*Cyprus, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Cyprusconventional short form:CyprusDigraph:CYType:republicnote:a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island beganafter the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was furthersolidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, whichgave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriotscontrol the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and theformation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has beenrecognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution ofintercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of governmentCapital:NicosiaAdministrative divisions:6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, PaphosIndependence:16 August 1960 (from UK)Constitution:16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revisedconstitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek andTurkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriotscreated their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "TurkishFederated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed byreferendum in May 1985Legal system:based on common law, with civil law modificationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Dayin the Turkish area)Political parties and leaders:Greek Cypriot:Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), DimitriosCHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party(DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), MikhalisPAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOUTurkish area:National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP),Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New CyprusParty (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; NewBirth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), IsmetKOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United SovereigntyParty, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; FatherlandParty (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition DemocraticStruggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP andTKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were atstake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election
*Cyprus, Government
Other political or pressure groups:United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union ofCyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK;pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled);Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of TurkishCypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions(Dev-Is)Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results -Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7%House of Representatives:last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL(Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7Turkish Area: President:last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R.DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic:last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP(conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP(conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed theirown party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2Executive branch:president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president,prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish areaLegislative branch:unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is aunicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish areaJudicial branch:Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish areaLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993)note:Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20July 1985Member of:C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFISchancery:2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 462-5772consulate general:New York note:Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198
*Cyprus, Government
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Robert E. LAMBembassy:corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosiamailing address:APO AE 09836telephone:[357] (2) 465151FAX:[357] (2) 459-571Flag:white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus isderived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olivebranches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope forpeace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communitiesnote:the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottomwith a red crescent and red star on a white field
*Cyprus, Economy
Overview:The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industrycontributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while theservice sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force.Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and intourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of theadverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, theWorld Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. Incontrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy hasless than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991.Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of thefruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, theTurkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkeyto help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkishgovernment extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used foreconomic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites asubstantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy.National product:Greek area:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992)Turkish area:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990)National product real growth rate: Greek area:6.5% (1992)Turkish area:5.9% (1990)National product per capita:Greek area:$11,000 (1992)Turkish area:$4,000 (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):Greek area:5.1% (1991)Turkish area:69.4% (1990)Unemployment rate:Greek area:2.4% (1991)Turkish area:1.5% (1991)Budget:revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $350 million (1993)Exports:$875 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoespartners:UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%Imports:$2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinerypartners:UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1%
*Cyprus, Economy
External debt:$1.9 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDPElectricity:620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood productsAgriculture:contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; majorcrops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits;vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenuesIllicit drugs:transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe,especially from Lebanon and TurkeyEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24millionCurrency:1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurusExchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
*Cyprus, Communications
Highways:10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earthPorts:Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, PaphosMerchant marine:1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT;includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction largeload carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag ofconvenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latviaalso has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5Airports:total:13usable:13with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:7with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greekarea), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones;largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkishsector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables,and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations
*Cyprus, Defense Forces
Branches:Greek area:Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), GreekCypriot PoliceTurkish area:Turkish Cypriot Security ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach militaryage (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)
*Czech Republic, Geography
Location:Eastern Europe, between Germany and SlovakiaMap references:Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:78,703 km2land area:78,645 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries:total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated fromits royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution doesnot go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power;unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution ofCzech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of internationalborder between Czech Republic and SlovakiaClimate:temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid wintersTerrain:two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills,and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east,consisting of very hilly countryNatural resources:hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphiteLand use:arable land:NA%permanent crops:NA%meadows and pastures:NA%forest and woodland:NA%other: NA%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:NANote:landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and mostsignificant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional militarycorridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
