*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People
Population:114,562 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.76% (1993 est.)Birth rate:20.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-7.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:18.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population: 71.72 yearsmale:70.21 yearsfemale:73.28 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)adjective:Saint Vincentian or VincentianEthnic divisions:black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib IndianReligions:Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages:English, French patoisLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)total population:96%male:96%female:96%Labor force:67,000 (1984 est.)by occupation:NA
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDigraph:VCType:constitutional monarchyCapital:KingstownAdministrative divisions:6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George,Saint PatrickIndependence:27 October 1979 (from UK)Constitution:27 October 1979Legal system:based on English common lawNational holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)Political parties and leaders:New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party(SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS;Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party(NRP), Joel MIGUELSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:House of Assembly:last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held NA July 1994); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6appointed senators) NDP 15Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral House of AssemblyJudicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralDavid JACK (since 29 September 1989)Head of Government:Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)Member of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WCL, WFTU, WHODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Kingsley LAYNEchancery:1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036telephone:NAUS diplomatic representation:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados)
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government
Flag:three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green;the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy
Overview:Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector ofthe economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing touristindustry, is also important. The economy continues to have a highunemployment rate of 35%-40% because of an overdependence on theweather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progresstoward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $171 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:3% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$1,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.3% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:35%-40% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capitalexpenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.)Exports:$65.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquetspartners:UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15%Imports:$110.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals andfuelspartners:US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15%External debt:$50.9 million (1989)Industrial production:growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDPElectricity:16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 555 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starchAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports;products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers ofcattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locallyEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81 millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications
Highways:1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved (est.)Ports:KingstownMerchant marine:407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,388,427 GRT/5,511,325 DWT; includes3 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 222 cargo, 22 container, 19 roll-on/roll-offcargo, 14 refrigerated cargo, 24 oil tanker, 7 chemical tanker, 4 liquefiedgas, 73 bulk, 13 combination bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 1specialized tanker; note - China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenienceregistryAirports:total:6usable:6with permanent-surface runways:5with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHFinterisland links from Saint Vincent to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHFlinks to Grenada and Saint Lucia; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV(cable)
*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast GuardManpower availability:NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*San Marino, Geography
Location:Southern Europe, an enclave in central ItalyMap references:Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:60 km2land area:60 km2comparative area:about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:total 39 km, Italy 39 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summersTerrain:rugged mountainsNatural resources:building stoneLand use:arable land:17%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:83%Irrigated land:NAEnvironment:dominated by the AppeninesNote:landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See andMonaco
*San Marino, People
Population:23,855 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.01% (1993 est.)Birth rate:11.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:6.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:5.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:81.18 yearsmale:77.09 yearsfemale:85.27 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Sammarinese (singular and plural)adjective:SammarineseEthnic divisions:Sammarinese, ItalianReligions:Roman CatholicLanguages:ItalianLiteracy:age 14 and over can read and write (1976)total population:96%male:96%female:95%Labor force:4,300 (est.)by occupation:NA
*San Marino, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of San Marinoconventional short form:San Marinolocal long form:Repubblica di San Marinolocal short form:San MarinoDigraph:SMType:republicCapital:San MarinoAdministrative divisions:9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,SerravalleIndependence:301 AD (by tradition)Constitution:8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of aconstitutionLegal system:based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 SeptemberPolitical parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Piermarino MENICUCCI; San MarinoDemocratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party(PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI;Unitary Socialst Party (PSU); Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA;San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San MarinoRepublican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINISuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Great and General Council:last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by NA May 1993); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7Executive branch:two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power iswielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary ofstate for internal affairsLegislative branch:unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale)Judicial branch:Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)Leaders:Co-Chiefs of State:Captain Regent Patricia BUSIGNANI and Captain Regent Salvatore TONELLI (forthe period 1 April - 30 September 1993)Head of Government:Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)Member of:CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM(guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
*San Marino, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:honorary consulates general:Washington and New Yorkhonorary consulate:DetroitUS diplomatic representation:no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) isaccredited to San MarinoFlag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the nationalcoat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crownand above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
