@Monaco, Communications
Railroads:1.6 km 1.435-meter gaugeHighways:none; city streetsPorts:MonacoMerchant marine:1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWTAirports:1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runwaysTelecommunications:served by cable into the French communications system; automatictelephone system; 38,200 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 4 FM,5 TV; no communication satellite earth stations
@Monaco, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
@Mongolia, Geography
Location:Northern Asia, between China and RussiaMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1.565 million sq kmland area:1.565 million sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than AlaskaLand boundaries:total 8,114 km, China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)Terrain:vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest;Gobi Desert in southeastNatural resources:oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel,zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, goldLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:79%forest and woodland:10%other:10%Irrigated land:770 sq km (1989)Environment:current issues:limited water resources; policies of the former communist regimepromoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raisedconcerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burningof soft coal and the concentration of factories in Ulaanbaatar haveseverely polluted the air; deforestation, overgrazing, the convertingof virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosionfrom wind and rain; desertificationnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification,Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not ratified - Law of the SeaNote:landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
@Mongolia, People
Population: 2,429,762 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.61% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 33.04 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.99 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 43.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.16 years male: 63.9 years female: 68.52 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.33 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2% Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of Communist regime Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
@Mongolia, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Mongolialocal long form:nonelocal short form:Mongol Ulsformer:Outer MongoliaDigraph:MGType:republicCapital:UlaanbaatarAdministrative divisions:18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 3 municipalities*(hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan,Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay,Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,Ulaanbaatar*, UvsIndependence:13 March 1921 (from China)National holiday:National Day, 11 July (1921)Constitution:adopted 13 January 1992Legal system:blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; noconstitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; hasnot accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990); electionlast held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results -Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8% ofthe vote; other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)head of government:Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August 1992); Deputy PrimeMinisters Lhamsuren ENEBISH and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the Great HuralLegislative branch:unicameralState Great Hural:elections first time held 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party4, MSDP 1note:the People's Small Hural no longer existsJudicial branch:Supreme Court serves as appeals court for people's and provincialcourts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courtsPolitical parties and leaders:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), BudragchagiinDASH-YONDON, secretary general; Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP),Erdenijiyn BAT-UUL, general coordinator; National Progress Party(NPP), S. BYAMBAA and Luusandambyn DASHNYAM, leaders; SocialDemocratic Party (SDP), BATBAYAR and Tsohiogyyn ADYASUREN, leaders;Mongolian Independence Party (MIP), D. ZORIGT, leader; United Party ofMongolia (made up of the MDP, SDP, and NPP); Mongolian NationalDemocratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman; Mongolian SocialDemocratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman; Mongolian ConservativeParty, O. ZOYA; Mongolian Green Party (MGP), M. GANBATnote:opposition parties were legalized in May 1990Member of:AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Luvsandorj DAWAGIVchancery:2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone:(202) 333-7117FAX:(202) 298-9227consulate(s) general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSONembassy:address NA, Ulaanbaatarmailing address:Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region II, Big RingRoad; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002telephone:[976] (1) 329095 through 329606FAX:[976] (1) 320-776Flag:three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red,centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometricrepresentation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yangsymbol)
@Mongolia, Economy
Overview:Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses ofunproductive land have constrained economic development. Economicactivity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breedingof livestock - Mongolia has the highest number of livestock per personin the world. In past years extensive mineral resources had beendeveloped with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its heightamounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper,molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part ofindustrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors.The Mongolian leadership is trying to make the transition fromSoviet-style central planning to a market economy throughprivatization and price reform, and is soliciting support frominternational financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy,however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid, and thecountry continues to suffer substantial economic hardships.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.8 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:-1.3% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$1,200 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):325% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:15% (1991 est.)Budget:revenues:$NAexpenditures:$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)note:deficit of $67 millionExports:$355 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar,other nonferrous metalspartners:former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)Imports:$501 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumergoods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, teapartners:USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5%External debt:$16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSRIndustrial production:growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for about 42% of GDPElectricity:capacity:1,248,000 kWproduction:3,740 kWhconsumption per capita:1,622 kWh (1992)Industries:copper, processing of animal products, building materials, food andbeverage, mining (particularly coal)Agriculture:accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides livelihood for about 50% ofthe population; livestock raising predominates (primarily sheep andgoats, but also cattle, camels, and horses); crops - wheat, barley,potatoes, forageEconomic aid:NACurrency:1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongosExchange rates:tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 150 (1 January 1993), 40 (1992), 7.1 (1991),5.63 (1990), 3.00 (1989)note:the exchange rate 40 tughriks = 1US$ was introduced June 1991 and wasin force to the end of 1992Fiscal year:calendar year
@Mongolia, Communications
Railroads:1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)Highways:total:46,700 kmpaved:1,000 kmunpaved:45,700 km (1988)Inland waterways:397 km of principal routes (1988)Ports:none; landlockedAirports:total:81usable:31with permanent-surface runways:11with runways over 3,659 m:fewer than 5with runways 2,440-3,659 m:fewer than 20with runways 1,220-2,439 m:12Telecommunications:63,000 telephones (1989); broadcast stations - 12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with18 provincial repeaters); repeat of Russian TV; 120,000 TVs; 220,000radios; at least 1 earth station
@Mongolia, Defense Forces
Branches:Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal Security Forces andFrontier Guards), Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 587,113; fit for military service 382,633; reachmilitary age (18) annually 25,261 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million of GDP, 1% of GDP (1992)
@Montserrat
Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
@Montserrat, Geography
Location: Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about 400 km southeast of Puerto Rico Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 100 sq km land area: 100 sq km comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 40 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 40% other: 30% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to severe hurricanes (June to November) international agreements: NA Note: located 400 km east southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea
@Montserrat, People
Population:12,701 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:0.33% (1994 est.)Birth rate:15.93 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:9.79 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-2.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.73 yearsmale:73.96 yearsfemale:77.53 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:2.05 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Montserratian(s)adjective:MontserratianEthnic divisions:black, EuropeansReligions:Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-DayAdventist, other Christian denominationsLanguages:EnglishLiteracy:age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)total population:97%male:97%female:97%Labor force:5,100by occupation:community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%,trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%,agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)
@Montserrat, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:MontserratDigraph:MHType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:PlymouthAdministrative divisions:3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint PeterIndependence:none (dependent territory of the UK)National holiday:Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday of June)Constitution:present constitution came into force 19 December 1989Legal system:English common law and statute lawSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by GovernorFrank SAVAGE (since NA February 1993)head of government:Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since October 1991)cabinet:Executive Council; consists of the governor, the chief minister, threeother ministries, the attorney-general, and the finance secretaryLegislative branch:unicameralLegislative Council:elections last held on 8 October 1991; results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1,independent 1Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:National Progressive Party (NPP) Reuben T. MEADE; People's LiberationMovement (PLM), Noel TUITT; National Development Party (NDP), BertrandOSBORNE; Independent (IND), Ruby BRAMBLEMember of:CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC (associate), ICFTU, INTERPOL (subbureau), OECS,WCLDiplomatic representation in US:none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and theMontserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; thecoat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with herarm around a black cross
@Montserrat, Economy
Overview:The economy is small and open with economic activity centered ontourism and construction. Tourism is the most important sector andaccounts for roughly one-fifth of GDP. Agriculture accounts for about4% of GDP and industry 10%. The economy is heavily dependent onimports, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Exportsconsist mainly of electronic parts sold to the US.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $53.7 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:4.3% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$4,300 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.8% (1992)Unemployment rate:3% (1987)Budget:revenues:$12.1 millionexpenditures:$14.3 million, including capital expenditures of $3.2 million (1988est.)Exports:$2.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:electronic parts, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live plants,cattlepartners:NAImports:$80.6 million (f.o.b.,1992)commodities:machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufacturedgoods, fuels, lubricants, and related materialspartners:NAExternal debt:$2.05 million (1987)Industrial production:growth rate 8.1% (1986); accounts for 10% of GDPElectricity:capacity:5,271 kWproduction:12 million kWhconsumption per capita:950 kWh (1992)Industries:tourism; light manufacturing - rum, textiles, electronic appliancesAgriculture:accounts for 4% of GDP; small-scale farming; food crops - tomatoes,onions, peppers; not self-sufficient in food, especially livestockproductsEconomic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $90 millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
@Montserrat, Communications
Highways: total: 280 km paved: 200 km unpaved: gravel, earth 80 km Ports: Plymouth Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV
@Montserrat, Defense Forces
Branches:Police ForceNote:defense is the responsibility of the UK
@Morocco, Geography
