*Mongolia, Economy
Overview:Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses ofunproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activitytraditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock -Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per person in the world. Inrecent years extensive mineral resources have been developed with Sovietsupport. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin,tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timberand fishing are also important sectors. In 1992 the Mongolian leadershipcontinued its struggle with severe economic dislocations, mainlyattributable to the crumbling of the USSR, by far Mongolia's leading tradeand development partner. Moscow cut almost all aid in 1991, and little wasprovided in 1992. Industry in 1992 was hit hard by energy shortages, mainlydue to disruptions in coal production and shortfalls in petroleum imports.By the end of the year, the country was perilously close to a completeshutdown of its centralized energy supply system, due to critical coalshortages. The government is moving away from the Soviet-style, centrallyplanned economy through privatization and price reform.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.8 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-15% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$800 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):325% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:15% (1991 est.)Budget:deficit of $67 million (1991)Exports:$347 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, othernonferrous metalspartners:USSR 75%, China 10%, Japan 4%Imports:$501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods,chemicals, building materials, sugar, teapartners:USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%External debt:$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSRIndustrial production:growth rate -15% (1992 est.)Electricity:1,248,000 kW capacity; 3,740 million kWh produced, 1,622 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food andbeverage, mining (particularly coal)Agriculture:accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% of thepopulation; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep and goats, butalso cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
*Mongolia, Economy
Economic aid:about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million in grant aid from USSRand other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million from UNDP (1990); in 1991, $170million in grants and technical assistance from Western donor countries,including $30 million from World Bank and $30 million from the IMF; over$200 million from donor countries projected in 1992Currency:1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongosExchange rates:tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Mongolia, Communications
Railroads:1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)Highways:46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other surfaces (1988)Inland waterways:397 km of principal routes (1988)Airports:total:81usable:31with permanent-surface runways:11with runways over 3,659 m:fewer than 5with runways 2,440-3,659 m:fewer than 20with runways 1,220-2,439 m:12Telecommunications:63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000 radios; atleast 1 earth station
*Mongolia, Defense Forces
Branches:Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces and FrontierGuards), Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 569,135; fit for military service 371,162; reach militaryage (18) annually 25,406 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)
*Montserrat, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*Montserrat, Geography
Location:in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto RicoMap references:Central America and the CaribbeanArea:total area:100 km2land area:100 km2comparative area:about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:40 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:3 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variationTerrain:volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowlandNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land: 20%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:10%forest and woodland:40%other:30%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:subject to severe hurricanes from June to NovemberNote:located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
*Montserrat, People
Population:12,661 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.36% (1993 est.)Birth rate:16.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:11.51 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.76 yearsmale:74 yearsfemale:77.56 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Montserratian(s)adjective:MontserratianEthnic divisions:black, EuropeansReligions:Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist,other Christian denominationsLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)total population: 97%male:97%female:97%Labor force:5,100by occupation:community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade,restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry,and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)
*Montserrat, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:MontserratDigraph:MHType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:PlymouthAdministrative divisions:3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint PeterIndependence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:1 January 1960Legal system:English common law and statute lawNational holiday:Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)Political parties and leaders:National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's LiberationMovement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), BertrandOSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLESuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Legislative Council:last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats -(11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1Executive branch:monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet), chief ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor DavidTAYLOR (since NA 1990)Head of Government:Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)Member of:CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, OECS, WCLDiplomatic representation in US:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and theMontserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coatof arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around ablack cross
*Montserrat, Economy
Overview:The economy is small and open with economic activity centered on tourism andconstruction. Tourism is the most important sector and accounts for roughlyone-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of GDP and industry 10%.The economy is heavily dependent on imports, making it vulnerable tofluctuations in world prices. Exports consist mainly of electronic partssold to the US.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $73 million (1990 est.)National product real growth rate:13.5% (1990 est.)National product per capita:$5,800 (1990 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (1991)Unemployment rate:3% (1987)Budget:revenues $12.1 million; expenditures $14.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $3.2 million (1988)Exports:$1.6 million (f.o.b., 1989)commodities:electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants, cattlepartners:NAImports:$31.0 million (c.i.f., 1989)commodities:machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods,fuels, lubricants, and related materialspartners:NAExternal debt:$2.05 million (1987)Industrial production:growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity:5,271 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 950 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliancesAgriculture:accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes, onions,peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestock productsEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $90millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Montserrat, Communications
