*Turkey, People
Population:60,897,841 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.07% (1993 est.)Birth rate:26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:70.41 yearsmale:68.11 yearsfemale:72.82 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Turk(s)adjective:TurkishEthnic divisions:Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.)Religions:Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)Languages:Turkish (official), Kurdish, ArabicLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:81%male:90% female:71%Labor force:20.7 millionby occupation:agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15%note:about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)
*Turkey, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Turkeyconventional short form:Turkeylocal long form:Turkiye Cumhuriyetilocal short form:TurkiyeDigraph:TUType:republican parliamentary democracyCapital:AnkaraAdministrative divisions:73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, KahramanMaras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, ZonguldakIndependence:29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)Constitution:7 November 1982Legal system:derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)Political parties and leaders:Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), MesutYILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party(RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP),Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party(DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL;Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALIOther political or pressure groups: Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZSuffrage:21 years of age; universalElections:Grand National Assembly:last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP19, DSP 7, other 5Executive branch:president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)Judicial branch:Court of Cassation
*Turkey, Government
Leaders:Chief of State:President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)Head of Government:Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)Member of:AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO,GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC,NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA,UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIRchancery:1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 659-8200consulates general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEYembassy:110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankaramailing address:PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823telephone:[90] (4) 426 54 70FAX:[90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019consulates general:Istanbul and Izmirconsulate:AdanaFlag:red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoistside) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening
*Turkey, Economy
Overview:After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkeyhas experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from ahigh of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand andincreased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992.Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading tohigh interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The hugepublic sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy relianceon Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkishinflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sectorhave outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reducecurrent expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of manyprivate companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector,employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, andaccounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched amultibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, whichincludes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers togenerate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkisheconomy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European averagein 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL -which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats duringits first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its supportby implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantiallyreduce inflation.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:5.9% (1992)National product per capita:$3,670 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):70% (1992)Unemployment rate:11.1% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)Exports:$13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)commodities:manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2%partners:EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5%Imports:$21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)commodities:manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21%partners: EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%External debt:$48.7 billion (1991)Industrial production:growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDPElectricity:14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita(1991)Industries:textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals),steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
*Turkey, Economy
Agriculture:accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products -tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, varietyof animal products; self-sufficient in food most yearsIllicit drugs:major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europeand the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and otherinternational trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up inremote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintainsstrict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output ofpoppy straw concentrateEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies(1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billionCurrency:1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurusExchange rates:Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992),4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Turkey, Communications
Railroads:8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)Highways:320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national(main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local andmunicipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 kmare paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone)(1988 est.)Inland waterways:about 1,200 kmPipelines:crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 kmPorts:Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, IzmirMerchant marine:353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oiltanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulkAirports:total:110usable:102with permanent-surface runways:65with runways over 3,659 m:3with runways 2,440-3,659 m:32with runways 1,220-2,439 m:26Telecommunications:fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwavenetwork; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations- 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT(2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable
*Turkey, Defense Forces
Branches:Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, CoastGuard, GendarmerieManpower availability:males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reachmilitary age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)
*Turkmenistan, Geography
Location:South Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and UzbekistanMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, StandardTime Zones of the WorldArea:total area:488,100 km2land area:488,100 km2 comparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,Uzbekistan 1,621 kmCoastline:0 kmnote:Turkmenistan does border the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)Maritime claims:landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,and Iran will have to be negotiatedInternational disputes:noneClimate:subtropical desertTerrain:flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; borders Caspian Sea in westNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, saltLand use:arable land:3%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:69%forest and woodland:0%other:28%Irrigated land:12,450 km2 (1990)Environment:contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigationmethodsNote:landlocked
*Turkmenistan, People
Population:3,914,997 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.04% (1993 est.)Birth rate:30.91 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:7.6 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:-2.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:71.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:64.93 yearsmale:61.4 yearsfemale:68.62 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Turkmen(s)adjective:TurkmenEthnic divisions:Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakhs 2%, other 5.9%Religions:Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2%Languages:Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%Literacy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population:100%male:100%female:100%Labor force:1.542 millionby occupation:agriculture and forestry 42%, industry and construction 21%, other 37%(1990)