*Czech Republic, People
Population:10,389,256 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.16% (1993 est.)Birth rate:13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72.64 yearsmale:68.9 yearsfemale:76.58 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Czech(s)adjective:CzechEthnic divisions:Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian0.2%, other 1%Religions:atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other13.4%Languages:Czech, SlovakLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force: 5.389 millionby occupation:industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications andother 45.2% (1990)
*Czech Republic, Government
Names:conventional long form:Czech Republicconventional short form:nonelocal long form:Ceska Republikalocal short form:CechyDigraph:EZType:parliamentary democracyCapital:PragueAdministrative divisions:7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky,Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, JihomoravskyIndependence:1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)Constitution:ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993Legal system:civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line withConference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and toexpunge Marxist-Leninist legal theoryNational holiday:NAPolitical parties and leaders:Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union,leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; ChristianDemocratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX;Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA;Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-GoverningDemocracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal SocialUnion, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NAOther political or pressure groups:Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic MovementSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results -Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National CouncilSenate:elections not yet held; seats (81 total)Chamber of Deputies:last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian DemocraticParty 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal SocialUnion 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly forthe Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement forSelf-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14Executive branch:president, prime minister, Cabinet
*Czech Republic, Government
Legislative branch:bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house orSenate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber ofDeputiesJudicial branch:Supreme Court, Constitutional CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993)Head of Government:Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime MinistersIvan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992)Member of:BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKYchancery:3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 363-6315 or 6316US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Adrian A. BASORAembassy:Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1mailing address:Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630telephone:[42] (2) 536-641/6FAX:[42] (2) 532-457Flag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isoscelestriangle based on the hoist side
*Czech Republic, Economy
Overview:The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - theCzech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task ofmoving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia,even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered froman aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy andmany raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end ofcommunist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republiclaunched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned andcontrolled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted inprivatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and thesetting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost ininflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a wholeinflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czechlands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a moremoderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipatesinflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as somelarge-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%,mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although thegovernments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining thekoruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countriesended the currency union in February 1993.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$7,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):12.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:3.1% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels,minerals, and metalspartners:Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CISrepublicsImports:$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods,raw materials, chemicals, agricultural productspartners:Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK,ItalyExternal debt:$3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)Industrial production:growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% ofGDPElectricity:16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita(1992)
*Czech Republic, Economy
Industries:fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles,glass, armamentsAgriculture:largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestockproduction, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs,cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest productsIllicit drugs:the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asianheroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine(1992)Economic aid:the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid tonon-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)Currency:1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleruExchange rates:koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991),17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Czech Republic, Communications
Railroads:9,434 km total (1988)Highways:55,890 km total (1988)Inland waterways:NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal riverPipelines:natural gas 5,400 kmPorts:coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports arePrague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe)Merchant marine:the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with SlovakiaAirports:total:75usable:75with permanent-surface runways: 8with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:NA
*Czech Republic, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad UnitsManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reachmilitary age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defenseexpenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could producemisleading results
*Denmark, Geography
Location:Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of GermanyMap references:Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:43,070 km2land area:42,370 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of Massachusettsnote:includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest ofmetropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and GreenlandLand boundaries:total 68 km, Germany 68 kmCoastline:3,379 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:4 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:3 nmInternational disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area);dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Oceanbetween Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of JusticeClimate:temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summersTerrain:low and flat to gently rolling plainsNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestoneLand use:arable land:61%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:6%forest and woodland:12%other:21%Irrigated land:4,300 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:air and water pollutionNote:controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
*Denmark, People
Population:5,175,922 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.23% (1993 est.)Birth rate:12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.51 yearsmale:72.63 yearsfemale:78.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Dane(s) adjective:DanishEthnic divisions:Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, GermanReligions:Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7%(1988)Languages:Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population:99%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:2,553,900by occupation:private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%,electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)