Location:Northern Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the MediterraneanSea, between Algeria and Western SaharaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:446,550 sq kmland area:446,300 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 2,002 km, Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 kmCoastline:1,835 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200-m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved;the UN is attempting to hold a referendum; the UN-administeredcease-fire has been currently in effect since September 1991; Spaincontrols five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and offthe coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla whichMorocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penonde Velez de la Gomera, and Islas ChafarinasClimate:Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interiorTerrain:mostly mountains with rich coastal plainsNatural resources:phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, saltLand use:arable land:18%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:28%forest and woodland:12%other:41%Irrigated land:12,650 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farmingof marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); watersupplies contaminated by untreated sewage; siltation of reservoirs;oil pollution of coastal watersnatural hazards:northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakesinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, ShipPollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone LayerProtectionNote:strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
@Morocco, People
Population: 28,558,635 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.12% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 28.59 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -1.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 49.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.23 years male: 66.36 years female: 70.2 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.83 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2% Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2% Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 50% male: 61% female: 38% Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
@Morocco, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Moroccoconventional short form:Moroccolocal long form:Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyahlocal short form:Al MaghribDigraph:MOType:constitutional monarchyCapital:RabatAdministrative divisions:37 provinces and 5 municipalities* (wilayas, singular - wilaya);Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia,Essaouira, Fes, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset,Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Marrakech*, Meknes,Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, SidiKacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,TiznitIndependence:2 March 1956 (from France)National holiday:National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary of King Hassan II'saccession to the throne)Constitution:10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992Legal system:based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicialreview of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme CourtSuffrage:21 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)head of government:Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May 1994)cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the KingLegislative branch:unicameralChamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab):elections last held 15 June 1993 (direct popular vote) and 17September 1993 (indirect special interest vote); next to be held NA1999; results - seats (333 total), direct popular vote (222 seats)USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS 6, PDI 3,SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect special interest vote (111 seats) UC 27,MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shura and Istiqlal 6,USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:opposition:Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), leader NA; Istiqlal Party(IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS), AliYATA; Organization of Democratic and Popular Action (OADP), leader NApro-government:Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; Popular Movement (MP),Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND), Mohamed ArsalaneEL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement, Mahjoubi AHARDANEindependents:National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN; Democracy andIstiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA), leader NA;Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NAlabor unions and community organizations (indirectelections:Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), leader NA; General Union ofMoroccan Workers (UGTM), leader NA; Moroccan Union of Workers (UTM),leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NAMember of:ABEDA, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA,FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,LORCS, OAS (observer), NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSAchancery:1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009;telephone:(202) 462-7979 through 7982FAX:(202) 265-0161consulate(s) general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERGembassy:2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabatmailing address:PSC 74, Box 003 APO AE 09718telephone:[212] (7) 76-22-65FAX:[212] (7) 76-56-61consulate(s) general:CasablancaFlag:red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known asSolomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditionalcolor of Islam
@Morocco, Economy
Overview:Morocco faces the typical problems of developingcountries—restraining government spending, reducing constraints onprivate activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation withinbounds. Since the early 1980s the government has pursued an economicprogram toward these objectives with the support of the IMF, the WorldBank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantialassets to draw on: the world's largest phosphate reserves, diverseagricultural and fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, agrowing manufacturing sector, and large remittances from Moroccansworking abroad. However, a severe drought in 1992-93 has depressedeconomic activity and held down experts. Real GDP contracted by 2.9%in 1992, and growth for 1993 is estimated at only 2%. Despite thesesetbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen thebanking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993.Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability toexternal economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $70.3 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:2% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$2,500 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:16% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues:$7.5 billionexpenditures:$7.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.9 billion (1992est.)Exports:$5.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%, consumer goods 21%,phosphates 17%partners:EC 64%, India 6%, Japan 4%, US 3%Imports:$8.4 billion (c.i.f., 1992)commodities:capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, raw materials 16%, fueland lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%, consumer goods 9%partners:EC 63%, US 6%, Saudi Arabia 4%, FSU 4%, Japan 1%External debt:$21.3 billion (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 0.1% (year NA); accounts for 31% of GDP (1991)Electricity:capacity:2,384,000 kWproduction:8.864 billion kWhconsumption per capita:317 kWh (1992)Industries:phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather goods,textiles, construction, tourismAgriculture:accounts for 14% of GDP, 50% of employment, and 30% of export value;not self-sufficient in food; cereal farming and livestock raisingpredominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olivesIllicit drugs:illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on the increase for bothdomestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostlydirected to Western Europe; occasional transit point for cocaine fromSouth America destined for Western Europe.Economic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.3 billion; UScommitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $123.6 million; Western (non-US)countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7.5 billion;OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4.8 billion; Communist countries(1970-89), $2.5 billionnote:$2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991); IMF standbyagreement worth $13 million; World Bank, $450 million (1991)Currency:1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.669 (January 1994), 9.299 (1993),8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Morocco, Communications