*San Marino, Economy
Overview:The tourist industry contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 over 3.1 milliontourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were Italians. The keyindustries are wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agriculturalproducts are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and standardof living are comparable to northern Italy.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $465 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$20,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:3% (1991)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $300 million, including capital expenditures of$NA (1991)Exports:trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity tradeconsists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumermanufacturesImports:see exportsExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforceElectricity:supplied by ItalyIndustries:wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourismAgriculture:employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives, meat,cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy forfood importsEconomic aid:NACurrency:Italian currency is used; note - also mints its own coinsExchange rates:Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992),1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*San Marino, Communications
Highways:104 kmTelecommunications:automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system; 11,700telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable links intoItalian networks; no communication satellite facilities
*San Marino, Defense Forces
Branches:public security or police forceManpower availability:all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an armyDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
*Sao Tome and Principe, Geography
Location:Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabonstraddling the equatorMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:960 km2land area:960 km2comparative area:slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:209 kmMaritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)Terrain:volcanic, mountainousNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:20%meadows and pastures:1%forest and woodland:75%other: 3%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:deforestation; soil erosion
*Sao Tome and Principe, People
Population:133,225 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.63% (1993 est.)Birth rate:35.39 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:64.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:63.02 yearsmale:61.19 yearsfemale:64.9 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.6 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Sao Tomean(s)adjective:Sao TomeanEthnic divisions:mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents offreed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, andCape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans(primarily Portuguese)Religions:Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages:Portuguese (official)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1981)total population:57%male:73%female:42%Labor force:21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture andfishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% ofpopulation of working age (1983)
*Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Names:conventional long form:Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principeconventional short form:Sao Tome and Principelocal long form:Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principelocal short form:Sao Tome e PrincipeDigraph:TPType:republicCapital:Sao TomeAdministrative divisions:2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao TomeIndependence:12 July 1975 (from Portugal)Constitution:5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982Legal system:based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 12 July (1975)Political parties and leaders:Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima DosSantos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome andPrincipe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC),Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA;other small partiesSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - MiguelTROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multipartypresidential electionNational People's Assembly:last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held NA January 1996); results -PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multipartyelection in Sao Tome and PrincipeExecutive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National People's Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)Member of:ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
*Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCOchancery:(temporary) 801 Second Avenue, Suite 603, New York, NY 10017telephone:(212) 697-4211US diplomatic representation:ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresidentbasis and makes periodic visits to the islandsFlag:three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green withtwo black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellowband and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popularpan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Overview:The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gainedindependence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production hasgradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, ashortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-paymentsproblem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palmkernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that ofexports by a ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expenseof other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs.It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years,Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts toroughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists fordevelopment of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps toexpand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented aFive-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and rescheduleexternal debt service payments in cooperation with the InternationalDevelopment Association and Western lenders.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.4 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:1.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$315 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):27% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capitalexpenditures of $22.5 million (1989)Exports:$5.5 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oilpartners:Germany, Netherlands, ChinaImports:$24.5 million (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%partners:Portugal, Germany, Angola, ChinaExternal debt:$163.6 million (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 7.1% (1986)Electricity:5,000 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processingAgriculture:dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa(85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products - bananas, papaya,beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meatEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89 million
*Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Currency:1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimosExchange rates:dobras (Db) per US$1 - 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Sao Tome and Principe, Communications
Highways:300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and inneed of repairPorts:Sao Tome, Santo AntonioMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWTAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways :2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:2Telecommunications:minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT earth station
*Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 31,326; fit for military service 16,507 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Saudi Arabia, Geography