*Denmark, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Denmarkconventional short form:Denmarklocal long form:Kongeriget Danmarklocal short form:DanmarkDigraph:DAType:constitutional monarchyCapital:CopenhagenAdministrative divisions:metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*, (stad); Arhus, Bornholm,Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe,Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,, Vestsjaelland, Viborgnote:see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part ofthe Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisionsIndependence:1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)Constitution:5 June 1953Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsoryICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)Political parties and leaders:Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, PoulSCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party,Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party,Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; ChristianPeople's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; DanishWorkers' PartySuffrage:21 years of age; universalElections:Parliament:last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%,Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%;seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, ChristianPeople's 4Executive branch:monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral parliament (Folketing)Judicial branch:Supreme Court
*Denmark, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown PrinceFREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)Head of Government:Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993)Member of:AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM,CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA,UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO,UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIGchancery:3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 234-4300FAX:(202) 328-1470 consulates general:Chicago, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard B. STONEembassy:Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen Omailing address:APO AE 09716telephone:[45] (31) 42-31-44FAX:[45] (35) 43-0223Flag:red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the verticalpart of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element ofthe DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordiccountries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
*Denmark, Economy
Overview:This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scaleand corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortableliving standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's newcenter-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistenthigh unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following theprevious government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a currentaccount surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on theDanish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency.The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overalltax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and taxreforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfareservices for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime MinisterRASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic andmonetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the ECthe right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmarkis, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time.Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many WestEuropean countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup toaround 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on ECpolitical and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse thedrop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplusremains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expectedto be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Althoughunemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:1% (1992)National product per capita:$18,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992)Unemployment rate:11.4% (1992)Budget:revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992)Exports:$37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding),fish, chemicals, industrial machinerypartners:EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%,US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)Imports:$30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,textiles, paperpartners:EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%,US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)External debt:$40 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 1.9% (1992)
*Denmark, Economy
Electricity:11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicalproducts, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products,shipbuildingAgriculture:accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing andforestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues;principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;self-sufficient in food productionEconomic aid:donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billionCurrency:1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 reExchange rates:Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396(1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Denmark, Communications
Railroads:2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail lineand 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked;650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operatedHighways:66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 kmgravel, crushed stone, improved earthInland waterways:417 kmPipelines:crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 kmPorts:Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minorportsMerchant marine:328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note -Denmark has created its own internal register, called the DanishInternational Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danishmanning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within theDanish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belongedto the DISAirports:total:118usable:109with permanent-surface runways:28with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:9with runways 1,220-2,439 m:7Telecommunications:excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay supporttrunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxialcables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT
*Denmark, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reachmilitary age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)
*Djibouti, Geography
Location:Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and SomaliaMap references:Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:22,000 km2land area:21,980 km2comparative area:slightly larger than MassachusettsLand boundaries:total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 kmCoastline:314 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic SomalisClimate:desert; torrid, dryTerrain:coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountainsNatural resources:geothermal areasLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:9%forest and woodland:0%other:91%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:vast wastelandNote:strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabianoilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia
*Djibouti, People
Population:401,579 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.7% (1993 est.)Birth rate:43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:48.78 yearsmale:47.01 yearsfemale:50.59 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Djiboutian(s)adjective:DjiboutianEthnic divisions:Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%Religions:Muslim 94%, Christian 6%Languages:French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, AfarLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:48%male:63%female:34%Labor force:NAby occupation:a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workersnote:52% of population of working age (1983)
*Djibouti, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Djibouticonventional short form: Djiboutiformer:French Territory of the Afars and Issas French SomalilandDigraph:DJType:republicCapital:DjiboutiAdministrative divisions:5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti,Obock, TadjouraIndependence:27 June 1977 (from France)Constitution:multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992Legal system:based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 June (1977)Political parties and leaders:ruling party:People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidonother parties:Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic NationalParty (PND), ADEN Robleh AwalehOther political or pressure groups:Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates;Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD)Suffrage:universal adult at age NAElections:National Assembly:last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65total) RPP 65President:last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - PresidentHassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without oppositionExecutive branch:president, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)Head of Government:Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
*Djibouti, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Roble OLHAYEchancery:Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005telephone:(202) 331-0270US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET IIIembassy:Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djiboutimailing address:B. P. 185, Djiboutitelephone:[253] 35-39-95FAX:[253] 35-39-40Flag:two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a whiteisosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed starin the center
*Djibouti, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on service activities connected with the country'sstrategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa.Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and aninternational transshipment and refueling center. It has few naturalresources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependenton foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to financedevelopment projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be amajor problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the lastfive years because of recession and a high population growth rate (includingimmigrants and refugees).National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate:1.2% (1990 est.)National product per capita:$1,030 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):7.7% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:over 30% (1989)Budget:revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capitalexpenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)Exports:$186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit)partners:Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9%Imports:$360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum productspartners:Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19%External debt:$355 million (December 1990)Industrial production:growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products andmineral-water bottlingAgriculture:accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production tomostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herdinggoats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US)countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries(1970-89), $35 millionCurrency:1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)
*Djibouti, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Djibouti, Communications
Railroads:the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through DjiboutiHighways:2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)Ports:DjiboutiMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWTAirports:total:13usable:11 with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:5Telecommunications:telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are themicrowave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country;international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and bysatellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian OceanINTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV
*Djibouti, Defense Forces
Branches:Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National SecurityForce (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989)
*Dominica, Geography
Location:in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad andTobagoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:750 km2land area:750 km2comparative area:slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:148 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes: noneClimate:tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfallTerrain:rugged mountains of volcanic originNatural resources:timberLand use:arable land:9%permanent crops:13%meadows and pastures:3%forest and woodland:41%other:34%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes
*Dominica, People
Population:86,547 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.31% (1993 est.)Birth rate:20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:76.72 yearsmale:73.89 yearsfemale:79.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Dominican(s)adjective:DominicanEthnic divisions:black, Carib IndiansReligions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other5%Languages:English (official), French patoisLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)total population:94%male:94%female:94%Labor force:25,000by occupation:agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)
*Dominica, Government
Names:conventional long form:Commonwealth of Dominicaconventional short form:DominicaDigraph:DOType:parliamentary democracyCapital:RoseauAdministrative divisions:10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, SaintJoseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint PeterIndependence:3 November 1978 (from UK)Constitution:3 November 1978Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 3 November (1978)Political parties and leaders:Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party(DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMESOther political or pressure groups:Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist groupSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Assembly:last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 electedrepresentatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4President:last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results -President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House ofAssemblyExecutive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983)Head of Government:Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for athird term 28 May 1990)Member of:ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:there is no chancery in the USUS diplomatic representation:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados),but travels frequently to Dominica
*Dominica, Government
Flag:green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part isyellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top),black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red diskbearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged inyellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)
*Dominica, Economy
Overview:The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable toclimatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes,root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industryremains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of aninternational airport.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:2.1% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$2,100 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1991)Unemployment rate:15% (1991)Budget:revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capitalexpenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.)Exports:$66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, orangespartners:UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, ItalyImports:$110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicalspartners:US 27%, CARICOM, UK, CanadaExternal debt:$87 million (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDPElectricity:7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoesAgriculture:accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, rootcrops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry andfisheries potential not exploitedEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$120 millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Dominica, Communications
Highways:750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earthPorts:Roseau, PortsmouthAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to SaintLucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV
*Dominica, Defense Forces
Branches:Commonwealth of Dominica Police ForceManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Dominican Republic, Geography
Location:in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto RicoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:48,730 km2land area:48,380 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of New HampshireLand boundaries:total 275 km, Haiti 275 kmCoastline:1,288 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the outer edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:6 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variationTerrain:rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersedNatural resources:nickel, bauxite, gold, silverLand use:arable land:23%permanent crops:7%meadows and pastures:43%forest and woodland:13%other:14%Irrigated land:2,250 km2 (1989)Environment:subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestationNote:shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, easterntwo-thirds is the Dominican Republic)
*Dominican Republic, People
Population:7,683,940 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.86% (1993 est.)Birth rate:25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.98 yearsmale:65.87 yearsfemale:70.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Dominican(s)adjective:DominicanEthnic divisions:mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:SpanishLiteracy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:83%male:85%female:82%Labor force:2,300,000 to 2,600,000by occupation:agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)
