:Czechoslovakia Government
Long-form name:Czech and Slovak Federal RepublicType:federal republic in transitionCapital:PragueAdministrative divisions:2 republics (republiky, singular - republika); Czech Republic (CeskaRepublika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika); note - 11 regions (kraj,singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky, Vychodocesky, Praha,Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky, Bratislava, Zapadoslovensky, Stredoslovensky,VychodoslovenskyIndependence:28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)Constitution:11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federalconstitutions to be drafted in 1992Legal system:civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communistlegal theory; constitutional court currently being established; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modificationto bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe(CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theoryNational holiday:National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28October (1918)Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upperhouse or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamberof the People (Snemovna Lidu)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 andpresident since 5 July 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Prime MinisterVaclav KLAUS (since 3 October 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Jiri DIENSTBIER(since 28 June 1990); Deputy Prime Minister Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June1990); Deputy Prime Minister Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990); DeputyPrime Minister Pavel HOFFMAN (since 3 October 1991); note - generally,"prime minister" is used at the federal level, "premier" at the republiclevel; Czech Premier - Petr PITHART; Slovak Premier - Jan CARNOGVRSKY
:Czechoslovakia Government
Political parties and leaders:note - there are very few federation-wide parties; party affiliation isindicted as Czech (C) or Slovak (S); Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS,chairman, (C/S); Civic Movement, Jiri DIENSTBIER, chairman, (C); CivicDemocratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian Democratic UnionPublic Against Violence, Martin PORUBJAK, chairman, (S); ChristianDemocratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, (C); Christian Democratic Movement, JanCARNOGURSKY,(S); Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, Juri SVOBODA,chairman; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, Vladimir MECIAR, chairman -removed from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations;Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Jiri HORAK, chairman, (C); CzechoslovakSocialist Party, Ladislav DVORAK, chairman, (C)(S); Movement forSelf-Governing Democracy Society for Moravia and Silesia, Jan KRYCER,chairman, (C); Party of the Democratic Left, Peter WEISS, chairman(Slovakia's renamed Communists) (S); Slovak National Party, Jozef PROKES,chairman, (S); Democratic Party, Jan HOLCIK, chairman, (S); Coexistence,(C)(S)Suffrage:universal at age 18Elections:Federal Assembly:last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held 5-6 June 1992); results - CivicForum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats - (300 total)Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian andDemocratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian,and Hungarian groups 43President:last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held 3 July 1992); results - Vaclav HAVELelected by the Federal AssemblyCommunists:760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost sinceNovember 1989Other political or pressure groups:Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, CzechoslovakSocial Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, ChristianDemocratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates inthe 8-9 June 1990 legislative electionMember of:BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EC (associate) ECE, FAO, GATT, HG, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NSG, PCA, UN,UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation:Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316US:Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1(mailing address is Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2)536-641/6; FAX [42] (2) 532-457Flag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isoscelestriangle based on the hoist side
:Czechoslovakia Economy
Overview:Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized by East European standards and has awell-educated and skilled labor force. GDP per capita has been the highestin Eastern Europe. Annual GDP growth slowed to less than 1 percent duringthe 1985-90 period. The country is deficient in energy and in many rawmaterials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West Europeanstandards. In January 1991, Prague launched a sweeping program to convertits almost entirely state-owned and controlled economy to a market system.The koruna now enjoys almost full internal convertibility and over 90% ofprices are set by the market. The government is planning to privatize allsmall businesses and roughly two-thirds of large enterprises by the end of1993. New private-sector activity is also expanding. Agriculture - 95%socialized - is to be privatized by the end of 1992. Reform has taken itstoll on the economy: inflation was roughly 50% in 1991, unemployment wasnearly 70%, and GDP dropped an estimated 15%. In 1992 the government isanticipating inflation of 10-15%, unemployment of 11-12%, and a drop in GDPof up to 8%. As of mid-1992, the nation appears to be splitting in two -into the industrial Czech area and the more agarian Slovak area.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $108.9 billion, per capita $6,900; real growthrate -15% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):52% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:officially 6.7% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $4.5 billion; expenditures $4.5 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $200 million (1992)Exports:$12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:machinery and equipment 39.2%; fuels, minerals, and metals 8.1%;agricultural and forestry products 6.2%, other 46.5%partners:USSR, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Italy, France, US, UKImports:$13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:machinery and equipment 37.3%; fuels, minerals, and metals 22.6%;agricultural and forestry products 7.0%; other 33.1%partners:USSR, Germany, Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, UK, ItalyExternal debt:$9.1 billion, hard currency indebtedness (December 1991)Industrial production:growth rate -22% (1991 est.); accounts for almost 60% of GNPElectricity:23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita(1990)Industries:iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motorvehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwearAgriculture:accounts for 9% of GDP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in foodproduction; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains,potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter offorest products
:Czechoslovakia Economy
