Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa).
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol w/codeine, Empirin w/codeine, Robitussan A-C), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil).
Opium is the milky exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for many natural and semisynthetic narcotics.
Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature dried opium poppy.
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea.
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy andactivity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn,Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others(Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
Infant mortality rate: The number of deaths to infants under one year old in a given year per l,000 live births occurring in the same year.
Land use: Human use of the land surface is categorized as arable land - land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest (wheat, maize, rice); permanent crops - land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest (citrus, coffee, rubber); meadows and pastures - land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops; forest and woodland - land under dense or open stands of trees; and other - any land type not specifi- cally mentioned above (urban areas, roads, desert). The percentage figure for irrigated land refers to the portion of the entire amount of land area that is artificially supplied with water.
Leaders: The chief of state is the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial funcions but is not involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. The head of government is the administrative leader who manages the day-to-day activities of the government. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head of government.
Life expectancy at birth: The average number of years to be lived by a group of people all born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future.
Literacy: There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise noted, all rates are based on the most common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of this publication.
Maps: All maps will be available only in the printed version for the fore- seeable future.
Maritime claims: The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national claims from being fully extended.
Merchant marine: All ships engaged in the carriage of goods. All commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; also, a grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register.
Captive register - A register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent country; also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is not the register of an independent state.
Flag of convenience register - A national register offering registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their register by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few of the ships registered actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register.
Flag state - The nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Differences in flag state maritime legislation determine how a ship is manned and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register.
Internal register - A register of ships maintained as a subset of a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of profits, manning by foreign nationals, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags.
Merchant ship - A vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial vessels only.
Register - The record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the maritime authorities of a country; also, the compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.
Money figures: All are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated.
Net migration rate: The balance between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (-9.26 migrants/1,000 population).
Population: Figures are estimates from the Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past, and on assumptions about future trends.
Total fertility rate: The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age.
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as fiscal year (FY).
Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. The Handbook of International Economic and Environmental Statistics, published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, Eastern Europe, the newly independent republics of the former nations of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, and selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever The World Factbook is available.
Appendix A:
The United Nations System
The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:
1) Secretariat
2) General Assembly:UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat)UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and ResearchUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRefugees in the Near EastUNSF United Nations Special FundUNU United Nations UniversityWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food Program
3) Security Council:UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer GroupUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India andPakistanUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):Specialized agenciesFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIDA International Development AssociationIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationILO International Labor OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationITU International Telecommunication UnionUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganizationUNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationRelated organizationsGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyRegional commissionsECA Economic Commission for AfricaECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western AsiaFunctional commissionsCommission on Human RightsCommission on Narcotic DrugsCommission for Social DevelopmentCommission on the Status of WomenPopulation CommissionStatistical Commission
5) Trusteeship Council
6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Appendix B
Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups
ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in AfricaACC Arab Cooperation CouncilACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical CooperationACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific CountriesAfDB African Development BankAFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social DevelopmentAG Andean GroupAL Arab LeagueALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see LatinAmerican Integration Association (LAIA)AMF Arab Monetary FundAMU Arab Maghreb UnionANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security TreatyAPEC Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAsDB Asian Development BankASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement;see African Development Bank (AfDB)BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique;see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see CentralAmerican Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; seeCentral African States Development Bank (BDEAC)Benelux Benelux Economic UnionBID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank (IADB)BIS Bank for International SettlementsBOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West AfricanDevelopment Bank (WADB)
C CommonwealthCACM Central American Common MarketCAEU Council of Arab Economic UnityCARICOM Caribbean Community and Common MarketCCC Customs Cooperation CouncilCDB Caribbean Development BankCE Council of EuropeCEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see WestAfrican Economic Community (CEAO)CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; seeEconomic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA orComecon; abolished 1 January 1991CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see EconomicCommunity of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see EuropeanOrganization for Nuclear Research (CERN)CG Contadora GroupCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known asComecon; abolished 1 January 1991COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export ControlsComecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known asCMEA; abolished 1 January 1991CP Colombo PlanCSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
DC developed country
EADB East African Development BankEBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEC European CommunityECA Economic Commission for AfricaECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic andSocial Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)ECE Economic Commission for EuropeECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commissionfor Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanECOSOC Economic and Social CouncilECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and SocialCommission for Western Asia (ESCWA)EFTA European Free Trade AssociationEIB European Investment BankEntente Council of the EntenteESA European Space AgencyESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFLS Front Line StatesFZ Franc Zone
G-2 Group of 2G-3 Group of 3G-5 Group of 5G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six)G-7 Group of 7G-8 Group of 8G-9 Group of 9G-10 Group of 10G-11 Group of 11G-15 Group of 15G-19 Group of 19G-24 Group of 24G-30 Group of 30G-33 Group of 33G-77 Group of 77GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGCC Gulf Cooperation Council
Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)HG Hexagonal Group
IADB Inter-American Development BankIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIBEC International Bank for Economic CooperationIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationICC International Chamber of CommerceICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; seeInternational Organization for Migration (IOM)ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade UnionsICJ International Court of JusticeICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; seeInternational Organization for Migration (IOM)ICRC International Committee of the Red CrossIDA International Development AssociationIDB Islamic Development BankIEA International Energy AgencyIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and DevelopmentIIB International Investment BankILO International Labor OrganizationIMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; seeInternational Maritime Organization (IMO)IMF International Monetary FundIMO International Maritime OrganizationINMARSAT International Maritime Satellite OrganizationINTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationINTERPOL International Criminal Police OrganizationIOC International Olympic CommitteeIOM International Organization for MigrationISO International Organization for StandardizationITU International Telecommunication Union
LAES Latin American Economic SystemLAIA Latin American Integration AssociationLAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL)LDC less developed countryLLDC least developed countryLORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
MERCOSUR Southern Cone Common MarketMTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation CouncilNAM Nonaligned MovementNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNC Nordic CouncilNEA Nuclear Energy AgencyNIB Nordic Investment BankNIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializingeconomy (NIE)NIE newly industrializing economyNSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting CountriesOAS Organization of American StatesOAU Organization of African UnityOECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean StatesOIC Organization of the Islamic ConferenceOPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin Americaand the CaribbeanOPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
RG Rio Group
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional CooperationSACU Southern African Customs UnionSADCC Southern African Development Coordination ConferenceSELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American EconomicSystem (LAES)SPC South Pacific CommissionSPF South Pacific Forum
UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; seeCentral African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)UN United NationsUNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification MissionUNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (alsoknown as Habitat)UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer ForceUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environment ProgramUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and CulturalOrganizationUNFICYP United Nations Force in CyprusUNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN PopulationFund (UNFPA)UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; seeUnited Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development OrganizationUNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in LebanonUNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer GroupUNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and PakistanUNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugeesin the Near EastUNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision OrganizationUPU Universal Postal UnionUSSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe
WADB West African Development BankWCL World Confederation of LaborWEU Western European UnionWFC World Food CouncilWFP World Food ProgramWFTU World Federation of Trade UnionsWHO World Health OrganizationWIPO World Intellectual Property OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance)WTO World Tourism Organization
ZC Zangger Committee
note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations
Appendix C:
International Organizations and Groups
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advanced developing countries
Note - another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)
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African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP)
established - 1 April 1976
aim - members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EC
members - (69) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, Benin, Boswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon,Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo,Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea,Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya,Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea,Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, SierraLeone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda,Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
established - 4 August 1963
aim - to promote economic and social development
regional members - (51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana,Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, IvoryCoast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
nonregional members - (25) Argentina, Australia, Austria,Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US,Yugoslavia
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Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)
Note - see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
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Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)
Note - acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique
established - 21 March 1970
aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French- speaking countries
members - (32) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, CentralAfrican Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica,France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam,Zaire
associate members - (7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia
participating governments - (2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada)
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Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
Note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las ArmasNucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)
established - 14 February 1967
aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons
members - (24) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
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Andean Group (AG)
established - 26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969
aim - to promote harmonious development through economic integration
members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela
associate member - (1) Panama
observers - (26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany,India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia
Note - The US view is that the Socialist Federal represents its continuation. Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics
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Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
Note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique enAfrique (BADEA)
established - 18 February 1974
effective - 16 September 1974
aim - to promote economic development
members - (16 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen
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Arab Cooperation Council (ACC)
established - 16 February 1989
aim - to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market
members - (4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen
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Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established - 16 May 1968
aim - to promote economic and social development
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988),Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen,Palestine Liberation Organization
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Arab League (AL)
Note - also known as League of Arab States (LAS)
established - 22 March 1945
aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation
members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia,Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine LiberationOrganization
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Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
established - 17 February 1989
aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa
members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
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Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established - 27 April 1976
effective - 2 February 1977
aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs
members - (19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
**********
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established - NA November 1989
aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin
members - (15) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, NZ, Taiwan, US
