*South Africa, Economy
Exchange rates:rand (R) per US$1 - 3.1576 (May 1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7563 (1991), 2.5863(1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
*South Africa, Communications
Railroads:20,638 km route distance total; 20,324 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage(counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mmgauge; substantial electrification of 1.067 meter gaugeHighways:188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, orimproved earthPipelines:crude oil 931 km, petroleum products 1,748 km, natural gas 322 kmPorts:Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai,Walvis BayMerchant marine:5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 213,708 GRT/201,043 DWT; includes 4container, 1 vehicle carrierAirports:total:899usable:713with permanent-surface runways:136with runways over 3,659 m:5with runways 2,440-3,659 m:10with runways 1,220-2,439 m:221Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacityin Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables,radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; keycenters are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth,and Pretoria; over 4,500,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 286 FM,67 TV; 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSATand 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
*South Africa, Defense Forces
Branches:South African Defense Force (SADF; including Army, Navy, Air Force, MedicalServices), South African Police (SAP)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 10,294,211; fit for military service 6,279,190; reachmilitary age (18) annually 425,477 (1993 est.); obligation for service inCitizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; black and white volunteers forservice in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation for whiteconscripts is one year; figures include the so-called homelands notrecognized by the USDefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, about 2.5% of GDP (FY93 budget)
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Geography
Location:in the South Atlantic Ocean, off the south Argentine coast, southeast of theFalkland IslandsMap references:Antarctic RegionArea:total area:4,066 km2land area:4,066 km2comparative area:slightly larger than Rhode Islandnote:includes Shag Rocks, Clerke Rocks, Bird IslandLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:NA kmMaritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nmInternational disputes:administered by the UK, claimed by ArgentinaClimate:variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed withperiods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snowTerrain:most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged andmountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-coveredmountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with someactive volcanoesNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetationconsisting of grass, moss, and lichen)Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weatherconditions generally make it difficult to approach the South SandwichIslands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanismNote:the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide goodanchorage
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, People
Population:no indigenous population; there is a small military garrison on SouthGeorgia, and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on BirdIsland; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:South Georgia and South Sandwich Islandsconventional short form:noneDigraph:SXType: dependent territory of the UKCapital:none; Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison townAdministrative divisions:none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:3 October 1985Legal system:English common lawNational holiday:Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)Executive branch:British monarch, commissionerLegislative branch:noneJudicial branch:noneLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by CommissionerDavid Everard TATHAM (since August 1992; resident at Stanley, FalklandIslands)
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Economy
Overview:Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source ofincome from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income frompostage stamps produced in the UK.Budget:revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of$NA (FY88 est.)Electricity:900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992)
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Communications
Highways:NAPorts:Grytviken on South GeorgiaAirports:total:5usable:5with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0Telecommunications:coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations
*South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Spain, Geography
Location:Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and theMediterranean Sea, between Portugal and FranceMap references:Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:504,750 km2land area:499,400 km2comparative area:slightly more than twice the size of Oregonnote:includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty(plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - Ceuta, Mellila,Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la GomeraLand boundaries:total 1,903.2 km, Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal1,214 kmCoastline:4,964 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty(plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclavesof Ceuta and Melilla, which Morocco contests, as well as the islands ofPenon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas ChafarinasClimate:temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy alongcoast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coastTerrain:large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees innorthNatural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc,lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropowerLand use:arable land:31%permanent crops:10%meadows and pastures:21%forest and woodland:31%other:7%Irrigated land:33,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:deforestation; air pollutionNote:strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
*Spain, People
Population:39,207,159 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.24% (1993 est.)Birth rate:10.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:8.76 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:77.51 yearsmale:74.22 yearsfemale:81.04 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.38 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Spaniard(s)adjective:SpanishEthnic divisions:composite of Mediterranean and Nordic typesReligions:Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1%Languages:Castilian Spanish, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:95%male:97%female:93%Labor force:14.621 millionby occupation:services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, construction 9% (1988)
*Spain, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Spainconventional short form:Spainlocal short form:EspanaDigraph:SPType:parliamentary monarchyCapital:MadridAdministrative divisions:17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidadautonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-LaMancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura,Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasconote:there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta,Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de laGomera) with administrative status unknownIndependence:1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification)Constitution:6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978Legal system:civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJjurisdictionNational holiday:National Day, 12 OctoberPolitical parties and leaders:principal national parties, from right to left:Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Social Democratic Center (CDS), RafaelCalvo ORTEGA; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZMarquez, secretary general; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo GarciaDAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; United Left (IU) acoalition of parties including the PCE, a branch of the PSOE, and othersmall parties, leader NAchief regional parties:Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; BasqueNationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), CarlosGARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left(EE), Juan Maria BANDRES; Basque Socialist Party (PSE); coalition of thePSE, EE, and PSOE, Jose Maria BANEGAS; Euskal Ezkerra (EUE), XabierGURRUTXAGA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group(AIC), leader NA; Aragon Regional Party (PAR), leader NA; Valencian Union(UV), leader NAOther political or pressure groups:on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the Firstof October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose thegovernment; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include theCommunist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Unionof Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO);the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; universitystudentsSuffrage:18 years of age; universal
*Spain, Government
Elections:Senate:last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (208 total) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10,PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5Congress of Deputies:last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held NA October 1993); results - PSOE39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, IU 9%, CiU 5%, PNV 1.2%, HB 1%, PA 1%, other 8.4%;seats - (350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4,other 11Executive branch:monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy primeminister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of StateLegislative branch:bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales)consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congressof Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados)Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo)Leaders:Chief of State:King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975)Head of Government:Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy PrimeMinister Narcis SERRA y Serra (since 13 March 1991)Member of:AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,EBRD, AfDB, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTRC, NACC,NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEMII, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZCDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jaime De OJEDA y Eiseleychancery:2700 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 265-0190 or 0191consulates general:Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, SanFrancisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard G. CAPEN, Jr.embassy:Serrano 75, 28006 Madridmailing address:PSC 61, APO AE 09642telephone:[34] (1) 577-4000FAX:[34] (1) 577-5735consulate general:Barcelonaconsulate:Bilbao
*Spain, Government
Flag:three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with thenational coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of armsincludes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules, which are the twopromontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of theStrait of Gibraltar
*Spain, Economy
Overview:Spain has done well since joining the EC in 1986. Foreign and domesticinvestments have spurred GDP growth at an annual average of more than 4% in1986-91. As of 1 January 1993, Spain has wholly liberalized its trade andcapital markets to EC standards, including integrating agriculture two yearsahead of schedule. Beginning in 1989, Madrid implemented a tight monetarypolicy to fight 7% inflation. As a result of this action and the worldwidedecline in economic growth, Spain's growth rate declined to 1% in 1992.Spain faces a likely recession in first half 1993. The government expects arecovery in the second half, but this depends on stepped-up growth inGermany and France. The slowdown in growth - along with displacements causedby structural adjustments in preparation for the EC single market - haspushed an already high unemployment rate up to 19%. However, many peoplelisted as unemployed work in the underground economy. If the government canstick to its tough economic policies and push further structural reforms,the economy will emerge stronger at the end of the 1990s.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $514.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:1% (1992)National product per capita:$13,200 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:19% (yearend 1992)Budget:revenues $122.9 billion; expenditures $140.2 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports:$62 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:cars and trucks, semifinished manufactured goods, foodstuffs, machinerypartners:EC 71.0%, US 4.9%, other developed countries 7.9% (1991)Imports:$100 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery, transport equipment, fuels, semifinished goods, foodstuffs,consumer goods, chemicalspartners:EC 60.0%, US 8.0%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 2.6% (1991)External debt:$67.5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 0.6% (1992 est.)Electricity:46,600,000 kW capacity; 157,000 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals andmetal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools,tourismAgriculture:accounts for about 5% of GDP and 14% of labor force; major products - grain,vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork,poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 millionmetric tons is among top 20 nations
*Spain, Economy
Illicit drugs:key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering theEuropean marketEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; notcurrently a recipientCurrency: 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimosExchange rates:pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 114.59 (January 1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91(1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Spain, Communications
Railroads:15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km (all1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track); FEVE(government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km (predominantly1.000-meter gauge, 441 km electrified); privately owned railways operate 918km (predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km doubletrack)Highways:150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-accessdivided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediatebituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or localroads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)Inland waterways:1,045 km, but of minor economic importancePipelines:crude oil 265 km, petroleum products 1,794 km, natural gas 1,666 kmPorts:Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellonde la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, LaCoruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, SantaCruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor portsMerchant marine:242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,394,175 GRT/4,262,868 DWT; includes2 passenger, 8 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 12 refrigerated cargo, 12container, 32 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 41 oil tanker, 14chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 specialized tanker, 36 bulkAirports:total:105usable:99with permanent-surface runways:60with runways over 3,659 m:4with runways 2,440-3,659 m:22with runways 1,220-2,439 m:26Telecommunications:generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; broadcaststations - 190 AM, 406 (134 repeaters) FM, 100 (1,297 repeaters) TV; 22coaxial submarine cables; 2 communications satellite earth stationsoperating in INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean); MARECS, INMARSAT,and EUTELSAT systems; tropospheric links
*Spain, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard, National Police, Coastal CivilGuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 10,299,960; fit for military service 8,341,046; reachmilitary age (20) annually 338,231 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $9.6 billion, 1.6% of GDP (1992)
*Spratly Islands, Geography
Location:in the South China Sea, between Vietnam and the PhilippinesMap references:Asia, Southeast AsiaArea:total area:NA km2 but less than 5 km2land area:less than 5 km2comparative area:NAnote:includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over theSouth China SeaLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:926 kmMaritime claims:NAInternational disputes:all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; partsof them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in 1984, Bruneiestablished an exclusive economic zone, which encompasses Louisa Reef, buthas not publicly claimed the islandClimate:tropicalTerrain:flatNatural resources:fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potentialLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0% forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:0 km2Environment:subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, andcoral reefsNote:strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the centralSouth China Sea; serious navigational hazard
*Spratly Islands, People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered garrisons
*Spratly Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Spratly IslandsDigraph:PG
*Spratly Islands, Economy
Overview:Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing; proximity to nearby oil-and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gasdeposits, but the region is largely unexplored, and there are no reliableestimates of potential reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to bedeveloped.Industries:none
*Spratly Islands, Communications
Ports:no natural harborsAirports:total:4usable:4 with permanent-surfaced runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:0
*Spratly Islands, Defense Forces
Note:about 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, thePhilippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
*Sri Lanka, Geography
Location:South Asia, 29 km southeast of India across the Palk Strait in the IndianOceanMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:65,610 km2land area:64,740 km2comparative area:slightly larger than West VirginiaLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:1,340 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon(June to October)Terrain:mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interiorNatural resources:limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clayLand use: arable land:16%permanent crops:17%meadows and pastures:7%forest and woodland:37%other:23%Irrigated land:5,600 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosionNote:strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
*Sri Lanka, People
Population:17,838,190 (July 1993 est.)note:since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed Tamilseparatists in the mid 1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil civilians havefled the island; as of late 1992, nearly 115,000 were housed in refugeecamps in south India, another 95,000 lived outside the Indian camps, andmore than 200,000 Tamils have sought political asylum in the West; fewerthan 10,000 Tamils have been successfully repatriated to Sri LankaPopulation growth rate:1.11% (1993 est.)Birth rate:18.71 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:22.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:71.51 yearsmale:68.94 yearsfemale:74.21 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.13 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Sri Lankan(s)adjective:Sri LankanEthnic divisions:Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%Religions:Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8%Languages:Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%note:English is commonly used in government and is spoken by about 10% of thepopulationLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:88%male:93%female:84%Labor force:6.6 millionby occupation:agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)
*Sri Lanka, Government
Names:conventional long form:Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lankaconventional short form:Sri Lankaformer:CeylonDigraph:CEType:republicCapital:ColomboAdministrative divisions:8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western,Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, WesternIndependence:4 February 1948 (from UK)Constitution:31 August 1978Legal system:a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim,Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948)Political parties and leaders:United National Party (UNP), Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA; Sri Lanka FreedomParty (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H.M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People'sUnited Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; EelamDemocratic Front (EDF), Edward SEBASTIAN PILLAI; Tamil United LiberationFront (TULF), leader NA; Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students(EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava SamaSamaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP,or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. DE SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party(SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Ossie ABEYGUNASEKERA; Communist Party,K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; DemocraticUnited National Front (DUNF), Lalith ATHULATHMUDALI and Gamini DISSANAYAKEnote:the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, andCP/BOther political or pressure groups:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatistgroups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front andseveral other radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups); Buddhist clergy;Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unionsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%;note - following the assassination of President PREMADASA on 1 May 1993,Prime Minister WIJETUNGA became acting president; on 7 May 1993, he wasconfirmed by a vote of Parliament to finish out the term of the assassinatedpresident
*Sri Lanka, Government
Parliament:last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by NA February 1995); results -UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%;seats - (225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33Executive branch:president, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral ParliamentJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGA (since 7 May 1993)Head of Government:Prime Minister Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 7 May 1993)Member of:AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ananda GURUGEchancery:2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: (202) 483-4025 through 4028consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Teresita C. SCHAFFERembassy:210 Galle Road, Colombo 3mailing address:P. O. Box 106, Colombotelephone:[94] (1) 44-80-07FAX:[94] (1) 43-73-45Flag:yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal verticalbands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark redrectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leafin each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around theentire flag and extends between the two panels
*Sri Lanka, Economy
Overview:Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing half ofthe labor force and accounting for one quarter of GDP. The plantation cropsof tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about one-third of export earnings. Theeconomy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s.Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in1991-92 as domestic conditions began to improve and conditions for foreigninvestment brightened.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $7.75 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:4.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$440 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):10% (1992)Unemployment rate:15% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $500 million (1992)Exports:$2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:textiles and garments, teas, petroleum products, coconuts, rubber, otheragricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products, graphitepartners:US 27.4%, Germany, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, ChinaImports:$3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities: food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum and petroleumproducts, machinery and equipmentpartners:Japan, Iran, US 5.7%, India, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, UKExternal debt:$5.7 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDPElectricity:1,300,000 kW capacity; 3,600 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities;cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothingAgriculture:accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most importantstaple crop is paddy rice; other field crops - sugarcane, grains, pulses,oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops - tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products- milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice productionEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $5.1 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369millionCurrency:1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 centsExchange rates:Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 46.342 (January 1993), 43.687 (1992),41.372 (1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988)
*Sri Lanka, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Sri Lanka, Communications
Railroads:1,948 km total (1990); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; noelectrification; government ownedHighways:75,749 km total (1990); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth;several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.)Inland waterways:430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craftPipelines:crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)Ports:Colombo, TrincomaleeMerchant marine:27 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,074 GRT/443,266 DWT; includes 12cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 3 oil tanker, 3 bulkAirports:total:14usable:13with permanent-surface runways:12with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:8Telecommunications:very inadequate domestic service, good international service; 114,000telephones (1982); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cablesextend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
*Sri Lanka, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Police ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 4,779,221; fit for military service 3,730,737; reachmilitary age (18) annually 178,032 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $365 million, 4.7% of GDP (1992)
*Sudan, Geography
Location:Northern Africa, along the Red Sea, between Egypt and EthiopiaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:2,505,810 km2land area:2.376 million km2comparative area:slightly more than one-quarter the size of the USLand boundaries:total 7,697 km, Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km,Zaire 628 kmCoastline:853 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:18 nmcontinental shelf:200 m depth or to depth of exploitationterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with internationalboundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide withinternational boundary creating the "Hala'ib Triangle," a barren area of20,580 km2, the dispute over this area escalated in 1993Climate:tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October)Terrain:generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and westNatural resources:small reserves of petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten,mica, silverLand use:arable land:5%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:24%forest and woodland:20%other:51%Irrigated land:18,900 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertificationNote:largest country in Africa
*Sudan, People
Population:28,730,381 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.38% (1993 est.)Birth rate:42.65 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:12.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:81.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:53.85 yearsmale:53 yearsfemale:54.73 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Sudanese (singular and plural)adjective:SudaneseEthnic divisions:black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%Religions:Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5% (mostly insouth and Khartoum)Languages:Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic,Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, Englishnote:program of Arabization in processLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:27%male:43%female:12%Labor force:6.5 millionby occupation:agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%note:labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.);52% of population of working age (1985)
*Sudan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of the Sudanconventional short form:Sudanlocal long form:Jumhuriyat as-Sudanlocal short form:As-Sudanformer:Anglo-Egyptian SudanDigraph:SUType:military civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June1989 coupCapital:KhartoumAdministrative divisions:9 states (wilayat, singular - wilayat or wilayah*); A'ali an Nil, Al Wusta*,, Al Istiwa'iyah*,,Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al, Ghazal, Darfur, KurdufanIndependence:1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)Constitution:12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interimconstitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989Legal system:based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, theRevolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern statesof Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, andKurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamiclaw; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern statesregardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; acceptscompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 1 January (1956)Political parties and leaders:none; banned following 30 June 1989 coupOther political or pressure groups:National Islamic Front, Hasan al-TURABISuffrage:noneElections:noneExecutive branch:executive and legislative authority vested in a 10-member RevolutionaryCommand Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July1989, RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to functionas advisersnote:Lt. Gen. BASHIR's military government is dominated by members of Sudan'sNational Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed fromthe Muslim Brotherhood in 1986; front leader Hasan al-TURABI controlsKhartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies
*Sudan, Government
Legislative branch:appointed 300-member Transitional National Assembly; note - as announced 1January 1992 by RCC Chairman BASHIR, the Assembly assumes all legislativeauthority for Sudan until the eventual, unspecified resumption of nationalelectionsJudicial branch:Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary CourtsLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. UmarHasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the CommandCouncil and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed(since 9 July 1989)Member of:ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador 'Abdalla Ahmad 'ABDALLAchancery:2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 338-8565 through 8570consulate general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Donald K. PETTERSONembassy:Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoummailing address:P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO AE 09829telephone:74700 or 74611FAX:Telex 22619Flag:three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a greenisosceles triangle based on the hoist side
*Sudan, Economy
Overview:Sudan is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverseweather, high inflation, a drop in remittances from abroad, andcounterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated bygovernmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. Theprivate sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, withmost private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base isagriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processesagricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade,attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of percapita income and consumption. A large foreign debt and huge arrearagescontinue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund tookthe unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative because of its nonpaymentof arrearages to the Fund. Despite subsequent government efforts toimplement reforms urged by the IMF and the World Bank, the economy remainedstagnant in FY91 as entrepreneurs lack the incentive to take economic risks.Growth in 1992 was featured by the recovery of agricultural production innorthern Sudan after two years of drought.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $5.2 billion (FY92 est.)National product real growth rate:9% (FY92 est.)National product per capita:$184 (FY92 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):150% (FY92 est.)Unemployment rate:30% (FY92 est.)Budget:revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $505 million (FY91 est.)Exports:$315 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)commodities:cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanutspartners:Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3%(FY88)Imports:$1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.)commodities:foodstuffs, petroleum products, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment,medicines and chemicals, textilespartners:Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88)External debt:$15 billion (June 1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.8%; accounts for 11% of GDP (FY92)Electricity:610,000 kW capacity; 905 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling,shoes, petroleum refiningAgriculture:accounts for 35% of GDP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirdsof land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products -cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginallyself-sufficient in most foods
*Sudan, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.1 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588millionCurrency:1 Sudanese pound (#Sd) = 100 piastersExchange rates:official rate - Sudanese pounds (#Sd) per US$1 - 124 (January 1993), 90.1(March 1992), 5.4288 (1991), 4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987);note - free market rate 155 (January 1993)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Sudan, Communications
Railroads:5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gaugeplantation lineHighways:20,703 km total; 2,000 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304 kmimproved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and trackInland waterways:5,310 km navigablePipelines:refined products 815 kmPorts:Port Sudan, SawakinMerchant marine:5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-offAirports:total:68usable:56with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:6with runways 1,220-2,439 m:30Telecommunications:large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate andpoorly maintained by modern standards; consists of microwave radio relay,cable, radio communications, troposcatter, and a domestic satellite systemwith 14 stations; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 3 TV; satellite earth stationsfor international traffic - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT
*Sudan, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,488,864; fit for military service 3,986,084; reachmilitary age (18) annually 301,573 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $339 million, 2.2% of GDP (1989 est.)
*Suriname, Geography
Location:Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between FrenchGuiana and GuyanaMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:163,270 km2land area:161,470 km2comparative area:slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries:total 1,707 km, Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 kmCoastline:386 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini(both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (UpperCourantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne)Climate:tropical; moderated by trade windsTerrain:mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swampsNatural resources:timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and smallamounts of nickel, copper, platinum, goldLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:97%other:3%Irrigated land:590 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:mostly tropical rain forest
*Suriname, People
Population:416,321 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.54% (1993 est.)Birth rate:25.85 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:6.1 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate: -4.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:32.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:69.14 yearsmale:66.65 yearsfemale:71.76 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Surinamer(s)adjective:SurinameseEthnic divisions:Hindustani (East Indian) 37%, Creole (black and mixed) 31%, Javanese 15.3%,Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1%, other 1.1%Religions:Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2%(predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5%Languages:Dutch (official), English widely spoken, Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimescalled Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the youngerpopulation and is lingua franca among others, Hindi Suriname Hindustani (avariant of Bhoqpuri), JavaneseLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:95%male:95%female:95%Labor force:104,000 (1984)by occupation:NA
*Suriname, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Surinameconventional short form:Surinamelocal long form:Republiek Surinamelocal short form:Surinameformer:Netherlands Guiana Dutch GuianaDigraph:NSType:republicCapital:ParamariboAdministrative divisions:10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne,Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini,WanicaIndependence:25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)Constitution:ratified 30 September 1987Legal system:NANational holiday:Independence Day, 25 November (1975)Political parties and leaders:The New Front (NF), leader NA, a coalition of four parties (NPS, VHP, KTPI,SPA); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party ofSuriname (NPS), Ronald VENETIAAN; Party of National Unity and Solidarity(KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; Suriname Labor Party (SPA) Fred DARBY; DemocraticAlternative '91 (DA '91), Winston JESSURUN, a coalition of four parties (AF,HPP, Pendawa Lima, BEP) formed in January 1991; Alternative Forum (AF),Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), PanalalPARMESSAR; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), CiprianoALLENDY; Pendawa Lima, Marsha JAMIN; National Democratic Party (NDP), DesireBOUTERSE; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union (PALU), Ir IwanKROLIS, chairman; National Republic Party (PNR), Robin RAVALESOther political or pressure groups:Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), Ronnie BRUNSWIJK, Johan "Castro" WALLY;Union for Liberation and Democracy, Kofi AFONGPONG; Saramaccaner BosnegerAngula Movement, Carlos MAASSI; Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement,Leendert ADAMS; Tucayana Amazonica, Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJOSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:President:last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - electedby the National Assembly - Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), JulesWIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes)National Assembly:last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held NA May 1996); results - percent ofvote NA; seats - (51 total) NF 30, NDP 10, DA '91 9, Independent 2
*Suriname, Government
Executive branch:president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Councilof State; note - Commander in Chief of the National Army maintainssignificant powerLegislative branch:unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State and Head of Government:President Ronald R. VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President andPrime Minister Jules R. AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991)Member of:ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUTchancery:Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492consulate general:MiamiUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARDembassy:Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribomailing address:P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribotelephone:[597] 472900, 477881, or 476459FAX:[597] 410025Flag:five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruplewidth), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellowfive-pointed star centered in the red band
*Suriname, Economy
Overview:The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for 15% ofGDP and about 70% of export earnings. The economy has been in trouble sincethe Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite priceswhich started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986 was followedby the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior that crippled theimportant bauxite sector. Although the insurgency has since ebbed and thebauxite sector recovered, a military coup in December 1990 reflectedcontinued political instability and deterred investment and economic reform.High inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, andhard currency shortfalls continue to mark the economy.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.35 billion (1991 est.)National product real growth rate:-2.5% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$3,300 (1991 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):26% (1991)Unemployment rate:16.5% (1990)Budget:revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capitalexpenditures of $123 million (1989 est.)Exports:$417 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:alumina, aluminum, shrimp and fish, rice, bananaspartners:Norway 36%, Netherlands 28%, US 11%, Japan 7%, Brazil 5%, UK 5% (1989)Imports:$514 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goodspartners:US 41%, Netherlands 24%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 4% (1989)External debt:$138 million (1990 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -5.0% (1991 est.); accounts for 27% of GDPElectricity:458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 4,920 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing,fishingAgriculture:accounts for 10.4% of GDP and 25% of export earnings; paddy rice planted on85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products -bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimpand forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in mostfoodsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billionCurrency:1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 centsExchange rates:Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - 1.7850 (fixed rateuntil October 1992), 25.04 (January 1992)
*Suriname, Economy
Fiscal year: calendar year
*Suriname, Communications