Illicit drugs:transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and emerging as atransshipment point for Latin American cocaine EEconomic aid:donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developedcountries (1954-89)Currency:koruna (plural - koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleruExchange rates:koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.36 (January 1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990),15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Czechoslovakia Communications
Railroads:13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meterbroad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km doubletrack; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988)Highways:73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988)Inland waterways:475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal riverPipelines:crude oil 1,448 km; petroleum products 1,500 km; natural gas 8,100 kmPorts:maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports arePrague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube,Bratislava on the DanubeMerchant marine:22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185 GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13cargo, 9 bulkCivil air:47 major transport aircraftAirports:158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:inadequate circuit capacity; 4 million telephones; Radrel backbone ofnetwork; 25% of households have a telephone; broadcast stations - 32 AM, 15FM, 41 TV (11 Soviet TV repeaters); 4.4 million TVs (1990); 1 satelliteearth station using INTELSAT and Intersputnik
:Czechoslovakia Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border GuardManpower availability:males 15-49, 4,110,628; 3,142,457 fit for military service; 142,239 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - 28 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1991); note -conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the currentexchange rate would produce misleading results
:Denmark Geography
Total area:43,070 km2Land area:42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the restof metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and GreenlandComparative area:slightly more than twice the size of MassachusettsLand boundaries:68 km; Germany 68 kmCoastline:3,379 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:4 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive fishing zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:3 nmDisputes:Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area);Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and JanMayenClimate:temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summersTerrain:low and flat to gently rolling plainsNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestoneLand use:arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest andwoodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9%Environment:air and water pollutionNote:controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
:Denmark People
Population:5,163,955 (July 1992), growth rate 0.2% (1992)Birth rate:13 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:12 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:7 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:72 years male, 78 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:1.7 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Dane(s); adjective - DanishEthnic divisions:Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, GermanReligions:Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7%(1988)Languages:Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speakingminorityLiteracy:99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)Labor force:2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturingand mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%;electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990)Organized labor:65% of labor force
:Denmark Government
Long-form name:Kingdom of DenmarkType:constitutional monarchyCapital:CopenhagenAdministrative divisions:metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*(stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe,Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note - see separate entries for the Faroe Islands andGreenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governingadministrative divisionsIndependence:became a constitutional monarchy in 1849Constitution:5 June 1953Legal system:civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsoryICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)Executive branch:monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral parliament (Folketing)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown PrinceFREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)Head of Government:Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)Political parties and leaders:Social Democratic Party, Paul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, PoulSCHLUTER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party,Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party,Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; ChristianPeople's Party, Jam SJURSEN; Left Socialist Party, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN;Justice Party, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA;Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben MellerHANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANNSuffrage:universal at age 21Elections:Parliament:last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%,Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%;seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, ChristianPeople's 4
:Denmark Government
Member of:AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WM,ZCDiplomatic representation:Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish ConsulatesGeneral in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS:Ambassador Richard B. STONE; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO AE 09716); telephone [45] (31)42-31-44; FAX [45] (35) 43-0223Flag:red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the verticalpart of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element ofthe (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries ofFinland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
:Denmark Economy
Overview:This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scaleand corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortableliving standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark probablywill continue its successful economic recovery in 1992 with tight fiscal andmonetary policies and export- oriented growth. Prime Minister Schluter'smain priorities are to maintain a current account surplus in order to payoff extensive external debt and to continue to freeze public-sectorexpenditures in order to reduce the budget deficit. The rate of growth by1993 - boosted by increased investment and domestic demand - may besufficient to start to cut Denmark's high unemployment rate, which isexpected to remain at about 11% in 1992. Low inflation, low wage increases,and the current account surplus put Denmark in a good competitive positionfor the EC's anticipated single market, although Denmark must cut its VATand income taxes.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $91.1 billion, per capita $17,700; real growthrate 2.0% (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.4% (1991)Unemployment rate:10.6% (1991)Budget:revenues $44.1 billion; expenditures $50 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA billion (1991 est.)Exports:$37.