Highways:280 km total; about 200 km paved, 80 km gravel and earthPorts:PlymouthAirports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways 1,036 m:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV
*Montserrat, Defense Forces
Branches:Police ForceNote:defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Morocco, Geography
Location:Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea,between Algeria and Western SaharaMap references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:446,550 km2land area:446,300 km2comparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 kmCoastline:1,835 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved; the UNis attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administered cease-fire has beencurrently in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places ofsovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - thecoastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as theislands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and IslasChafarinasClimate:Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interiorTerrain:mostly mountains with rich coastal plainsNatural resources:phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, saltLand use:arable land:18%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:28%forest and woodland:12%other:41%Irrigated land:12,650 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes;desertificationNote:strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
*Morocco, People
Population:27,955,090 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.16% (1993 est.)Birth rate:29.23 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.56 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-1.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:53.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.5 yearsmale:65.7 yearsfemale:69.4 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.96 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Moroccan(s)adjective:MoroccanEthnic divisions:Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%Religions:Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%Languages:Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business,government, and diplomacyLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:50%male:61%female:38%Labor force:7.4 millionby occupation:agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
*Morocco, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Moroccoconventional short form: Moroccolocal long form:Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyahlocal short form:Al MaghribDigraph:MOType:constitutional monarchyCapital:RabatAdministrative divisions:37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Agadir, Al, Hoceima, Azilal,Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane, Casablanca*, Chaouen,, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, ErRachidia, Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig,, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga,Laayoune, Larache,Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes, Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda,, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat,,Sidi Kacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate,Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, TiznitIndependence:2 March 1956 (from France)Constitution:10 March 1972, revised in September 1992Legal system:based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicialreview of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme CourtNational holiday:National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II's accession tothe throne)Political parties and leaders:Morocco has 15 political parties; the major ones are Constitutional Union(UC), Maati BOUABID; National Assembly of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;Popular Movement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Popular Movement (MPN),Mahjoubi AHARDANE; Istiqlal, M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Socialist Union of PopularForces (USFP); National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI;Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), Ali YATASuffrage:21 years of age; universalElections:Chamber of Representatives:last held on 14 September 1984 (were scheduled for September 1990, butpostponed until June 1993 when 27 new seats will be added); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (306 total, 206 elected) UC 83, RNI 61,MP 47, Istiqlal 41, USFP 36, PND 24, other 14Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral Chamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)Head of Government:Prime Minister Mohamed KARIM-LAMRANI (since October 1992)
*Morocco, Government
Member of:ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO,G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS(observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM,UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Mohamed BELKHAYATchancery:1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;telephone:(202) 462-7979consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant)embassy:2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabatmailing address:P. O. Box 120, Rabat, or PSC 74, APO AE 09718telephone:[212] (7) 76-22-65FAX:[212] (7) 76-56-61consulate general:CasablancaFlag:red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon'sseal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
*Morocco, Economy
Overview:The economy had recovered moderately in 1990 because of: the resolution of atrade dispute with India over phosphoric acid sales, a rebound in textilesales to the EC, lower prices for food imports, a sharp increase in workerremittances, increased Arab donor aid, and generous debt reschedulingagreements. Economic performance in 1991 was mixed. A record harvest helpedreal GDP advance by 4.2%. Inflation accelerated slightly as easier financialpolicies triggered rapid credit and monetary growth. Despite recovery ofdomestic demand, import volume growth slowed while export volume wasadversely affected by phosphate marketing difficulties. In January 1992,Morocco reached a new 12-month standby arrangement for $129 million with theIMF. In February 1992, the Paris Club rescheduled $1.4 billion of Morocco'scommercial debt. This is thought to be Morocco's last rescheduling. By 1993the Moroccan authorities hope to be in a position to meet all debt serviceobligations without additional rescheduling. Servicing this large debt, highunemployment, and Morocco's vulnerability to external economic forces remainsevere long-term problems. In 1992 Morocco embarked on a program toprivatize 112 state-owned companies. A severe winter drought in 1991/92 cutback agricultural output in 1992.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28.1 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:0% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,060 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:19% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $7.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $1.9 billion (1992)Exports:$4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,phosphates 17%partners:EC 58%, India 7%, Japan 5%, former USSR 3%, US 2%Imports:$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fuel andlubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%partners:EC 53%, US 11%, Canada 4%, Iraq 3%, former USSR 3%, Japan 2%External debt:$20 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 8.4%; accounts for 27% of GDP (1990)Electricity:2,384,000 kW capacity; 8,864 million kWh produced, 317 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,textiles, construction, tourism