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Asian Development Bank (AsDB)
established - 19 December 1966
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
regional members - (35) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh,Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong,India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia,Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga,Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
nonregional members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
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Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)
Note - see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established - 9 August 1967
aim - regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia
members - (6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
observer - (1) Papua New Guinea
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Australia Group
established - 1984
aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons
members - (22) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan,Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, UK, US
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Australia - New Zealand - United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established - 1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952
aim - trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986
members - (3) Australia, NZ, US
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Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)
Note - see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
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Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)
Note - see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
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Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established - 20 January 1930
effective - 17 March 1930
aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements
members - (29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway,Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia
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Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)
Note - see African Development Bank (AfDB)
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Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)
Note - see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
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Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)
Note - see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
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Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)
Note - see West African Development Bank (WADB)
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Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
Note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg
established - 3 February 1958
effective - 1 November 1960
aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration
members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
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Big Seven
Note - membership is the same as the Group of 7
established - NA
aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies
members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US
**********
Big Six
Note - not to be confused with the Group of 6
established - NA
aim - economic cooperation
members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK
**********
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
established - 4 July 1973
effective - 1 August 1973
aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries
members - (13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, SaintKitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Trinidad and Tobago
associate members - (2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
observers - (10) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Venezuela
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Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
established - 18 October 1969
effective - 26 January 1970
aim - to promote economic development and cooperation
regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela
nonregional members - (5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK
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Cartagena Group
Note - see Group of 11
**********
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
Note - acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'AfriqueCentrale
established - 8 December 1964
effective - 1 January 1966
aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market
members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
**********
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
Note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 3 December 1975
aim - to provide loans for economic development
members - (9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait
**********
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
Note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de IntegracionEconomico
established - 13 December 1960
aim - to promote economic integration and development
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
**********
Central American Common Market (CACM)
established - 13 December 1960
effective - 3 June 1961
aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua
**********
centrally planned economies
Note - a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
**********
Colombo Plan (CP)
established - 1 July 1951
aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific
nembers - (26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma,Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, SouthKorea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua NewGuinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US
**********
Commission for Social Development
established - 21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with social development programs
members - (31) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
**********
Commission on Human Rights
established - 18 February 1946
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights
members - (43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
**********
Commission on Narcotic Drugs
established - 16 February 1946
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs
members - (38) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries
**********
Commission on the Status of Women
established - 21 June 1946
aim - ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights
members - (32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
**********
Commonwealth (C)
established - 31 December 1931
aim - voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance
members - (48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas,Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus,Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica,Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta,Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands,Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe
special members - (2) Nauru, Tuvalu
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Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
established - 8 December 1991
effective - 21 December 1991
aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR
members - (11) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
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Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)
Note - see West African Economic Community (CEAO)
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Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)
Note - see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)
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Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)
Note - see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries(CEPGL)
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Communist countries
Note - traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states withauthoritarian governments and command economies based on theSoviet model; most of the successor states are no longerCommunist; see centrally planned economies
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Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
established - NA November 1972
aim - discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the Helsinki Agreement
members - (52) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,Belgium, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US,Uzbekistan, Vatican City, Yugoslavia
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Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)
Note - see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
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Contadora Group (CG) - Note - was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela
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Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Note - see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
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Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
established - NA 1949
aim - to control the export of strategic products and technical