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding),fish, chemicals, industrial machinerypartners:EC 54.2% (Germany 22.5%, UK 10.3%, France 5.9%), Sweden 11.5%, Norway 5.8%,US 5.0%, Japan 3.6% (1991)Imports:$31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,textiles, paperpartners:EC 52.8% (Germany 22.5%, UK 8.1%), Sweden 10.8%, US 6.3% (1991)External debt:$45 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 0% (1991 est.)Electricity:11,215,000 kW capacity; 31,000 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicalproducts, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood productsAgriculture:accounts for 4.5% of GDP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing andforestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues;principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;self-sufficient in food productionEconomic aid:donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billionCurrency:Danish krone (plural - kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re
:Denmark Economy
Exchange rates:Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.116 (January 1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189(1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Denmark Communications
Railroads:2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 kmelectrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard- gauge lines areprivately owned and operatedHighways:66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 kmgravel, crushed stone, improved earthInland waterways:417 kmPipelines:crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 kmPorts:Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minorportsMerchant marine:317 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,367,063 GRT/7,921,891 DWT; includes13 short-sea passenger, 94 cargo, 21 refrigerated cargo, 38 container, 39roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 42 petroleum tanker, 14 chemicaltanker, 33 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk;note - Denmark has created its own internal register, called the DanishInternational Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danishmanning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within theDanish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belongedto the DISCivil air:69 major transport aircraftAirports:121 total, 108 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000telephones; buried and submarine cables and radio relay support trunknetwork; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxialcables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT
:Denmark Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home GuardManpower availability:males 15-49, 1,372,878; 1,181,857 fit for military service; 38,221 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 2% of GDP (1991)
:Djibouti Geography
Total area:22,000 km2Land area:21,980 km2Comparative area:slightly larger than MassachusettsLand boundaries:517 km; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 kmCoastline:314 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate:desert; torrid, dryTerrain:coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountainsNatural resources:geothermal areasLand use:arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest andwoodland NEGL%; other 91%Environment:vast wastelandNote:strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabianoilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia
:Djibouti People
Population:390,906 (July 1992), growth rate 2.7% (1992)Birth rate:43 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:16 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:115 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:47 years male, 50 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:6.3 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Djiboutian(s); adjective - DjiboutianEthnic divisions:Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%Religions:Muslim 94%, Christian 6%Languages:French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely usedLiteracy:48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990)Labor force:NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railwayworkers; 52% of population of working age (1983)Organized labor:3,000 railway workers, General Union of Djiboutian Workers (UGTD),government affiliated; some smaller unions
:Djibouti Government
Long-form name:Republic of DjiboutiType:republicCapital:DjiboutiAdministrative divisions:5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti,Obock, TadjouraIndependence:27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)Constitution:partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National AssemblyLegal system:based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 June (1977)Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)Head of Government:Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)Political parties and leaders:only party - People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED AptidonSuffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:National Assembly:last held 24 April 1987 (next scheduled for May 1992 but post- poned);results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65 total) RPP 65President:last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - PresidentHassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without oppositionOther political or pressure groups:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy and affiliatesMember of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery at Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW,Washington, DC 20005; telephone (202) 331-0270US:Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent,Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185,Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95; FAX [253] 35-39-40Flag:two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a whiteisosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed starin the center
:Djibouti Economy
Overview:The economy is based on service activities connected with the country'sstrategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa.Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and aninternational transshipment and refueling center. It has few naturalresources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependenton foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to financedevelopment projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be amajor problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the lastfive years because of recession and a high population growth rate (includingimmigrants and refugees).GDP:exchange rate conversion - $340 million, $1,000 per capita; real growth rate-1.0% (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.7% (1989)Unemployment rate:over 30% (1989)Budget:revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capitalexpenditures of $25 million (1990 est.)Exports:$190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:hides and skins, coffee (in transit)partners:Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7%Imports:$311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum productspartners:EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2%External debt:$355 million (December 1990)Industrial production:growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDPElectricity:115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products andmineral-water bottlingAgriculture:accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production tomostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herdinggoats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US)countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries(1970-89), $35 millionCurrency:Djiboutian franc (plural - francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Djibouti Communications
Railroads:the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through DjiboutiHighways:2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)Ports:DjiboutiCivil air:1 major transport aircraftAirports:13 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations atoutlying places; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia
:Djibouti Defense Forces
Branches:Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National SecurityForce (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police ForceManpower availability:males 15-49, 96,150; 56,077 fit for military serviceDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986)
:Dominica Geography
Total area:750 km2Land area:750 km2Comparative area:slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:noneCoastline:148 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfallTerrain:rugged mountains of volcanic originNatural resources:timberLand use:arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest andwoodland 41%; other 34%Environment:flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanesNote:located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
:Dominica People
Population:87,035 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)Birth rate:24 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:5 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:11 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:74 years male, 79 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:2.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Dominican(s); adjective - DominicanEthnic divisions:mostly black; some Carib IndiansReligions:Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other5%Languages:English (official); French patois widely spokenLiteracy:94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school(1970)Labor force:25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)Organized labor:25% of labor force
:Dominica Government
Long-form name:Commonwealth of DominicaType:parliamentary democracyCapital:RoseauAdministrative divisions:10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, SaintJoseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint PeterIndependence:3 November 1978 (from UK)Constitution:3 November 1978Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 3 November (1978)Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983)Head of Government:Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for athird term 28 May 1990)Political parties and leaders:Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party(DLP), Pierre CHARLES; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMESSuffrage:universal at age 18Elections:House of Assembly:last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 electedrepresentatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4President:last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results -President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House ofAssemblyOther political or pressure groups:Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist groupMember of:ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation:there is no Chancery in the USUS:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados),but travels frequently to Dominica
:Dominica Government
Flag:green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part isyellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top),black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red diskbearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged inyellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
:Dominica Economy
Overview:The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable toclimatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes,root crops, and coconuts. In 1990, GDP grew by 7%, bouncing back from the1.6% decline of 1989. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of arugged coastline and the lack of an international airport.GDP:purchasing power equivalent - $170 million, per capita $2,000; real growthrate 7.0% (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.7% (1990)Unemployment rate:10% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capitalexpenditures of $41 million (FY90)Exports:$59.9 million (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheetspartners:UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9%Imports:$103.9 million (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods,machinery and equipmentpartners:US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21%External debt:$73 million (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoesAgriculture:accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, rootcrops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestryand fisheries potential not exploitedEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$120 millionCurrency:East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
:Dominica Communications
Highways:750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earthPorts:Roseau, PortsmouthCivil air:NAAirports:2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to SaintLucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV
:Dominica Defense Forces
Branches:Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force (including Coast Guard)Manpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Dominican Republic Geography
Total area:48,730 km2Land area:48,380 km2Comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of New HampshireLand boundaries:275 km; Haiti 275 kmCoastline:1,288 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmContinental shelf:outer edge of continental margin or 200 nmExclusive economic zone:200 nmTerritorial sea:6 nmDisputes:noneClimate:tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain:rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersedNatural resources:nickel, bauxite, gold, silverLand use:arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest andwoodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4%Environment:subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestationNote:shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, easterntwo-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
:Dominican Republic People
Population:7,515,892 (July 1992), growth rate 1.9% (1992)Birth rate:26 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:-1 migrant/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:56 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:66 years male, 70 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.0 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Dominican(s); adjective - DominicanEthnic divisions:mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:SpanishLiteracy:83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:2,300,000 to 2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)Organized labor:12% of labor force (1989 est.)