*Dominican Republic, Government
Names:conventional long form:Dominican Republicconventional short form:nonelocal long form:Republica Dominicanalocal short form:noneDigraph:DRType:republicCapital:Santo DomingoAdministrative divisions:29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);, Azua, Baoruco,Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El, Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor,Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, LaVega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, SanCristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez,ValverdeIndependence:27 February 1844 (from Haiti)Constitution:28 November 1966Legal system:based on French civil codesNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 February (1844)Political parties and leaders:Major parties:Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; DominicanLiberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party(PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI),Jacobo MAJLUTAMinor parties:National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National ProgressiveForce (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), RogelioDELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde;Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist PatrioticUnion (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party(APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOAnote:in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form theDominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual partystructuresOther political or pressure groups:Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NASuffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless ofagenote:members of the armed forces and police cannot vote
*Dominican Republic, Government
Elections:Chamber of Deputies:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2President:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER(PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%Senate:last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2Executive branch:president, vice president, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamberor Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara deDiputados)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected termbegan 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16August 1986)Member of:ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomezchancery:1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: (202) 332-6280consulates general:Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans,New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico)consulates:Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville,Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINOembassy:corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, SantoDomingomailing address:APO AA 34041-0008telephone:(809) 541-2171 and 541-8100FAX:(809) 686-7437Flag:a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into fourrectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones arered (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of thecross
*Dominican Republic, Economy
Overview:The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60%of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of freetrade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing forexport, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has alsoincreased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and asource of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. Theprincipal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa,and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agriculturalproducts, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officiallyreported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,120 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:30% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports:$600 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoapartners:US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)Imports:$2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticalspartners:US 50%External debt:$4.7 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -1.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:2,283,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,tobaccoAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is themost important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, andtobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output -cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in foodIllicit drugs:transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the USEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 millionCurrency:1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos
*Dominican Republic, Economy
Exchange rates:Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.7 (1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 (1990),6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Dominican Republic, Communications
Railroads:1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to1.435 mHighways:12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 kmunimprovedPipelines:crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 kmPorts:Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto PlataMerchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWTAirports:total:36usable:30with permanent-surface runways:12with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:8Telecommunications:relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relaynetwork; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
*Dominican Republic, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,064,244; fit for military service 1,302,644; reachmilitary age (18) annually 80,991 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 0.7% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Ecuador, Geography
Location:Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator betweenColombia and PeruMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:283,560 km2land area:276,840 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than Nevadanote:includes Galapagos IslandsLand boundaries:total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 kmCoastline:2,237 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islandsterritorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:three sections of the boundary with Peru are in disputeClimate:tropical along coast becoming cooler inlandTerrain:coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat torolling eastern jungle (Oriente)Natural resources:petroleum, fish, timberLand use:arable land:6%permanent crops:3%meadows and pastures:17%forest and woodland:51%other:23%Irrigated land:5,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughtsNote:Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world
*Ecuador, People
Population:10,461,072 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate:26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:69.61 yearsmale:67.09 yearsfemale:72.25 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Ecuadorian(s)adjective:EcuadorianEthnic divisions:mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%Religions:Roman Catholic 95%Languages:Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:86%male:88%female:84%Labor force:2.8 millionby occupation:agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and otheractivities 28% (1982)
*Ecuador, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Ecuadorconventional short form:Ecuadorlocal long form:Republica del Ecuadorlocal short form:EcuadorDigraph:ECType:republicCapital:QuitoAdministrative divisions:21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha,Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-ChinchipeIndependence:24 May 1822 (from Spain)Constitution:10 August 1979Legal system:based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito)Political parties and leaders:Center-Right parties:Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican UnityParty (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE),Vice President Alberto DAHIK, presidentCenter-Left parties:Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders;Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian RadicalLiberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical AlfaristaFront (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, directorPopulist parties:Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration ofPopular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular RevolutionaryAction (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB),Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA,directorFar-Left parties:Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; EcuadorianSocialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), JoseXavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), AlfredoCASTILLO, directorCommunists:Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon MagueMOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party ofEcuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members)Suffrage:18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,optional for other eligible voters