*Morocco, Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 16% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value; notself-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raising predominate;barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; fish catch of 491,000metric tons in 1987Illicit drugs:illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for both domesticand international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly directed toWestern Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine from South Americadestined for Western Europe.Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion and an additional$123.6 million for 1992; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.5 billion; $2.8 billion debtcanceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standby agreement worth $13 million;World Bank, $450 million (1991)Currency:1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.207 (February 1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707(1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Morocco, Communications
Railroads:1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 kmelectrified)Highways:59,198 km total; 27,740 km paved, 31,458 km gravel, crushed stone, improvedearth, and unimproved earthPipelines:crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas 241 kmPorts:Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and MelillaMerchant marine:50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 305,758 GRT/484,825 DWT; 10 cargo, 2container, 11 refrigerated cargo, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 4 oil tanker, 11chemical tanker, 4 bulk, 2 short-sea passengerAirports:total:73usable:65with permanent-surface runways:26with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:13with runways 1,220-2,439 m:26Telecommunications:good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links;principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centers are Fes,Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones (10.5 telephonesper 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM, 26 TV and 26repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, andWestern Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave to Algeria; microwave radiorelay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, andMorocco
*Morocco, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force, RoyalGendarmerie, Auxiliary ForcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,852,698; fit for military service 4,355,670; reachmilitary age (18) annually 309,666 (1993 est.); limited conscriptionDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)
*Mozambique, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africa andTanzania opposite the island of MadagascarMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:801,590 km2land area:784,090 km2comparative area:slightly less than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km,Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 kmCoastline:2,470 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical to subtropicalTerrain:mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest,mountains in westNatural resources:coal, titaniumLand use:arable land:4%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:56%forest and woodland: 20%other:20%Irrigated land:1,150 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:severe drought and floods occur in south; desertification
*Mozambique, People
Population:16,341,777 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:6.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate:45.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:16.71 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:31.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:131.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:48.03 yearsmale:46.22 yearsfemale:49.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.31 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Mozambican(s)adjective:MozambicanEthnic divisions:indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000,Indians 15,000Religions:indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%Languages:Portuguese (official), indigenous dialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:33%male:45%female:21%Labor force:NAby occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture
*Mozambique, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Mozambiqueconventional short form:Mozambiquelocal long form:Republica Popular de Mocambiquelocal short form:MocambiqueDigraph:MZType:republicCapital:MaputoAdministrative divisions:10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, ZambeziaIndependence:25 June 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution:30 November 1990Legal system:based on Portuguese civil law system and customary lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 25 June (1975)Political parties and leaders:Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO,chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties to the USSR;FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990, when the newConstitution went into effect establishing a multiparty systemnote:the government plans multiparty elections as early as 1993; 14 parties,including the Liberal Democratic Party of Mozambique (PALMO), the MozambiqueNational Union (UNAMO), the Mozambique National Movement (MONAMO), and theMozambique National Resistance (RENAMO, Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president), havealready emergedSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and AssemblyelectionsExecutive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)Head of Government:Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)Member of:ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
*Mozambique, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Hipolito PATRICIOchancery:Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 293-7146US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Townsend B. FRIEDMAN, Jr.embassy:Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputomailing address:P. O. Box 783, Maputotelephone:[258] (1) 49-27-97, 49-01-67, 49-03-50FAX:[258] (1) 49-01-14Flag:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a redisosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged inwhite; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing acrossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
*Mozambique, Economy
Overview:One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit theeconomic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, andtransportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, andinvestment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because ofinternal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growingforeign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economicreform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output,nevertheless, is at about only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to beimported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economy dependsheavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. The continuation of civilstrife has dimmed chances of foreign investment, and growth was a mere 0.3%in 1992. Living standards, already abysmally low, fell further in 1991-92.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.75 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:0.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$115 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):50% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:50% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues $252 million; expenditures $607 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports:$162 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%partners:US, Western Europe, Germany, JapanImports:$899 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleumpartners:US, Western Europe, USSRExternal debt:$5.4 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1989 est.)Electricity:2,270,000 kW capacity; 1,745 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products,textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobaccoAgriculture:accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton,cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn, rice,tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $890millionCurrency:1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