:Dominican Republic Government
Long-form name:Dominican Republic (no short-form name)Type:republicCapital:Santo DomingoAdministrative divisions:29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, ElSeibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, LaVega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, SanCristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez,ValverdeIndependence:27 February 1844 (from Haiti)Constitution:28 November 1966Legal system:based on French civil codesNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 February (1844)Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamberor Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara deDiputados)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected termbegan 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16August 1986)Political parties and leaders:Major parties:Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; DominicanRevolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Dominican LiberationParty (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI),Jacobo MAJLUTAMinor parties:National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National ProgressiveForce (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), RogelioDELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD) Narciso ISA Conde;Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist PatrioticUnion (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ ChiappiniNote:in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form theDominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual partystructuresSuffrage:universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armedforces and police cannot vote
:Dominican Republic Government
Elections:Chamber of Deputies:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2President:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER(PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%Senate:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2Communists:an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions;effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizationalinadequacies, and severe funding shortagesMember of:ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez; Chancery at 1715 22nd Street NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-6280; there are DominicanConsulates General in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico),Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico), andConsulates in Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston,Jacksonville, Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San FranciscoUS:Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO; Embassy at the corner of Calle Cesar NicolasPenson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo (mailing address is APO AA34041-0008); telephone (809) 5412171Flag:a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into fourrectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones arered (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of thecross
:Dominican Republic Economy
Overview:The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60%of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of freetrade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing forexport, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has alsoincreased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and asource of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. Theprincipal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa,and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agriculturalproducts, durable consumer goods, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment isofficially reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.A fiscal austerity program has brought inflation under control, but in 1991the economy contracted for a second straight year.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $7 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate -2%(1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:30% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues NA; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA(1992 est.)Exports:$775 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:sugar, coffee, cocoa, gold, ferronickelpartners:US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)Imports:$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticalspartners:US 50%External debt:$4.7 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate NA; accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:2,133,000 kW capacity; 4,410 million kWh produced, 597 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,tobaccoAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is themost important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, andtobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output -cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 millionCurrency:Dominican peso (plural - pesos); 1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavosExchange rates:Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.609 (January 1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525(1990), 6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988), 3.845 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Dominican Republic Communications
Railroads:1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to1.435 mHighways:12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 kmunimprovedPipelines:crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 kmPorts:Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto PlataMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWTCivil air:23 major transport aircraftAirports:36 total, 30 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runwaysover 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relaynetwork; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
:Dominican Republic Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 2,013,294; 1,271,772 fit for military service; 80,117 reachmilitary age (18) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $70 million, 1% of GDP (1990)
:Ecuador Geography
Total area:283,560 km2Land area:276,840 km2; includes Galapagos IslandsComparative area:slightly smaller than NevadaLand boundaries:2,010 km; Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 kmCoastline:2,237 kmMaritime claims:Continental shelf:claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos IslandsTerritorial sea:200 nmDisputes:three sections of the boundary with Peru are in disputeClimate:tropical along coast becoming cooler inlandTerrain:coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat torolling eastern jungle (Oriente)Natural resources:petroleum, fish, timberLand use:arable land 6%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest andwoodland 51%; other 23%; includes irrigated 2%Environment:subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote:Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
:Ecuador People
Population:10,933,143 (July 1992), growth rate 2.2% (1992)Birth rate:28 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:42 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:67 years male, 72 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:3.5 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Ecuadorian(s); adjective - EcuadorianEthnic divisions:mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:Spanish (official); Indian languages, especially QuechuaLiteracy:86% (male 88%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:2,800,000; agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services andother activities 28% (1982)Organized labor:less than 15% of labor force
:Ecuador Government