Railroads:1,893 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (246 km double track, 974 kmelectrified)Highways:total:59,198 kmpaved:27,740 kmunpaved:gravel, crushed stone, improved earth, unimproved earth 31,458 kmPipelines:crude oil 362 km; petroleum products (abandoned) 491 km; natural gas241 kmPorts:Agadir, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi,Tangier; also Spanish-controlled Ceuta and MelillaMerchant marine:47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 226,369 GRT/335,089 DWT, cargo9, chemical tanker 11, container 3, oil tanker 4, refrigerated cargo12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-sea passenger 2Airports:total:73usable:64with permanent-surface runways:26with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:13with runways 1,220-2,439 m:25Telecommunications:good system composed of wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relaylinks; principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat; secondary centersare Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan; 280,000 telephones(10.5 telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 20 AM, 7 FM,26 TV and 26 repeaters; 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations -2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; microwave radio relay toGibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave toAlgeria; microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt,Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
@Morocco, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force,Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary ForcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 7,076,261; fit for military service 4,494,641; reachmilitary age (18) annually 317,093 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 3.8% of GDP (1993 budget)
@Mozambique, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel between South Africaand Tanzania opposite the island of MadagascarMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:801,590 sq kmland area:784,090 sq kmcomparative area:slightly less than twice the size of CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 kmCoastline:2,470 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical to subtropicalTerrain:mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus innorthwest, mountains in westNatural resources:coal, titaniumLand use:arable land:4%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:56%forest and woodland:20%other:20%Irrigated land:1,150 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:civil strife in the hinterlands has resulted in increased migration tourban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;desertification; pollution of surface and coastal watersnatural hazards:severe drought and floods occur in central and southern provincesinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species; signed, but not ratified -Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
@Mozambique, People
Population: 17,346,280 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 5.87% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 44.97 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 16.33 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 30.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 128.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.49 years male: 46.63 years female: 50.41 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 6.25 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: Mozambican Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000, Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000 Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10% Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 33% male: 45% female: 21% Labor force: NA by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture
@Mozambique, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Mozambiqueconventional short form:Mozambiquelocal long form:Republica Popular de Mocambiquelocal short form:MocambiqueDigraph:MZType:republicCapital:MaputoAdministrative divisions:10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza,Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, ZambeziaIndependence:25 June 1975 (from Portugal)National holiday:Independence Day, 25 June (1975)Constitution:30 November 1990Legal system:based on Portuguese civil law system and customary lawSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986)head of government:Prime Minister Mario da Graca MACHUNGO (since 17 July 1986)cabinet:CabinetLegislative branch:unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica); draftelectoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and AssemblyelectionsJudicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim AlbertoCHISSANO, chairman; formerly a Marxist organization with close ties tothe USSR; FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990,when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multipartysystemnote:under the terms of the 1992 peace accords multiparty elections arescheduled for October 1994; 11 parties, including the MozambiqueNational Resistance (RENAMO), Alfonso DHLAKAMA, president, areregistered to participateMember of:ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,ILO, IMF, INMARSAT, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIOchancery:Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 293-7146FAX:(202) 835-0245US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Dennis JETTembassy:Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputomailing address:P. O. Box 783, Maputotelephone:[258] (1) 49-27-97FAX:[258] (1) 49-01-14Flag:three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with ared isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band isedged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed starbearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open whitebook
@Mozambique, Economy