*Mozambique, Economy
Exchange rates:meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 2,74.15 (January 1993), 2,433.34 (1992), 1,434.47(1991), 929.00 (1990), 800.00 (1989), 528.60 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Mozambique, Communications
Railroads:3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge;Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines are subject toclosure because of insurgencyHighways:26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilizedsoil; 21,076 km unimproved earthInland waterways:about 3,750 km of navigable routesPipelines:crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 kmPorts:Maputo, Beira, NacalaMerchant marine:4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWTAirports:total:194usable:131with permanent-surface runways:25with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:26Telecommunications:fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; broadcaststations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT
*Mozambique, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, MilitiaManpower availability:males age 15-49 3,675,189; fit for military service 2,110,489 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993 est.)
*Namibia, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola and SouthAfricaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea: total area:824,290 km2land area:823,290 km2comparative area:slightly more than half the size of AlaskaLand boundaries:total 3,935 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 966 km,Zambia 233 kmCoastline:1,489 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; disputed island withBotswana in the Chobe River; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabweis in disagreement; claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islandsadministered by South Africa; Namibia and South Africa have agreed tojointly administer the area for an interim period; the terms and dates to becovered by joint administration arrangements have not been established atthis time, and Namibia will continue to maintain a claim to sovereignty overthe entire area; recent dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili(Sidudu) Island in the Linyanti RiverClimate:desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erraticTerrain:mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in eastNatural resources:diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal,iron oreLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:64%forest and woodland:22%other:13%Irrigated land:40 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:inhospitable with very limited natural water resources; desertificationNote:Walvis Bay area is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia
*Namibia, People
Population:1,541,321 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.46% (1993 est.)Birth rate:43.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.13 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:63.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:61.2 yearsmale:58.57 yearsfemale:63.91 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Namibian(s)adjective:NamibianEthnic divisions:black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%note:about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to theKavangos tribeReligions:ChristianLanguages:English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the populationand about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1960)total population:38%male:45%female:31%Labor force:500,000by occupation:agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government 7%,mining 6% (1981 est.)
*Namibia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Namibiaconventional short form:NamibiaDigraph:WAType:republicCapital:WindhoekAdministrative divisions:13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi, Ohanguena,Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupanote:the 26 districts were Bethanien, Boesmanland, Caprivi Oos, Damaraland,Gobabis, Grootfontein, Hereroland Oos, Hereroland Wes, Kaokoland, Karasburg,Karibib, Kavango, Keetmanshoop, Luderitz, Maltahohe, Mariental, Namaland,Okahandja, Omaruru, Otjiwarongo, Outjo, Owambo, Rehoboth, Swakopmund,Tsumeb, WindhoekIndependence:21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)Constitution:ratified 9 February 1990Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitutionNational holiday:Independence Day, 21 March (1990)Political parties and leaders:South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia(DTA; formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia), Dirk MUDGE; UnitedDemocratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; Action Christian National (ACN),Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front (NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; FederalConvention of Namibia (FCN), Hans DIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF),Vekuii RUKOROOther political or pressure groups:NASuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 16 February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - SamNUJOMA was elected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the NationalAssembly)National Assembly:last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November 1994); results- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 41, DTA 21, UDF 4,ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1National Council:last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998);seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1Executive branch:president, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral legislature consists of an upper house or National Council and alower house or National AssemblyJudicial branch:Supreme Court
*Namibia, Government
Leaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990)Member of:ACP, C, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOM(observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOHchancery:1605 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009 (mailing address is PO Box34738, Washington, DC 20043)telephone:(202) 986-0540US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Charge d'Affaires Marshall MCCAULEYembassy:Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoekmailing address:P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000telephone:[264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680FAX:[264] (61) 229-792Flag:a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section,and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; thetriangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrowwhite-edge borders
*Namibia, Economy
Overview:The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract andprocess minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibiais the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world'sfifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among therichest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-qualitydiamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver,and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largelysubsistence agriculture) for its livelihood.