Long-form name:Republic of EcuadorType:republicCapital:QuitoAdministrative divisions:21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha,Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-ChinchipeIndependence:24 May 1822 (from Spain; Battle of Pichincha)Constitution:10 August 1979Legal system:based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 10 August (1809, independence of Quito)Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos (since 10 August 1988); Vice President LuisPARODI Valverde (since 10 August 1988)Suffrage:universal at age 18; compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65, optionalfor other eligible votersElections:National Congress:last held 17 June 1990 (next to be held 17 May 1992); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (72 total) PSC 16, ID 14, PRE 13, PSE 8, DP 7, CFP3, PC 3, PLR 3, FADI 2, FRA 2, MPD 1President:runoff election held 5 July 1992; results - Sixto DURAN elected as presidentand Alberto DAHIK elected as vice presidentCommunists:Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow), Rene Mauge MOSQUERA, secretarygeneral, 5,000 members; Communist Party of Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE,Maoist), 3,000 members; Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSE, pro-Cuba), 5,000members (est.); National Liberation Party (PLN, Communist), less than 5,000members (est.)Member of:AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador Jaime MONCAYO; Chancery at 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC20009; telephone (202) 234-7200; there are Ecuadorian Consulates General inChicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and SanFrancisco, and a Consulate in San Diego
:Ecuador Government
US:Ambassador vacant; Embassy at Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria; Quito(mailing address is P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039); telephone [593](2) 562-890; FAX [593] (2) 502-052; there is a US Consulate General inGuayaquilFlag:three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with thecoat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag ofColombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms
:Ecuador Economy
Overview:Ecuador has substantial oil resources and rich agricultural areas. Growthhas been uneven because of natural disasters (for example, a majorearthquake in 1987), fluctuations in global oil prices, and governmentpolicies designed to curb inflation. The government has not taken asupportive attitude toward either domestic or foreign investment, althoughits agreement to enter the Andean free trade zone is an encouraging move. As1991 ended, Ecuador received a standby IMF loan of $105 million, which willpermit the country to proceed with the rescheduling of Paris Club debt.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion, per capita $1,070; real growthrate 2.5% (1991)Inflation rate (consumer prices):49% (1991)Unemployment rate:8.0% (1990)Budget:revenues $2.2 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $375 million (1991)Exports:$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:petroleum 47%, coffee, bananas, cocoa products, shrimp, fish productspartners:US 60%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC countriesImports:$1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:transport equipment, vehicles, machinery, chemicalspartners:US 34%, Latin America, Caribbean, EC, JapanExternal debt:$12.4 billion (December 1991)Industrial production:growth rate -3.8% (1989); accounts for almost 40% of GDP, includingpetroleumElectricity:2,344,000 kW capacity; 6,430 million kWh produced, 598 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal works, paper products, woodproducts, chemicals, plastics, fishing, timberAgriculture:accounts for 18% of GDP and 35% of labor force (including fishing andforestry); leading producer and exporter of bananas and balsawood; otherexports - coffee, cocoa, fish, shrimp; crop production - rice, potatoes,manioc, plantains, sugarcane; livestock sector - cattle, sheep, hogs, beef,pork, dairy products; net importer of foodgrains, dairy products, and sugarIllicit drugs:minor illicit producer of coca following the successful eradication campaignof 1985-87; significant transit country, however, for derivatives of cocaoriginating in Colombia, Bolivia, and PeruEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $498 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.15 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $64 millionCurrency:sucre (plural - sucres); 1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos
:Ecuador Economy
Exchange rates:sucres (S/) per US$1 - 1,046.25 (1991), 869.54 (December 1990), 767.75(1990), 526.35 (1989), 301.61 (1988), 170.46 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
:Ecuador Communications
Railroads:965 km total; all 1.067-meter-gauge single trackHighways:28,000 km total; 3,600 km paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved earth, 7,000km unimproved earthInland waterways:1,500 kmPipelines:crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 kmPorts:Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar, EsmeraldasMerchant marine:46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 337,999 GRT/491,996 DWT; includes 2passenger, 4 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 4 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off,15 petroleum tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 2 bulkCivil air:23 major transport aircraftAirports:143 total, 142 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 mTelecommunications:domestic facilities generally adequate; 318,000 telephones; broadcaststations - 272 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 39 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSATearth station
:Ecuador Defense Forces
Branches:Army (Ejercito Ecuatoriano), Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana), Air Force (FuerzaAerea Ecuatoriana), National PoliceManpower availability:males 15-49, 2,804,260; 1,898,401 fit for military service; 115,139 reachmilitary age (20) annuallyDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
:Egypt Geography
Total area:1,001,450 km2Land area:995,450 km2Comparative area:slightly more than three times the size of New MexicoLand boundaries:2,689 km; Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 255 km, Libya 1,150 km, Sudan 1,273 kmCoastline:2,450 kmMaritime claims:Contiguous zone:24 nmContinental shelf:200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitationExclusive economic zone:undefinedTerritorial sea:12 nmDisputes:Administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with internationalboundaryClimate:desert; hot, dry summers with moderate wintersTerrain:vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and deltaNatural resources:crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum,talc, asbestos, lead, zincLand use:arable land 3%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest andwoodland NEGL%; other 95%; includes irrigated 5%Environment:Nile is only perennial water source; increasing soil salinization belowAswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;water pollution; desertificationNote:controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder ofEastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, shortest sea link between IndianOcean and Mediterranean; size and juxtaposition to Israel establish itsmajor role in Middle Eastern geopolitics
:Egypt People
Population:56,368,950 (July 1992), growth rate 2.3% (1992)Birth rate:33 births/1,000 population (1992)Death rate:9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)Net migration rate:NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)Infant mortality rate:80 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)Life expectancy at birth:58 years male, 62 years female (1992)Total fertility rate:4.4 children born/woman (1992)Nationality:noun - Egyptian(s); adjective - EgyptianEthnic divisions:Eastern Hamitic stock 90%; Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese 10%Religions:(official estimate) Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%; Coptic Christian and other 6%Languages:Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classesLiteracy:48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)Labor force:15,000,000 (1989 est.); government, public sector enterprises, and armedforces 36%; agriculture 34%; privately owned service and manufacturingenterprises 20% (1984); shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians workabroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)Organized labor:2,500,000 (est.)