Overview:One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploitthe economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, andtransportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, andinvestment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because ofinternal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and agrowing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by aneconomic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economicgrowth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989.Agricultural output is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has tobe imported. Industry operates at only 20-40% of capacity. The economydepends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accordssigned in October 1992 improved chances of foreign investment, aidedIMF-supported economic reforms, and supported continued economicrecovery.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $9.8 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:4.1% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$600 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):40% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:50% (1989 est.)Budget:revenues:$252 millionexpenditures:$607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports:$164.4 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities:shrimp 48%, cashews 21%, sugar 10%, copra 3%, citrus 3%partners:US, Western Europe, Germany, JapanImports:$1.03 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)commodities:food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleumpartners:US, Western Europe, USSRExternal debt:$5 billion (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1989 est.)Electricity:capacity:2,270,000 kWproduction:1.745 billion kWhconsumption per capita:115 kWh (1991)Industries:food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleumproducts, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass,asbestos), tobaccoAgriculture:accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cash crops - cotton,cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops - cassava, corn,rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $890 millionCurrency:1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavosExchange rates:meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 4,941.3 (October 1993), 2,550.40 (1992),1,763.99 (1991), 1,053.09 (1990), 844.34 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Mozambique, Communications
Railroads:3,288 km total; 3,140 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.762-meter narrowgauge; Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and Zimbabwe-Maputo lines aresubject to closure because of insurgencyHighways:total:26,498 kmpaved:4,593 kmunpaved:gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 829 km; unimproved earth21,076 kmInland waterways:about 3,750 km of navigable routesPipelines:crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 kmPorts:Maputo, Beira, NacalaMerchant marine:4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,686 GRT/9,742 DWTAirports:total:194usable:134with permanent-surface runways:24with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:5with runways 1,220-2,439 m:28Telecommunications:fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay;broadcast stations - 29 AM, 4 FM, 1 TV; earth stations - 2 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT and 3 domestic Indian Ocean INTELSAT
@Mozambique, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militianote:as of early 1994, Mozambique was demobilizing and reorganizing itsdefence forcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 3,890,532; fit for military service 2,233,824Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $118 million, 8% of GDP (1993)
@Namibia, Geography
Location:Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Angola andSouth AfricaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:825,418 sq kmland area:825,418 sq kmcomparative area:slightly more than half the size of AlaskaLand boundaries:total 3,824 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 855km, Zambia 233 kmCoastline:1,572 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; quadripointwith Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; dispute withSouth Africa over Walvis Bay and 12 offshore islands has been resolvedand these territories were transferred to Namibian sovereignty on 1March 1994Climate:desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erraticTerrain:mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in eastNatural resources:diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc,salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, naturalgas, coal, iron oreLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:64%forest and woodland:22%other:13%Irrigated land:40 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:very limited natural water resources; desertificationnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection;signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Namibia, People
Population:1,595,567 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:3.45% (1994 est.)Birth rate:43.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:8.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:61.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:61.65 yearsmale:58.97 yearsfemale:64.4 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.4 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Namibian(s)adjective:NamibianEthnic divisions:black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4%note:about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to theKavangos tribeReligions:ChristianLanguages:English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of thepopulation and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,indigenous languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1960)total population:38%male:45%female:31%Labor force:500,000by occupation:agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services 8%, government7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)
@Namibia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Namibiaconventional short form:NamibiaDigraph:WAType:republicCapital:WindhoekAdministrative divisions:13 districts; Erango, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Liambezi,Ohanguena, Okarango, Omaheke, Omusat, Oshana, Oshikoto, OtjozondjupaIndependence:21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)National holiday:Independence Day, 21 March (1990)Constitution:ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990Legal system:based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitutionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state and head of government:President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); election last held 16February 1990 (next to be held March 1995); results - Sam NUJOMA waselected president by the Constituent Assembly (now the NationalAssembly)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the president from the National AssemblyLegislative branch:bicameral legislatureNational Council:elections last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held byDecember 1998); seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1National Assembly:elections last held on 7-11 November 1989 (next to be held by November1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO41, DTA 21, UDF 4, ACN 3, NNF 1, FCN 1, NPF 1Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA ofNamibia (formerly Democratic Turnhalle Alliance) (DTA), MishakeMUYONGO; United Democratic Front (UDF), Justus GAROEB; ActionChristian National (ACN), Kosie PRETORIUS; National Patriotic Front(NPF), Moses KATJIUONGUA; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), HansDIERGAARDT; Namibia National Front (NNF), Vekuii RUKOROOther political or pressure groups:NAMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOHchancery:1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 986-0540FAX:(202) 986-0443US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Howard F. JETERembassy:Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoekmailing address:P. O. Box 9890, Windhoek 9000telephone:[264] (61) 221-601, 222-675, 222-680FAX:[264] (61) 229-792Flag:a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper leftsection, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower rightsection; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that iscontrasted by two narrow white-edge borders