data from member countries to proscribed destinations
members - (17) Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US
cooperating countries - (8) Austria, Finland, Ireland, South Korea, NZ, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland
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Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)
Note - also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate)
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Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
established - 3 June 1957
effective - 30 May 1964
aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations
members - (11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
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Council of Europe (CE)
established - 5 May 1949
effective - 3 August 1949
aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe
members - (28) Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,Norway, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,Turkey, Ukraine, UK
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Council of the Entente (Entente)
established - 29 May 1959
aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination
members - (5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo
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Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)
established - 15 December 1950
aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters
members - (108) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria,The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central AfricanRepublic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia,Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong,Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco,Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway,Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland,Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe
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developed countries (DCs)
Note - the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000. The 34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Vatican City
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developing countries
Note - an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs)
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East African Development Bank (EADB)
established - 6 June 1967
effective - 1 December 1967
aim - to promote economic development
members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda
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Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
established - 28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC
members - (39) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan,Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia,Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua NewGuinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, SriLanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Vietnam, WesternSamoa
associate members - (10) American Samoa, Cook Islands, Guam, HongKong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia,Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the PacificIslands (Palau)
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Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
established - 9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC
members - (12 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization
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Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
established - 26 June 1945
effective - 24 October 1945
aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population Commission, and Statistical Commission)
members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions
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Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
established - 29 April 1958
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC
members - (52) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina,Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast,Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles,Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa (suspended), Sudan,Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe
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Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)
see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)
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Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
established - 28 March 1947
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC
members - (33) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria,Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, US, Yugoslavia
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Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
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Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
established - 25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
aim - to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC
members - (41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, CostaRica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica,Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal,Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincentand the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US,Uruguay, Venezuela
associate members - (5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands
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Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
Note - see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia(ESCWA)
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Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) - acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale
established - 18 October 1983
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market
members - (10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire
observer - (1) Angola
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Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)
Note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des GrandsLacs
established - 26 September 1976
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration
members - (3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
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Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
established - 28 May 1975
aim - to promote regional economic cooperation
members - (16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo
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European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
established - 15 April 1991
aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization
members - (35) Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note - includes all 24 members of the OECD and the EC as an institution
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European Community (EC)
established - 8 April 1965
effective - 1 July 1967
aim - a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an eventual federation of Europe
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
associate member - (1) Czechoslovakia
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European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
established - 4 January 1960
effective - 3 May 1960
aim - to promote expansion of free trade
members - (6) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
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European Investment Bank (EIB)
established - 25 March 1957
effective - 1 January 1958
aim - to promote economic development of the EC
members - (12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
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European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
Note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization ConseilEuropeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire
established - 1 July 1953
effective - 29 September 1954
aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only
members - (16) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
observers - (2) Turkey, Yugoslavia
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European Space Agency (ESA)
established - 31 July 1973
effective - 1 May 1975
aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology
members - (13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
associate member - (1) Finland
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First World
Note - another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
established - 16 October 1945
aim - UN specialized agency to raise living standards and increase availability of agricultural products
members - (157) all UN members except Armenia, Azerbaijan,Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Brunei, Croatia, Estonia,Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,Russia, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; other members areCook Islands, Switzerland, Tonga
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Former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE)
Note - the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future; this includes Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czecholovakia, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia