political or pressure groups:Agzybirlik (Unity) MovementMember of:CIS, CSCE, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTADDiplomatic representation:NAUS:Ambassador-designate Joseph HULINGS; Embassy at Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat(Ashkhabad) (mailing address is APO; AE 09862); telephone [8] (011)7-3630-24-49-08
:Turkmenistan Government
Flag:green field with five claret carpet gels (that is, a repeated carpetpattern) on the hoist side; a white crescent and five white stars in theupper left corner to the right of the carpet gels
:Turkmenistan Economy
Overview:Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormousproblems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based centralplanning toward a system of decisionmaking by private enterpreneurs, localgovernment authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This processrequires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, andmonetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavilyweighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gasand 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Sovietrepublics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate -0.6%(1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):85% (1991)Unemployment rate:20-25% (1991 est.)Budget:NAExports:$239 million (1990)commodities:natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpetspartners:Russia, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports:$970 million (1990)commodities:machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textilespartners:NAExternal debt:$650 million (end of 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.1% (1991)Electricity:3,170,000 kW capacity; 14,900 million kWh produced, 4,114 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textilesAgriculture:cotton, fruits, vegetablesIllicit drugs:illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for domestic consumption;status of government eradication programs unknown; used as transshipmentpoints for illicit drugs to Western EuropeEconomic aid:NACurrency:As of May 1992, retaining ruble as currencyExchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
:Turkmenistan Communications
Railroads:2,120 km all 1.520-meter gaugeHighways:23,000 km total (1990); 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earthInland waterways:NA kmPipelines:NAPorts:inland - KrasnovodskCivil air:NAAirports:NATelecommunications:poorly developed; telephone density NA; linked by landline or microwave toother CIS member states and Iran, and by leased connections via the Moscowinternational gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth stations -Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only)
:Turkmenistan Defense Forces
Branches:Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CISForces (Ground, Air and Air Defense)Manpower availability:males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)annuallyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Turks and Caicos Islands Geography
Total area:430 km2Land area:430 km2Comparative area:slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:389 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dryTerrain:low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swampsNatural resources:spiny lobster, conchLand use:arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 98%Environment:30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanesNote:located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean
:Turks and Caicos Islands People
Population:12,697 (July 1992), growth rate 3.3% (1992)Birth rate:16 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:22 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:13 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:73 years male, 77 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.3 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:no noun or adjectival formsEthnic divisions:majority of African descentReligions:Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,other 19.9% (1980)Languages:English (official)Literacy:98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school(1970)Labor force:NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistenceagricultureOrganized labor:Saint George's Industrial Trade Union
:Turks and Caicos Islands Government
Long-form name:noneType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)Administrative divisions:none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a ConstitutionalCommission is currently reviewing its contentsLegal system:based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaicaand The BahamasNational holiday:Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)Executive branch:British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor MichaelJ. BRADLEY (since 1987)Head of Government:Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)Political parties and leaders:People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive NationalParty (PNP), Washington MISSIC; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), ArielMISSICKSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:Legislative Council:last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5Member of:CDBDiplomatic representation:as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and CaicosIslands are represented in the US by the UKUS:noneFlag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and thecolonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellowand contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
:Turks and Caicos Islands Economy
Overview:The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Onlysubsistence farming - corn and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so thatmost foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growthrate NA% (1986)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:12% (1989)Budget:revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capitalexpenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)Exports:$2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84)commodities:lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shellspartners:US, UKImports:$26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84)commodities:foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothingpartners:US, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:fishing, tourism, offshore financial servicesAgriculture:subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing moreimportant than farming; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$110 millionCurrency:US currency is usedExchange rates:US currency is usedFiscal year:calendar year
:Turks and Caicos Islands Communications
Highways:121 km, including 24 km tarmacPorts:Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn HarbourCivil air:Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)Airports:7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
:Turks and Caicos Islands Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
:Tuvalu Geography
Total area:26 km2Land area:26 km2Comparative area:about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:24 kmMaritime claims:Exclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerlygales and heavy rain (November to March)Terrain:very low-lying and narrow coral atollsNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland 0%; other 100%Environment:severe tropical storms are rareNote:located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean
:Tuvalu People
Population:9,494 (July 1992), growth rate 1.8% (1992)Birth rate:28 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:61 years male, 64 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.1 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Tuvaluans(s); adjective - TuvaluanEthnic divisions:96% PolynesianReligions:Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i1%, other 0.6%Languages:Tuvaluan, EnglishLiteracy:NA% (male NA%, female NA%)Labor force:NAOrganized labor:none
:Tuvalu Government
Long-form name:noneType:democracyCapital:FunafutiAdministrative divisions:noneIndependence:1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)Constitution:1 October 1978National holiday:Independence Day, 1 October (1978)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Parliament (Palamene)Judicial branch:High CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralTupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986)Head of Government:Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy PrimeMinister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)Political parties and leaders:noneSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:Parliament:last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results- percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)Member of:ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPUDiplomatic representation:Ambassador (vacant)US:noneFlag:light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; theouter half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellowfive-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
:Tuvalu Economy
Overview:Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistencefarming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are toosmall and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Governmentrevenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and workerremittances. Substantial income is received annually from an internationaltrust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK andsupported also by Japan and South Korea.GNP:exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rateNA% (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.9% (1984)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1989)Exports:$1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)commodities:coprapartners:Fiji, Australia, NZImports:$2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)commodities:food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goodspartners:Fiji, Australia, NZExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NAElectricity:2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:fishing, tourism, copraAgriculture:coconuts, copraEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 millionCurrency:Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3117 (March1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267(1987)Fiscal year:NA
:Tuvalu Communications
Highways:8 km gravelPorts:Funafuti, NukufetauMerchant marine:1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWTCivil air:no major transport aircraftAirports:1 with runway 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;108 telephones
:Tuvalu Defense Forces
Branches:Police ForceManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
:Uganda Geography
Total area:236,040 km2Land area:199,710 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,Zaire 765 kmCoastline:none - landlockedMaritime claims:none - landlockedDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, Juneto August); semiarid in northeastTerrain:mostly plateau with rim of mountainsNatural resources:copper, cobalt, limestone, saltLand use:arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest andwoodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL%Environment:straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosionNote:landlocked
:Uganda People
Population:19,386,104 (July 1992), growth rate 3.7% (1992)Birth rate:51 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:14 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:91 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:50 years male, 52 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:7.2 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Ugandan(s); adjective - UgandanEthnic divisions:African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefsLanguages:English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and NiloticlanguagesLiteracy:48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:4,500,000 (est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)Organized labor:125,000 union members
:Uganda Government
Long-form name:Republic of UgandaType:republicCapital:KampalaAdministrative divisions:10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,Northern, South Buganda, Southern, WesternIndependence:9 October 1962 (from UK)Constitution:8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revisionLegal system:government plans to restore system based on English common law and customarylaw and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 9 October (1962)Executive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Resistance CouncilJudicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); VicePresident Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)Political parties and leaders:only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM); note - the Uganda PatrioticMovement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), andConservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public politicalactivitiesSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:National Resistance Council:last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210members elected without party affiliationOther political or pressure groups:Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army(UPCDA), Ruwenzori MovementMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington,DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102US:Ambassador Johnnie CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailingaddress is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793,259795
:Uganda Government
Flag:six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, andred; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crestedcrane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
:Uganda Economy
Overview:Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regularrainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy hasbeen devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, andcivil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capitaincome of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, asdoes industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of theeconomy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major exportcrop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the governmenthas acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currencyreform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleumprices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especiallyaimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, andboosting production and export earnings. During the period 1990-91, theeconomy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in therehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production andexports, and gradually improving domestic security.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate4.5% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):35% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capitalexpenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)Exports:$208 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:coffee 97%, cotton, teapartners:US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%Imports:$209 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportationequipment, foodpartners:Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%External debt:$1.9 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDPElectricity:175,000 kW capacity; 315 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cementAgriculture:mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169million
:Uganda Economy
Currency:Ugandan shilling (plural - shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 centsExchange rates:Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,031.3 (March 1992), 734.0 (1991),428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988), 42.8 (1987)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Uganda Communications
Railroads:1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single trackHighways:26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, andlaterite; remainder earth roads and tracksInland waterways:Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; VictoriaNile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,both on Lake VictoriaMerchant marine:1 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRTCivil air:6 major transport aircraftAirports:35 total, 27 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcaststations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
:Uganda Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, about 4,132,887; about 2,243,933 for military serviceDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
:Ukraine Geography
Total area:603,700 km2Land area:603,700 km2Comparative area:slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries:4,558 km total; Belarus 891 km, Czechoslovakia 90 km, Hungary 103 km,Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west)362 km, Russia 1,576 kmCoastline:2,782 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:NA nmContinental shelf:NA meter depthExclusive fishing zone:NA nmExclusive economic zone:NA nmTerritorial sea:NA nmDisputes:potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina andsouthern Odessa oblastClimate:temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea tocold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of thecountry, hot in the southTerrain:most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountainsbeing found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean peninsulain the extreme southNatural resources:iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timberLand use:56% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 12% meadows and pastures; NA% forestand woodland; 30% other; includes 3% irrigatedEnvironment:air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination aroundChernobyl nuclear plantNote:strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largestcountry in Europe
:Ukraine People
Population:51,940,426 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)Birth rate:14 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:22 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:65 years male, 75 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Ukrainian(s); adjective - UkrainianEthnic divisions:Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%Religions:Ukrainian Autonomous Orthodox, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, UkrainianCatholic (Uniate), Protestant, JewishLanguages:Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, PolishLiteracy:NA%Labor force:25,277,000; industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%,health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport andcommunication 7%, other 7% (1990)Organized labor:NA
:Ukraine Government
Long-form name:noneType:republicCapital:Kiev (Kyyiv)Administrative divisions:24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*(avtomnaya respublika); Chernigov, Cherkassy, Chernovtsy, Dnepropetrovsk,Donetsk, Ivano-Frankovsk, Khar'kov, Kherson, Khmel'nitskiy, Kiev,Kirovograd, Krym (Simferopol')*, Lugansk, L'vov, Nikolayev, Odessa, Poltava,Rovno, Sumy, Ternopol', Vinnitsa, Volyn' (Lutsk), Zakarpat (Uzhgorod),Zaporozh'ye, Zhitomir; note - an oblast usually has the same name as itsadministrative center (exceptions have the administrative center namefollowing in parentheses)Independence:24 August 1991; 1 December 1991 de facto from USSR; note - formerly theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet UnionConstitution:currently being draftedLegal system:based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday:Independence Day, 24 August (1991)Executive branch:president, prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Supreme CouncilJudicial branch:being organizedLeaders:Chief of State:President Leonid M. KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Vitol'd FOKIN (since 14 November 1991); two First DeputyPrime Ministers: Valentyn SYMONENKO and Konstantyn MASYK (since 21 May1991); two Deputy Prime Ministers: Oleh SLEPICHEV and Viktor SYTNYK (since21 May 1991)Political parties and leaders:Ukrainian Republican Party, Levko LUKYANENKO, chairman; Green Party, YuriySHCHERBAK, chairman; Social Democratic Party, Andriy NOSENKO, chairman;Ukrainian Democratic Party, Yuriy BADZO, chairman; Democratic Rebirth Party,Oleksandr Volodymyr GRINEV, Oleksandr FILENKO, YEMETS, Miroslav POPOVICH,Sergei LYLYK, Oleksandr BAZYLYUK, Valeriy KHMELKO, leaders; People's Partyof Ukraine, Leopold TABURYANSKIY, chairman; Peasant Democratic Party, JerhiyPLACHYNDA, chairman; Ukrainian Socialist Party, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairmanSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:President:last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - LeonidKRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,Volodymyr GRINEV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKIY 0.57%Supreme Council:last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late1992 or 1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (NA total)number of seats by party NA