Location:Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian GulfMap references:Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,960,582 km2land area:1,960,582 km2comparative area:slightly less than one-fourth the size of the USLand boundaries:total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km,Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 kmCoastline:2,640 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:18 nmcontinental shelf: not specifiedterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary withUAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands isdisputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate:harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperatureTerrain:mostly uninhabited, sandy desertNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copperLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:39%forest and woodland:1%other:59%Irrigated land:4,350 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastalseawater desalination facilities; desertificationNote:extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage onshipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
*Saudi Arabia, People
Population:17,615,310 (July 1993 est.)note:the population figure is consistent with a 3.3% growth rate; a 1992 censusgives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residentswho are not citizens as 4,624,459Population growth rate:3.3% (1993 est.)Birth rate:38.59 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:55.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.32 years male:65.71 yearsfemale:69.01 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Saudi(s)adjective:Saudi or Saudi ArabianEthnic divisions:Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%Religions:Muslim 100%Languages:ArabicLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:62%male:73%female:48%Labor force:5 millionby occupation:government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%
*Saudi Arabia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form:Saudi Arabialocal long form:Al Mamlakah al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyahlocal short form:Al 'Arabiyah as Su'udiyahDigraph:SAType:monarchyCapital:RiyadhAdministrative divisions:14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah,Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, 'Asir,Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, TabukIndependence:23 September 1932 (unification)Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)Legal system:based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercialdisputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)Political parties and leaders:none allowedSuffrage:noneElections:noneExecutive branch:monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Councilof MinistersLegislative branch:noneJudicial branch:Supreme Council of JusticeLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:King and Prime Minister FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud (since 13 June1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister 'ABDALLAH bin 'Abd al-'Aziz AlSa'ud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)Member of:ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultanchancery:601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 342-3800
*Saudi Arabia, Government
consulates general:Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welchembassy:Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadhmailing address:American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309,Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307telephone:[966] (1) 488-3800FAX:Telex 406866 consulates general:Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)Flag:green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is noGod but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontalsaber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color ofIslam
*Saudi Arabia, Economy
Overview:The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% ofGDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reservesof petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, andplays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends toencourage private economic activity and to foster the gradual process ofturning Saudi Arabia into a modern industrial state that retains traditionalIslamic values. Four million foreign workers play an important role in theSaudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $111 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:3.6% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$6,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:6.5% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $45.1 billion; expenditures $52.5 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1993 est.)Exports:$48.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products 92%partners:US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%Imports:$26.1 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:food stuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, chemicalproducts, textilespartners:US 21%, UK 13%, Japan 12%, Germany 8%, France 6%External debt:$18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:28,554,000 kW capacity; 63,000 million kWh produced, 3,690 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, twosmall steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plasticsAgriculture:accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government;products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton,chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in foodIllicit drugs:death penalty for traffickersEconomic aid:donor - pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)Currency:1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalasExchange rates:Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033(1986)
*Saudi Arabia, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Saudi Arabia, Communications
Railroads:1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double trackedHighways:74,000 km total; 35,000 km paved, 39,000 km gravel and improved earthPipelines:crude oil 6,400 km, petroleum products 150 km, natural gas 2,200 km,includes natural gas liquids 1,600 kmPorts:Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu alSinaiyahMerchant marine:77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 860,818 GRT/1,219,345 DWT; includes 1passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 13 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 23 oil tanker, 6chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulkAirports:total:213usable:193with permanent-surface runways:71with runways over 3,659 m:14with runways 2,440-3,659 m:36with runways 1,220-2,439 m:107Telecommunications:modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cablesystems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13 FM, 80 TV;microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, andSudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti,Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 IndianOcean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
*Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces
Branches:Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, CoastGuard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 5,650,492; fit for military service 3,128,620; reachmilitary age (17) annually 140,283 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)
*Senegal, Geography
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea-Bissau andMauritaniaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:196,190 km2land area:192,000 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundaries:total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali419 km, Mauritania 813 kmCoastline:531 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; theInternational Court of Justice (ICJ) on 12 November 1991 rendered itsdecision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal- that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with MauritaniaClimate:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeastwinds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan windTerrain:generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeastNatural resources:fish, phosphates, iron oreLand use:arable land:27%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:30%forest and woodland:31%other:12%Irrigated land:1,800 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;desertificationNote:The Gambia is almost an enclave
*Senegal, People
Population:8,463,225 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.1% (1993 est.)Birth rate:43.42 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:77.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.01 yearsmale:54.59 yearsfemale:57.48 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective:SenegaleseEthnic divisions:Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%,European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%Religions:Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic)Languages:French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, MandingoLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:38%male:52%female:25%Labor force:2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners)by occupation:private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%note:52% of population of working age (1985)
*Senegal, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Senegalconventional short form:Senegallocal long form:Republique du Senegallocal short form:SenegalDigraph:SGType:republic under multiparty democratic ruleCapital:DakarAdministrative divisions:10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack,Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, ZiguinchorIndependence:20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to beknown as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)Constitution:3 March 1963, last revised in 1991Legal system:based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts inSupreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence Day, 4 April (1960)Political parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party(PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential partiesOther political or pressure groups:students; teachers; labor; Muslim BrotherhoodsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA); results - Abdou DIOUF (PS)58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%National Assembly:last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held NA May 1993); results - PS 71%,PDS 25%, other 4%; seats - (120 total) PS 103, PDS 17Executive branch:president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)Legislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Leaders:Chief of State:President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)Head of Government:Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
*Senegal, Government
Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA,UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNTAC, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ibra Deguene KAchancery:2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 234-0540 or 0541US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert J. KOTTembassy:Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakarmailing address:B. P. 49, Dakartelephone:[221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24FAX:[221] 22-29-91Flag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with asmall green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popularpan-African colors of Ethiopia
*Senegal, Economy
Overview:The agricultural sector accounts for about 12% of GDP and providesemployment for about 80% of the labor force. About 40% of the totalcultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. Anotherprincipal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about 23% of totalforeign exchange earnings in 1990. Mining is dominated by the extraction ofphosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demandfor fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has becomeincreasingly important to the economy.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.4 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:1.2% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$780 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2% (1990)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capitalexpenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)Exports:$904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:manufactures 30%, fish products 23%, peanuts 12%, petroleum products 16%,phosphates 9%partners:France, other EC members, Mali, Cote d'Ivoire, IndiaImports:$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%,capital goods 14%partners:France, other EC, Cote d'Ivoire, Nigeria, Algeria, China, JapanExternal debt:$2.9 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity:215,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining,building materialsAgriculture:major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food;fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990Illicit drugs:increasingly active as a transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroinmoving to Europe and North AmericaEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295millionCurrency:1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
*Senegal, Economy
Exchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85(1988)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June; in January 1993, Senegal will switch to a calendar year
*Senegal, Communications
Railroads:1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakarto ThiesHighways:14,007 km total; 3,777 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earthInland waterways:897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the SaloumPorts:Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, ZiguinchorMerchant marine:1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWTAirports:total:25usable:19with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:15Telecommunications:above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcast stations -8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
*Senegal, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,882,551; fit for military service 983,137; reach militaryage (18) annually 91,747 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)
*Serbia and Montenegro, Header
Note:Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independentstate, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by theUS; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents itscontinuation
*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography
Location:Southern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovinaand BulgariaMap references:Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:102,350 km2land area:102,136 km2comparative area:slightly larger than Kentuckynote:Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 km2 making it slightlylarger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 km2 and a land areaof 13,724 km2 making it slightly larger than ConnecticutLand boundaries:total 2,234 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro),Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro),Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 239 km, Croatia (south) 15 km, Hungary 151km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 kmnote:the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 kmCoastline:199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)Maritime claims:territorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -Muslims seeking autonomy; Vojvodina taken from Hungary and awarded to theformer Yugoslavia by Treaty of Trianon in 1920; disputes with Bosnia andHerzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian minority inKosovo seeks independence from Serbian RepublicClimate:in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers withwell distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterraneanclimate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summersand autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inlandTerrain:extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestoneranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to thesouthwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home oflargest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake ScutariNatural resources:oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chromeLand use:arable land:30%permanent crops:5%meadows and pastures:20%forest and woodland:25%other:20%Irrigated land:NA km2
*Serbia and Montenegro, Geography