:Egypt Government
Long-form name:Arab Republic of EgyptType:republicCapital:CairoAdministrative divisions:26 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr alAhmar, Al Buchayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah, AlIsma`iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, AlWadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways, Aswan, Asyu`t, Bani Suwayf, BurSa`id, Dumyat, Janub Sina, Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina, SuhajIndependence:28 February 1922 (from UK); formerly United Arab RepublicConstitution:11 September 1971Legal system:based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicialreview by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity ofadministrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservationsNational holiday:Anniversary of the Revolution, 23 July (1952)Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral People's Assembly (Majlis al-Cha'b); note - there is an AdvisoryCouncil (Majlis al-Shura) that functions in a consultative roleJudicial branch:Supreme Constitutional CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (was made acting President on 6 October1981 upon the assassination of President SADAT and sworn in as President on14 October 1981)Head of Government:Prime Minister Atef Mohammed Najib SEDKY (since 12 November 1986)Political parties and leaders:formation of political parties must be approved by government; NationalDemocratic Party (NDP), President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader, is thedominant party; legal opposition parties are Socialist Liberal Party (SLP),Kamal MURAD; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim SHUKRI; National ProgressiveUnionist Grouping (NPUG), Khalid MUHYI-AL-DIN; Umma Party, Ahmad al-SABAHI;New Wafd Party (NWP), Fu'd SIRAJ AL-DIN; Misr al-Fatah Party (Young EgyptParty), Ali al-Din SALIH; The Greens Party, Hasan RAJAB; Nasserist ArabDemocratic Party, Dia' AL-DIN DAWOUDSuffrage:universal and compulsory at age 18Elections:Advisory Council:last held 8 June 1989 (next to be held June 1995); results - NDP 100%; seats- (258 total, 172 elected) NDP 172People's Assembly:last held 29 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results - NDP78.4%, NPUG 1.4%, independents 18.7%; seats - (437 total, 444 elected) -including NDP 348, NPUG 6, independents 83; note - most opposition partiesboycotted
:Egypt Government
President:last held 5 October 1987 (next to be held October 1993); results - PresidentHosni MUBARAK was reelectedCommunists:about 500 party membersOther political or pressure groups:Islamic groups are illegal, but the largest one, the Muslim Brotherhood, istolerated by the government; trade unions and professional associations areofficially sanctionedMember of:ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AG (observer), AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EBRD,ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA,IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation:Ambassador El Sayed Abdel Raouf EL REEDY; Chancery at 2310 Decatur Place NW,Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-5400; there are EgyptianConsulates General in Chicago, Houston, New York, and San FranciscoUS:Ambassador Robert PELLETREAU; Embassy at Lazougi Street, Garden City, Cairo(mailing address is APO AE 09839); telephone [20] (2) 355-7371; FAX [20] (2)355-7375; there is a US Consulate General in AlexandriaFlag:three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with thenational emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle facing the hoistside above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered inthe white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band;also similar to the flag of Syria that has two green stars and to the flagof Iraq, which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in ahorizontal line centered in the white band
:Egypt Economy
Overview:Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all the Third Worldeconomies, most industrial plants being owned by the government.Overregulation holds back technical modernization and foreign investment.Even so, the economy grew rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, butin 1986 the collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden ofdebt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF forbalance-of-payments support. As part of the 1987 agreement with the IMF, thegovernment agreed to institute a reform program to reduce inflation, promoteeconomic growth, and improve its external position. The reforms have beenslow in coming, however, and the economy has been largely stagnant for thepast four years. The addition of 1 million people every seven months toEgypt's population exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the total land areaavailable for agriculture.GDP:exchange rate conversion - $39.2 billion, per capita $720; real growth rate2% (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):17% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:15% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $9.4 billion; expenditures $15.9 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $6 billion (FY90 est.)Exports:$4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn, raw cotton, textiles, metalproducts, chemicalspartners:EC, Eastern Europe, US, JapanImports:$11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers, wood products, durable consumergoods, capital goodspartners:EC, US, Japan, Eastern EuropeExternal debt:$38 billion (December 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity:13,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, petroleum, construction,cement, metalsAgriculture:accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than one-third of labor force;dependent on irrigation water from the Nile; world's sixth-largest cottonexporter; other crops produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit,vegetables; not self-sufficient in food; livestock - cattle, water buffalo,sheep, and goats; annual fish catch about 140,000 metric tonsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4billion