National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:2% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):10% (1992) in urban areaUnemployment rate:25-35% (1992)Budget:revenues $864 million; expenditures $1,112 million, including capitalexpenditures of $144 million (FY 92)Exports:$1.184 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish, karakulskinspartners:Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, JapanImports:$1.238 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
*Namibia, Economy
commodities:foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipmentpartners:South Africa, Germany, US, SwitzerlandExternal debt:about $220 million (1992 est.)Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including miningElectricity:490,000 kW capacity; 1,290 million kWh produced, 850 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc,diamond, uranium)Agriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raising majorsource of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catchpotential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled, 1988 catchreaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),$47.2 millionCurrency:1 South African rand (R) = 100 centsExchange rates:South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653(1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*Namibia, Communications
Railroads:2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single trackHighways:54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 km gravel, 47,881 km earth roads and tracksPorts:Luderitz; primary maritime outlet is Walvis Bay (South Africa)Airports:total:137usable:112with permanent-surface runways:21with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:62Telecommunications:good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wiresextend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcast stations -4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV
*Namibia, Defense Forces
Branches:National Defense Force (Army), PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 324,599; fit for military service 192,381 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92)
*Nauru, Geography
Location:Oceania, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New GuineaMap references:Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:21 km2land area:21 km2comparative area:about one-tenth the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:30 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)Terrain:sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphateplateau in centerNatural resources:phosphatesLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:only 53 km south of EquatorNote:Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean- the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in FrenchPolynesia
*Nauru, People
Population:9,882 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.42% (1993 est.)Birth rate:18.92 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:66.68 yearsmale:64.3 yearsfemale:69.18 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.2 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Nauruan(s)adjective:NauruanEthnic divisions:Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%Religions:Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)Languages:Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widelyunderstood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposesLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:by occupation:NA
*Nauru, Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Nauruconventional short form:Nauruformer:Pleasant IslandDigraph:NRType:republicCapital:no official capital; government offices in YarenAdministrative divisions:14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu,Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, YarenIndependence:31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, and UK)Constitution:29 January 1968Legal system:own Acts of Parliament and British common lawNational holiday:Independence Day, 31 January (1968)Political parties and leaders:noneSuffrage:20 years of age; universal and compulsoryElections:President:last held 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by ParliamentParliament:last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents 18Executive branch:president, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989)Member of:AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPUDiplomatic representation in US:there is a Nauruan Consulate in Agana (Guam)US diplomatic representation:the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to NauruFlag:blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a largewhite 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicatesthe country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) andthe 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
*Nauru, Economy
Overview:Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which areexpected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruansone of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World - $10,000 annually.Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, includingfresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and thereplacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems.Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to helpcushion the transition.National product:GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$10,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:0%Budget:revenues $69.7 million; expenditures $51.5 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (FY86 est.)Exports:$93 million (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:phosphatespartners:Australia, NZImports:$73 million (c.i.f., 1984)commodities:food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinerypartners:Australia, UK, NZ, JapanExternal debt:$33.3 millionIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:14,000 kW capacity; 50 million kWh produced, 5,430 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:phosphate mining, financial services, coconut productsAgriculture:coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completelydependent on imports for food and waterEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 millionCurrency:1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Nauru, Communications
Railroads:3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island to processingfacilities on the southwest coastHighways:about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earthPorts:NauruMerchant marine:1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWTAirports:total:1useable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:adequate local and international radio communications provided viaAustralian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcast stations -1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
*Nauru, Defense Forces
Branches:Directorate of the Nauru Police Forcenote:no regular armed forcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NADefense expenditures:$NA - no formal defense structure
*Navassa Island, Header
Affiliation: (territory of the US)
*Navassa Island, Geography
Location:in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo(Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and JamaicaMap references:Central America and the CaribbeanArea:total area:5.2 km2land area:5.2 km2comparative area:about nine times the size of the Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:8 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 m or depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claimed by HaitiClimate:marine, tropicalTerrain:raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by verticalwhite cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)Natural resources:guanoLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:10%forest and woodland:0%other:90%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; densestands of fig-like trees, scattered cactusNote:strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo, Cuba
*Navassa Island, People
Population:uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on theisland
*Navassa Island, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Navassa IslandDigraph:BQType:unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast GuardCapital:none; administered from Washington, DC
*Navassa Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
*Navassa Island, Communications
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
*Navassa Island, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
*Nepal, Geography
Location:South Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and IndiaMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:140,800 km2land area:136,800 km2comparative area: slightly larger than ArkansasLand boundaries:total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summersand mild winters in southTerrain:Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region,rugged Himalayas in northNatural resources:quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, smalldeposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron oreLand use:arable land:17%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:13%forest and woodland:33%other:37%Irrigated land:9,430 km2 (1989)Environment:contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion;water pollutionNote:landlocked; strategic location between China and India
*Nepal, People
Population:20,535,466 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.43% (1993 est.)Birth rate:37.99 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:13.66 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:85.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:51.98 years male:51.84 yearsfemale:52.12 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:5.33 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Nepalese (singular and plural)adjective:NepaleseEthnic divisions:Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais, Limbus,SherpasReligions:Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981)note:only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction betweenmany Hindu and Buddhist groupsLanguages:Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:26%male:38%female:13%Labor force:8.5 million (1991 est.)by occupation:agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%note:severe lack of skilled labor
*Nepal, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Nepalconventional short form:NepalDigraph:NPType:parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991Capital:KathmanduAdministrative divisions:14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri,Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti,Sagarmatha, SetiIndependence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)Constitution:9 November 1990Legal system:based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)Political parties and leaders:ruling party:Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Party president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, PrimeMinister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Ganesh Man SINGHcenter:the NDP has two factions: National Democratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand),Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; and National Democratic Party/Thapa (NDP/Thapa),Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, GayendraNarayan SINGHCommunist:Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML), Man MohanADIKHARY; United People's Front (UPF), N. K. PRASAI, Lila Mani POKHAREL;Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, leader NA; Rohit Party, N. M. BIJUKCHHE;Democratic Party, leader NAnote:the two factions of the NDP announced a merger in late 1991Other political or pressure groups:numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small,radical Nepalese antimonarchist groupsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Representatives:last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results - NCP 38%,CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, Terai Rights SadbhavanaParty 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%, independents 4%, other 7%; seats -(205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69, UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6,NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN (Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note- the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracysystem for the first time in 32 yearsExecutive branch:monarch, prime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or National Council and alower house or House of Representatives
*Nepal, Government
Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)Leaders:Chief of State:King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King 24February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, sonof the King (born 21 June 1971)Head of Government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)Member of:AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Yog Prasad UPADHYAYAchancery:2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 667-4550consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Julia Chang BLOCHembassy:Pani Pokhari, Kathmandumailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411604, 411613, 413890FAX:[977] (1) 419963Flag:red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping righttriangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and thelarger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
*Nepal, Economy
Overview:Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world.Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrial activity islimited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute,sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets hasexpanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings inFY91. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable naturalresources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in thelate 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished partly because ofpoor distribution. The top 10% of the population receives 47% of totalincome, the bottom 20% less than 5% of the total. Since May 1991, thegovernment has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., byeliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order tosimplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has beencutting public expenditures by reducing subsides, privatizing stateindustries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade andinvestment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size ofthe economy, its technological backwardness, and its remoteness.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.4 billion (FY92)National product real growth rate:3.1% (FY92)National product per capita:$170 (FY92)Inflation rate (consumer prices):14% (November 1992)Unemployment rate:5% (1987); underemployment estimated at 25-40%Budget:revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $672.0 million, including capitalexpenditures of $396 million (FY92 est.)Exports:$313 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.) but does not include unrecorded bordertrade with Indiacommodities:carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grainpartners:US, Germany, India, UKImports:$751 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)commodities:petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%partners:India, Singapore, Japan, GermanyExternal debt:$2 billion (FY92 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity:300,000 kW capacity; 1,000 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile, carpet,cement, and brick production; tourismAgriculture:accounts for 60% of GDP and 90% of work force; farm products - rice, corn,wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; not self-sufficient infood, particularly in drought years
*Nepal, Economy
Illicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drugmarkets; probable transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the WestEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2,230 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $286millionCurrency:1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisaExchange rates:Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 43.200 (January 1993), 42.742 (1992),37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989), 23.289 (1988)Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July
*Nepal, Communications
Railroads:52 km (1990), all 0.762-meter narrow gauge; all in Terai close to Indianborder; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is government ownedHighways:7,080 km total (1990); 2,898 km paved, 1,660 km gravel or crushed stone;also 2,522 km of seasonally motorable tracksAirports:total:37usable:37with permanent-surface runways:5with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:8Telecommunications:poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radio communication and broadcastservice; international radio communication service is poor; 50,000telephones (1990); broadcast stations - 88 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian OceanINTELSAT earth station
*Nepal, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 4,849,109; fit for military service 2,517,385; reachmilitary age (17) annually 234,060 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $34 million, 2% of GDP (FY91/92)
*Netherlands, Geography
Location:Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and GermanyMap references:Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:37,330 km2land area:33,920 km2 comparative area:slightly less than twice the size of New JerseyLand boundaries:total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 kmCoastline:451 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:not specifiedexclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:temperate; marine; cool summers and mild wintersTerrain:mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeastNatural resources:natural gas, petroleum, fertile soilLand use:arable land:26%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:32%forest and woodland:9%other:32%Irrigated land:5,500 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:without an extensive system of dikes and dams, nearly one-half of the totalarea would be inundated by sea waterNote:located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or Meuse,Schelde)
*Netherlands, People
Population:15,274,942 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate:12.81 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:8.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate: 6.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:77.55 yearsmale:74.48 yearsfemale:80.78 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.59 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)adjective:DutchEthnic divisions:Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)Religions:Roman Catholic 36%, Protestant 27%, other 6%, unaffiliated 31% (1988)Languages:DutchLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1979)total population:99%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:5.3 millionby occupation:services 50.1%, manufacturing and construction 28.2%, government 15.9%,agriculture 5.8% (1986)
*Netherlands, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of the Netherlandsconventional short form:Netherlandslocal long form:Koninkrijk de Nederlandenlocal short form:NederlandDigraph:NLType:constitutional monarchyCapital:Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of governmentAdministrative divisions:12 provinces (provincien, singular - provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland,Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland,Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland, Zuid-HollandDependent areas:Aruba, Netherlands AntillesIndependence:1579 (from Spain)Constitution:17 February 1983Legal system:civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in theSupreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the StatesGeneral; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Willem van VELZEN; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK;Liberal (VVD), Frederick BOLKSTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hans van MIERIO; ahost of minor partiesOther political or pressure groups:large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement(comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant tradeunion; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; thenondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and InterchurchPeace Council (IKV)Suffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:First Chamber:last held on 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - elected bythe country's 12 provincial councils; seats - (75 total) percent of seats byparty NASecond Chamber:last held on 6 September 1989 (next to be held in May 1994); results - CDA35.3%, PvdA 31.9%, VVD 14.6%, D'66 7.9%, other 10.3%; seats - (150 total)CDA 54, PvdA 49, VVD 22, D'66 12, other 13Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet, Cabinet of MinistersLegislative branch:bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) consists of an upper chamber orFirst Chamber (Eerste Kamer) and a lower chamber or Second Chamber (TweedeKamer)