*Turkmenistan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Turkmenistanconventional short form:Turkmenistanlocal long form:Tiurkmenostan Respublikasylocal short form:Turkmanistanformer:Turkmen Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph:TXType:republicCapital:Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)Administrative divisions: 5 velayets: Balkan (Nebit Dag), Doshkhovuz (formerly Tashauz), Lebap(Charjev), Mary, Akhal (Ashgabat)note:all oblasts have the same name as their administrative center except BalkanOblast, centered at Nebit-DagIndependence:27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)Constitution:adopted 18 May 1992Legal system:based on civil law systemNational holiday:Independence Day, 27 October (1991)Political parties and leaders:ruling party:Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacantopposition:Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUHAMMET, chairman
; Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV,cochairmanSuffrage:18 years of age; universal
*Turkmenistan, Government
Elections:President:last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - SaparmuradNIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)Majlis:last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent ofvote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, butCommunist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reducedto 50 at next electionExecutive branch:president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameralPeople's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meetinginfrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990)Head of Government:Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV,Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV,Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People'sCouncil Sakhat MURADOV (since NA)Member of:CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTADDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:NAchancery:NAtelephone:NAUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS IIIembassy:Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)mailing address:APO AE 09862telephone:[7] 36320 24-49-08Flag:green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claretveritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpetguls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with fivedifferent tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper leftcorner to the right of the carpet guls
*Turkmenistan, Economy
Overview:Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormousproblems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based centralplanning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, localgovernment authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This processrequires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, andmonetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavilyweighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gasand 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Sovietrepublics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline innational product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability toobtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of naturalgas.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:-10% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):53% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate:15%-20% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)commodities:natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpetspartners:Russia, Ukraine, UzbekistanImports:$100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)commodities:machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textilespartners:mostly other than former Soviet UnionExternal debt:$650 million (end 1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -17% (1992 est.)Electricity:2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textilesAgriculture:cotton, fruits, vegetablesIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limitedgovernment eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicitdrugs from Southwest Asia to Western EuropeEconomic aid:$280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)Currency:retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, themanat, but no date set (May 1993)
*Turkmenistan, Economy
Exchange rates:rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuationsFiscal year:calendar year
*Turkmenistan, Communications
Railroads:2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990)Pipelines:crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 kmPorts:inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea)Airports:total:7useable:7with permanent-surface runways:4with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked bycable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leasedconnections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new directtelephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established;satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-onlyservice; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-onlycapability for Turkish broadcasts
*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces
Branches:National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), JointCommand Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, andAir Defense)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach militaryage (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography
Location:in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republicand southeast of The BahamasMap references:Central America and the CaribbeanArea:total area:430 km2land area:430 km2comparative area:slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:389 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dryTerrain:low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swampsNatural resources:spiny lobster, conchLand use:arable land:2%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:98%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes
*Turks and Caicos Islands, People
Population:13,137 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.97% (1993 est.)Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.34 yearsmale:73.41 yearsfemale:77.02 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:noneadjective:noneEthnic divisions:AfricanReligions:Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,other 19.9% (1980)Languages:English (official)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1970)total population:98%male:99%female:98%Labor force:NAby occupation:majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistenceagriculture
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Turks and Caicos IslandsDigraph:TKType:dependent territory of the UKCapital: Grand TurkAdministrative divisions:none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)Constitution:introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a ConstitutionalCommission is currently reviewing its contentsLegal system:based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaicaand The BahamasNational holiday:Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)Political parties and leaders:Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's DemocraticMovement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), ArielMISSICKSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Legislative Council:last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5Executive branch:British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief ministerLegislative branch:unicameral Legislative CouncilJudicial branch:Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor MichaelJ. BRADLEY (since NA 1987)Head of Government:Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)Member of:CARICOM (associate), CDBDiplomatic representation in US:as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and CaicosIslands are represented in the US by the UKUS diplomatic representation:noneFlag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and thecolonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellowand contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Onlysubsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on theCaicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must beimported.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$5,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:12% (1992)Budget:revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capitalexpenditures of $23.9 million (1989)Exports:$4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987)commodities:lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shellspartners:US, UKImports:$33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84)commodities:foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materialspartners:US, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992)Industries:fishing, tourism, offshore financial servicesAgriculture:subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing moreimportant than farming; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),$110 millionCurrency:US currency is usedExchange rates:US currency is usedFiscal year:calendar year
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications
Highways:121 km, including 24 km tarmacPorts:Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn HarbourAirports:total: 7usable:7with permanent-surface runways:4with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earthstation