Environment:coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-relatedareas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrialcities; water pollution along Danube from industrial waste dumped into theSava which drains into the Danube; subject to destructive earthquakesNote:controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and theNear East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
*Serbia and Montenegro, People
Population:10,699,539 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:NA%Birth rate:NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate:NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate:NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth:total population:NA yearsmale:NA yearsfemale:NA yearsTotal fertility rate:NA children born/womanNationality:noun:Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)adjective:Serbian and MontenegrinEthnic divisions:Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%Religions:Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%Languages:Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%Literacy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:2,640,909by occupation:industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
*Serbia and Montenegro, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Serbia and Montenegrolocal long form:nonelocal short form:Srbija-Crna GoraDigraph:SRType:republicCapital:BelgradeAdministrative divisions:2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*;, Kosovo*, Montenegro,,Serbia, Vojvodina*, Independence: 11 April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)Constitution:27 April 1992Legal system:based on civil law systemNational holiday:NAPolitical parties and leaders:Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC;Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Party (SPO),Vuk DRASKOVIC; Democratic Party (DS), Dragoljub MICUNOVIC; Democratic Partyof Serbia, Vojislav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSSCG), MomirBULATOVIC; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; LiberalAlliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of VojvodinaHungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement forYugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKIOther political or pressure groups:Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)Suffrage:16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universalElections:President:Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993Chamber of Republics:last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin)Chamber of Citizens:last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votesby party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS33, DSSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3Executive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Federal Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber ofRepublics and a lower house or Chamber of DeputiesJudicial branch:Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
*Serbia and Montenegro, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president ofSerbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro(since 23 December 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since NA December 1992); Deputy PrimeMinisters Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March1993), Lovre KOVILJKO (since NA March 1993)Diplomatic representation in US:US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; theEmbassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues tofunction in the USUS diplomatic representation: chief of mission:(vacant)embassy:address NA, Belgrademailing address:American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070telephone:[38] (11) 645-655FAX:[38] (11) 645-221Flag:three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy
Overview:The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloodyethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakupof important interrepublic trade flows. The situation in Serbia andMontenegro remains fluid in view of the extensive political and militarystrife. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems. First, like theother former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics forlarge amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Widevarieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among therepublics accentuate this interdependence, as did the Communist practice ofconcentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. Thebreakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrialplants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets inthe fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of therepublics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia andMontenegro is the continuation in office of a Communist government that isprimarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform.A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $27-37 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$2,500-$3,500 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):81% (1991)Unemployment rate:25%-40% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%,miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and liveanimals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco1%partners:prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council tradepartners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy,Germany, other EC, the successor states of the former USSR, East Europeancountries, USImports:$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%,manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%,miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coalfor the steel industry, 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5%partners:prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the tradepartners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the successorstates of the former USSR, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), EastEuropean countries, USExternal debt:$4.2 billion (may assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)Industrial production:growth rate -20% or greater (1991 est.)
*Serbia and Montenegro, Economy
Electricity:8,850,000 kW capacity; 42,000 million kWh produced, 3,950 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles andweapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel,aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining(coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods(textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleumproducts, chemicals, and pharmaceuticalsAgriculture:the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of theformer Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodinaalso produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production;Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a longgrowing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestockproduction (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo producesfruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainouspastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry;Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast wherea Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, andriceIllicit drugs:NAEconomic aid:NACurrency:1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 parasExchange rates:Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990),15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)Fiscal year: calendar year
*Serbia and Montenegro, Communications
Railroads:NAHighways:46,019 km total (1990); 26,949 km paved, 10,373 km gravel, 8,697 km earthInland waterways:NA kmPipelines:crude oil 415 km, petroleum products 130 km, natural gas 2,110 kmPorts:coastal - Bar; inland - BelgradeMerchant marine:Montenegro:40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 620,455 GRT/1,024,227 DWT; includes 17cargo, 5 container, 17 bulk, 1 passenger ship; note - most under Malteseflag except 2 bulk under Panamian flagSerbia:4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT; includes 2bulk, 2 conbination tanker/ore carrier; note - all under the flag of SaintVincent and the GrenadinesAirports:total:48useable:48with permanent-surface runways:16with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:6with runways 1,220-2,439 m:9Telecommunications:700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
*Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces
Branches:People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces,Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, CivilDefenseManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,700,485; fit for military service 2,178,128; reachmilitary age (19) annually 83,783 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:245 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defenseexpenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could producemisleading results
*Seychelles, Geography
Location:in the western Indian Ocean northeast of MadagascarMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:455 km2land area:455 km2comparative area:slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:491 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:200 nm or the edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims Tromelin IslandClimate:tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May toSeptember); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)Terrain:Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others arecoral, flat, elevated reefsNatural resources:fish, copra, cinnamon treesLand use:arable land:4%permanent crops:18%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:18%other:60%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughtspossible; no fresh water - catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50coralline islands
*Seychelles, People
Population:71,494 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.88% (1993 est.)Birth rate:22.35 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.12 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:69.26 yearsmale:65.56 yearsfemale:73.07 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Seychellois (singular and plural)adjective:SeychellesEthnic divisions:Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)Religions:Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%Languages:English (official), French (official), CreoleLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1971)total population:58%male:56%female:60%Labor force:27,700 (1985)by occupation:industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture,forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)note:57% of population of working age (1983)
*Seychelles, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Seychellesconventional short form:SeychellesDigraph:SEType:republicCapital:VictoriaAdministrative divisions:23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, AnseLouis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, BelOmbre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (onPraslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, TakamakaIndependence:29 June 1976 (from UK)Constitution:5 June 1979note:new constitution now being drafted by multiparty conference, to take effectin mid-1993Legal system:based on English common law, French civil law, and customary lawNational holiday:Liberation Day, 5 June (1977) (anniversary of coup)Political parties and leaders:ruling party - Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France AlbertRENE; Democratic Party (DP), Sir James MANCHAM; Seychelles Party (PS), WavelRAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL;Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUISOther political or pressure groups:trade unions; Roman Catholic ChurchSuffrage:17 years of age; universalElections:note:presidential and legislative elections are scheduled to be held once thenew, multiparty consititution is ratified later this yearPresident:last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held NA 1993); results - PresidentFrance Albert RENE reelected without oppositionPeople's Assembly:last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held mid-1993); results - SPPF was theonly legal party; seats - (25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23Executive branch:president, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple)Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977)
*Seychelles, Government
Member of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO,WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGOchancery:(temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY 10017telephone:(212) 687-9766US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Matthew F. MATTINGLYembassy:4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoriamailing address:Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, or Box 148, Unit 62501, APO AE09815-2501telephone:(248) 25256FAX:(248) 25189Flag:three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white bandis the thinnest, the red band is the thickest
*Seychelles, Economy
Overview:In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employsabout 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currencyearnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investmentin order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, thegovernment has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promotingthe development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $350 million (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:-4.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$5,200 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1.8% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate:9% (1987)Budget:revenues $180 million; expenditures $202 million, including capitalexpenditures of $32 million (1989)Exports:$40 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports)partners:France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)Imports:$186 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)commodities:manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportationequipment, petroleum productspartners:UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, Yemen 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6%(1987)External debt:$189 million (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity:30,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boatbuilding, printing, furniture, beverageAgriculture:accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops - coconuts,cinnamon, vanilla; other products - sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas;broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tunafishing under wayEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-89), $315 million; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60millionCurrency:1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 centsExchange rates:Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 5.2545 (January 1993), 5.1220 (1992),5.2893 (1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988)
*Seychelles, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Seychelles, Communications
Highways:260 km total; 160 km paved, 100 km crushed stone or earthPorts:VictoriaMerchant marine:1 refrigerated cargo totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWTAirports:total:14usable:14with permanent-surface runways:8with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastalcountries; 13,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 2 TV; 1Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station
*Seychelles, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, National Guard, Marines, Coast Guard, Presidential Protection Unit,Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 18,982; fit for military service 9,710 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $12 million, 4% of GDP (1990 est.)
*Sierra Leone, Geography
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Guinea andLiberiaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:71,740 km2land area:71,620 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries:total 958 km, Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 kmCoastline:402 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dryseason (December to April)Terrain:coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau,mountains in eastNatural resources:diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromiteLand use:arable land:25%permanent crops:2%meadows and pastures:31%forest and woodland:29%other:13%Irrigated land:340 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soildegradation