Railroads:166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km1.435-meter standard gauge; all single trackHighways:8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, orimproved earth; 2,400 km sand or clayInland waterways:1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with draftsranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterwaysPorts:Paramaribo, Moengo, Nicuw NickerieMerchant marine:3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo,1 containerAirports:total:46usable:39with permanent-surface runways:6with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:3Telecommunications:international facilities good; domestic microwave system; 27,500 telephones;broadcast stations - 5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT earth stations
*Suriname, Defense Forces
Branches:National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Forceelement), Civil PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 111,716; fit for military service 66,429 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Svalbard, Header
Affiliation: (territory of Norway)
*Svalbard, Geography
Location:in the Arctic Ocean where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, andNorwegian Sea meet, 445 km north of NorwayMap references:Arctic Region, Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:62,049 km2land area:62,049 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than West Virginianote:includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)Land boundaries:0 kmCoastline:3,587 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but not recognized by Russiaterritorial sea:4 nmInternational disputes:focus of maritime boundary dispute in the Barents Sea between Norway andRussiaClimate:arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters;North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen,keeping water open and navigable most of the yearTerrain:wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear ofice about half the year; fjords along west and north coastsNatural resources:coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fishLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100% (no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry)Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:great calving glaciers descend to the seaNote:northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main islands;glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area
*Svalbard, People
Population: 3,209 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:-2.84% (1993 est.)Birth rate:NA births/1,000 populationDeath rate:NA deaths/1,000 populationNet migration rate:NA migrant(s)/1,000 populationInfant mortality rate:NA deaths/1,000 live birthsLife expectancy at birth:total population:NA yearsmale:NA yearsfemale:NA yearsTotal fertility rate:NA children born/womanEthnic divisions:Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981)Languages:Russian, NorwegianLiteracy:total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NA
*Svalbard, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:SvalbardDigraph:SVType:territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, througha governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9February 1920) sovereignty was given to NorwayCapital:LongyearbyenIndependence:none (territory of Norway)Legal system:NANational holiday: NALeaders:Chief of State:King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991)Head of Government:Governor (vacant)Member of:noneFlag:the flag of Norway is used
*Svalbard, Economy
Overview:Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights toexploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companiesstill mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on Svalbard areessentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employsnearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the localservices, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also sometrapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus.Budget:revenues $13.3 million; expenditures $13.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1990)Electricity:21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 13,860 kWh per capita (1992)Currency:1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oreExchange rates:Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.8774 (January 1993), 6.2145 (1992),6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988)
*Svalbard, Communications
Ports:limited facilities - Ny-Alesund, Advent BayAirports:total:4usable:4with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; local telephone service; broadcast stations- 1 AM, 1 (2 repeaters) FM, 1 TV; satellite communication with Norwegianmainland
*Svalbard, Defense Forces
Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
*Swaziland, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South AfricaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:17,360 km2land area:17,200 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than New JerseyLand boundaries:total 535 km, Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:varies from tropical to near temperateTerrain:mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plainsNatural resources:asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold anddiamond deposits, quarry stone, and talcLand use:arable land:8%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:67%forest and woodland:6%other:19%Irrigated land:620 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosionNote:landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
*Swaziland, People
Population:906,932 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:3.18% (1993 est.)Birth rate:43.22 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:95.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:55.94 yearsmale:51.97 yearsfemale:60.03 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:6.16 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Swazi(s)adjective:SwaziEthnic divisions:African 97%, European 3%Religions:Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40%Languages:English (official; government business conducted in English), siSwati(official)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1976)total population:55%male:57%female:54%Labor force:195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wageearners - many only intermittently)by occupation:agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social service 20%,manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21%note:15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991)
*Swaziland, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Swazilandconventional short form:SwazilandDigraph:WZType:monarchy independent member of CommonwealthCapital:Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)Administrative divisions:4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, ShiselweniIndependence:6 September 1968 (from UK)Constitution:none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a newconstitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formallypresented to the peopleLegal system:based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazitraditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionNational holiday:Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)Political parties and leaders:none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978Suffrage:noneElections:direct legislative elections rescheduled for June 1993Executive branch:monarch, prime minister, CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senateand a lower house or House of AssemblyJudicial branch:High Court, Court of AppealLeaders:Chief of State:King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)Head of Government:Prime Minister Obed Mfanyana DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989)Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBAchancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 362-6683US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERSembassy:Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane
*Swaziland, Government