*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
*Tuvalu, Geography
Location:Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific OceanMap references:Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:26 km2land area:26 km2comparative area:about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:24 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerlygales and heavy rain (November to March)Terrain:very low-lying and narrow coral atollsNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA km2Environment:severe tropical storms are rare
*Tuvalu, People
Population:9,666 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:1.74% (1993 est.)Birth rate:26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:62.64 yearsmale:61.27 yearsfemale:63.82 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Tuvaluans(s)adjective:TuvaluanEthnic divisions:Polynesian 96%Religions:Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i1%, other 0.6%Languages:Tuvaluan, EnglishLiteracy: total population:NA%male:NA%female:NA%Labor force:NAby occupation:NA
*Tuvalu, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Tuvaluformer:Ellice IslandsDigraph:TVType:democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in1993Capital:FunafutiAdministrative divisions:noneIndependence:1 October 1978 (from UK)Constitution:1 October 1978Legal system:NANational holiday:Independence Day, 1 October (1978)Political parties and leaders:noneSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:Parliament:last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results- percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)Executive branch:British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Parliament (Palamene)Judicial branch:High CourtLeaders:Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor GeneralToaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992)Head of Government:Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy PrimeMinister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)Member of:ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPUDiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:(vacant)US diplomatic representation:noneFlag:light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; theouter half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellowfive-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
*Tuvalu, Economy
Overview:Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistencefarming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are toosmall and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Governmentrevenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and workerremittances. Substantial income is received annually from an internationaltrust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK andsupported also by Japan and South Korea.National product:GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$530 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.9% (1984)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1989)Exports:$1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)commodities:coprapartners:Fiji, Australia, NZImports:$2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)commodities:food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goodspartners:Fiji, Australia, NZExternal debt: $NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)Industries:fishing, tourism, copraAgriculture:coconutsEconomic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 millionCurrency:1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752(1988)Fiscal year:NA
*Tuvalu, Communications
Highways:8 km gravelPorts:Funafuti, NukufetauMerchant marine:6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tankerAirports:total:1useable:1with permanent-surface runways:0with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;108 telephones
*Tuvalu, Defense Forces
Branches:Police ForceManpower availability: NADefense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP
*Uganda, Geography
Location:Eastern Africa, between Kenya and ZaireMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:236,040 km2land area:199,710 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,Zaire 765 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, Juneto August); semiarid in northeastTerrain:mostly plateau with rim of mountainsNatural resources:copper, cobalt, limestone, saltLand use:arable land:23%permanent crops:9%meadows and pastures:25%forest and woodland:30%other:13%Irrigated land:90 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosionNote:landlocked
*Uganda, People
Population:19,344,181 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:2.69% (1993 est.)Birth rate:49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:38.4 yearsmale:38.09 yearsfemale:38.71 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Ugandan(s)adjective:UgandanEthnic divisions:African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%Languages:English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population:48%male:62%female:35%Labor force:4.5 million (est.)by occupation:agriculture over 80%note:50% of population of working age (1983)
*Uganda, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Ugandaconventional short form: UgandaDigraph:UGType:republicCapital:KampalaAdministrative divisions:10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,Northern, South Buganda, Southern, WesternIndependence:9 October 1962 (from UK)Constitution:8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revisionLegal system:government plans to restore system based on English common law and customarylaw and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsNational holiday:Independence Day, 9 October (1962)Political parties and leaders:only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENInote:the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), MiltonOBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP),Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conductingpublic political activitiesOther political or pressure groups:Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army(UPCDA); Ruwenzori MovementSuffrage:18 years of age; universalElections:National Resistance Council:last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210members elected without party affiliationExecutive branch:president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral National Resistance CouncilJudicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); VicePresident Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)Member of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS,NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO
*Uganda, Government
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULIchancery:5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011telephone:(202) 726-7100 through 7102US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Johnnie CARSONembassy:Parliament Avenue, Kampalamailing address:P. O. Box 7007, Kampalatelephone:[256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795Flag:six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, andred; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crestedcrane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
*Uganda, Economy
Overview:Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regularrainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy hasbeen devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, andcivil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capitaincome of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, asdoes industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of theeconomy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major exportcrop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the governmenthas acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currencyreform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices ofpetroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changesare especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300%in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, theeconomy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment inthe rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production andexports, and gradually improving domestic security.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:4% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):41.5% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capitalexpenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)Exports:$170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:coffee 97%, cotton, teapartners:US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%Imports:$610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportationequipment, foodpartners:Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%External debt:$1.9 billion (1991 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDPElectricity:200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)Industries:sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cementAgriculture:mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;self-sufficient in food
*Uganda, Economy
Economic aid:US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169millionCurrency:1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 centsExchange rates:Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992),734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
*Uganda, Communications
Railroads:1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single trackHighways:26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, andlaterite; remainder earth roads and tracksInland waterways:Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; VictoriaNile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,both on Lake VictoriaMerchant marine:3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRTAirports:total:31usable:23with permanent-surface runways:5with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:3with runways 1,220-2,439 m:11Telecommunications:fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcaststations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
*Uganda, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90)
*Ukraine, Geography
Location:Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and RussiaMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, StandardTime Zones of the WorldArea:total area:603,700 km2land area:603,700 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than TexasLand boundaries:total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km,Slovakia 90 kmCoastline: 2,782 kmMaritime claims:NAInternational disputes:potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina andsouthern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over formersouthern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (buthas reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of anyother nationClimate:temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea tocold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of thecountry, hot in the southTerrain:most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountainsbeing found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsulain the extreme southNatural resources:iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timberLand use:arable land:56%permanent crops:2%meadows and pastures:12%forest and woodland:0%other:30%Irrigated land:26,000 km2 (1990)Environment:air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination aroundChornobyl' nuclear power plantNote:strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largestcountry in Europe
*Ukraine, People
Population:51,821,230 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:0.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate:12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:69.87 yearsmale:65.32 yearsfemale:74.65 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Ukrainian(s)adjective:UkrainianEthnic divisions:Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%Religions:Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - KievPatriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate),Protestant, JewishLanguages:Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, PolishLiteracy:age 9-49 can read and write (1970)total population:100%male:100%female:100%Labor force:25.277 millionby occupation:industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health,education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport andcommunication 7%, other 7% (1990)
*Ukraine, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Ukrainelocal long form:nonelocal short form:Ukrayinaformer:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph:UPType:republicCapital:Kiev (Kyyiv)Administrative divisions:24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya, respublika), and 2municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;, Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka,Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka,Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka,Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka,Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka,Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'kaIndependence:1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)Constitution:using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently beingdraftedLegal system:based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative actsNational holiday:Independence Day, 24 August (1991)Political parties and leaders:Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine,Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, VolodymyrKLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr OleksandrovychYAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY,chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party ofDemocratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; SocialDemocratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party ofUkraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party,Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party,Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman;Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants'Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party,Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, ViktorRADIONOV, chairmanOther political or pressure groups:Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (NovaUkrayina); Congress of National Democratic ForcesSuffrage:18 years of age; universal
*Ukraine, Government
Elections:President:last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - LeonidKRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%,other 4.17%Supreme Council:last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number ofseats by party NAExecutive branch:president, prime minister, cabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Supreme CouncilJudicial branch:being organizedLeaders:Chief of State:President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)Head of Government:Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); ActingFirst Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June1993) and five deputy prime ministersMember of:BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT,IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO,WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUSchancery:3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007telephone:(202) 333-0606FAX:(202) 333-0817US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Roman POPADIUKembassy:10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53mailing address:APO AE 09862telephone:[7] (044) 244-7349FAX:[7] (044) 244-7350Flag:two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow representgrainfields under a blue sky
*Ukraine, Economy
Overview:After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most importanteconomic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than threetimes the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soilgenerated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farmsprovided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to otherrepublics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industrysupplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in otherregions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalizedmost prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterpriseswhile retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies tostate production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMAlaunched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to theagricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises,and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of theproblems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutionspreclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level.National product:GDP $NANational product real growth rate:-13% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$NAInflation rate (consumer prices):20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)commodities:coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machineryand transport equipment, grain, meatpartners:NAImports:$16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)commodities:machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textilespartners:NAExternal debt:$12 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate -9% (1992)Electricity:55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transportequipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)Agriculture:grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beetsIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limitedgovernment eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicitdrugs to Western Europe
*Ukraine, Economy
Economic aid:$NACurrency:Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 anddeclared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainianmarkets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move towardintroducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993Exchange rates:Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993)Fiscal year:calendar year
*Ukraine, Communications
Railroads:22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earthInland waterways:1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River)Pipelines:crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992)Ports:coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerlyZhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv)Merchant marine:394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargoAirports:total:694useable:100with permanent-surface runways:111with runways over 3,659 m:3with runways 2,440-3,659 m:81with runways 1,220-2,439 m:78Telecommunications:international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as ofmid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digitalswitches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under constructionin Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied asof January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landlineto other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switchingcenter on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT,INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity)remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operationalin Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries
*Ukraine, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal andborder troops), National GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reachmilitary age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note -conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchangerate could produce misleading results
*United Arab Emirates, Geography
Location:Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi ArabiaMap references:Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:75,581 km2land area:75,581 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than MaineLand boundaries:total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 kmCoastline:1,318 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant lineexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:3 nm assumed for most of country,12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)International disputes:location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no definedboundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims twoislands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg orGreater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island inthe Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or AbuMusa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became moreacute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third countrynationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequentlybacked off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in theregionClimate:desert; cooler in eastern mountainsTerrain:flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desertwasteland; mountains in eastNatural resources:petroleum, natural gasLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:2%forest and woodland:0%other:98%Irrigated land:50 km2 (1989 est.)Environment:frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources beingovercome by desalination plants; desertification
*United Arab Emirates, Geography
Note:strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vitaltransit point for world crude oil
*United Arab Emirates, People
Population:2,657,013 (July 1993 est.)Population growth rate:5.06% (1993 est.)Birth rate:28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)Death rate:3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)Net migration rate:25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)Infant mortality rate:22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:72 yearsmale:69.91 yearsfemale:74.2 years (1993 est.)Total fertility rate:4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)Nationality:noun:Emirian(s) adjective:EmirianEthnic divisions:Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includesWesterners and East Asians) 8% (1982)note:less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)Religions:Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%Languages:Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, UrduLiteracy:age 10 and over can read and write (1980)total population:68%male:70%female:63%Labor force:580,000 (1986 est.)by occupation:industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5%note:80% of labor force is foreign
*United Arab Emirates, Government
Names:conventional long form:United Arab Emiratesconventional short form:nonelocal long form:Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidahlocal short form:noneformer:Trucial StatesAbbreviation:UAEDigraph:TCType:federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government andother powers reserved to member emiratesCapital:Abu DhabiAdministrative divisions:7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, AlFujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al QaywaynIndependence:2 December 1971 (from UK)Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)Legal system:secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in severalmember emirates; Islamic law remains influentialNational holiday:National Day, 2 December (1971)Political parties and leaders:noneOther political or pressure groups:a few small clandestine groups may be activeSuffrage:noneElections:noneExecutive branch:president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputyprime minister, Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)Judicial branch:Union Supreme CourtLeaders:Chief of State:President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler ofAbu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8October 1990), ruler of DubayyHead of Government:Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990),ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since20 November 1990)
*United Arab Emirates, Government
Member of:ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALIchancery:Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 338-6500US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador William RUGHembassy:Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabimailing address:P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabitelephone:[971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX:[971] (2) 318441consulate general:Dubayy (Dubai)Flag:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thickervertical red band on the hoist side
*United Arab Emirates, Economy
Overview:The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes percapita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, andthe fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities.Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from animpoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with ahigh standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reservesshould last for over 100 years.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$13,800 (1992)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1% (1990 est.)Unemployment rate:NEGL% (1988)Budget:revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $NA (1993)Exports:$21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, datespartners:Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, IndiaImports:$13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:capital goods, consumer goods, foodpartners:Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4%External debt:$11 billion (December 1989 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita(1992)Industries:petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boatbuilding, handicrafts, pearlingAgriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; foodproducts - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25%self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries(1979-89)Currency:1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 filsExchange rates:Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)Fiscal year:calendar year
*United Arab Emirates, Communications
Highways:2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earthPipelines:crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 kmPorts:Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid,Mina' Saqr, Mina' ZayidMerchant marine:56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tankerAirports:total:37usable:34with permanent-surface runways:20with runways over 3,659 m:7with runways 2,440-3,659 m:5with runways 1,220-2,439 m:5Telecommunications:modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are AbuDhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables toQatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12TV
*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police ForceManpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach militaryage (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)
*United Kingdom, Geography
Location:Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea,between Ireland and FranceMap references:Europe, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:244,820 km2land area:241,590 km2comparative area:slightly smaller than Oregonnote:includes Rockall and Shetland IslandsLand boundaries:total 360 km, Ireland 360 kmCoastline:12,429 kmMaritime claims:continental shelf:as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed uponboundariesexclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain;Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims SouthGeorgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of DiegoGarcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf disputeinvolving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed aboundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica(British Antarctic Territory)Climate:temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North AtlanticCurrent; more than half of the days are overcastTerrain:mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east andsoutheastNatural resources:coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,gypsum, lead, silicaLand use:arable land:29%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures:48%forest and woodland:9%other:14%Irrigated land:1,570 km2 (1989)