@Namibia, Economy
Overview:The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract andprocess minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP.Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africaand the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamonddeposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primarysource for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces largequantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than halfthe population depends on agriculture (largely subsistenceagriculture) for its livelihood.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.85 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:3.5% (1992)National product per capita:$2,500 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):17.9% (1992) in urban areaUnemployment rate:30% (1992)Budget:revenues:$941 millionexpenditures:$1.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $157 million(FY93/94)Exports:$1.289 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle, processed fish,karakul skinspartners:Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, JapanImports:$1.178 billion (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipmentpartners:South Africa, Germany, US, SwitzerlandExternal debt:about $220 million (1992 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 4.9% (1991); accounts for 35% of GDP, including miningElectricity:capacity:490,000 kWproduction:1.29 billion kWhconsumption per capita:850 kWh (1991)Industries:meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead,zinc, diamond, uranium)Agriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; livestock raisingmajor source of cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fishcatch potential of over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled,1988 catch reaching only 384,000 metric tons; not self-sufficient infoodEconomic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-87), $47.2 millionCurrency:1 South African rand (R) = 100 centsExchange rates:South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.4096 (January 1994), 3.2678(1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989)Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
@Namibia, Communications
Railroads:2,341 km 1.067-meter gauge, single trackHighways:total:54,500 kmpaved:4,080 kmunpaved:gravel 2,540 km; earth 47,880 km (roads and tracks)Ports:Luderitz; Walvis BayAirports:total:136usable:109with permanent-surface runways:21with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:4with runways 1,220-2,439 m:64Telecommunications:good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns,wires extend to other population centers; 62,800 telephones; broadcaststations - 4 AM, 40 FM, 3 TV
@Namibia, Defense Forces
Branches:National Defense Force (Army), PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 336,145; fit for military service 199,337Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $66 million, 3.4% of GDP (FY92)
@Nauru, Geography
Location:Oceania, Micronesia, 500 km north-northeast of Papua New GuineaMap references:Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:21 sq kmland area:21 sq kmcomparative area:about one-tenth the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:30 kmMaritime claims:exclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)Terrain:sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs withphosphate plateau in centerNatural resources:phosphatesLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA sq kmEnvironment:current issues:limited water resources, roof storage tanks collect rainwater;phosphate mining threatens limited remaining land resourcesnatural hazards:rainfall is erraticinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Marine Dumping; signed, butnot ratified - Law of the SeaNote:Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the PacificOcean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makateain French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator
@Nauru, People
Population: 10,019 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.33% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 18.03 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.68 years male: 64.3 years female: 69.18 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Nauruan(s) adjective: Nauruan Ethnic divisions: Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8% Religions: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic) Languages: Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: by occupation: NA
@Nauru, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Nauruconventional short form:Nauruformer:Pleasant IslandDigraph:NRType:republicCapital:no official capital; government offices in Yaren DistrictAdministrative divisions:14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada,Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, YarenIndependence:31 January 1968 (from UN trusteeship under Australia, New Zealand, andUK)National holiday:Independence Day, 31 January (1968)Constitution:29 January 1968Legal system:own Acts of Parliament and British common lawSuffrage:20 years of age; universal and compulsoryExecutive branch:chief of state and head of government:President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 12 December 1989); election lastheld 19 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1995); results -Bernard DOWIYOGO elected by Parliamentcabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the president from the parliamentLegislative branch:unicameralParliament:elections last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be held NA November1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total) independents18Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:noneMember of:AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user),INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPUDiplomatic representation in US:consulate(s):Agana (Guam)US diplomatic representation:the US Ambassador to Australia is accredited to NauruFlag:blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and alarge white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; thestar indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (theyellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes ofNauru
@Nauru, Economy
Overview:Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which areexpected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have givenNauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World -$10,000 annually. Few other resources exist, so most necessities mustbe imported, including fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitationof mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates areserious long-term problems. Substantial amounts of phosphate incomeare invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition.National product:GNP - exchange rate conversion - $90 million (1989 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$10,000 (1989 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:0%Budget:revenues:$69.7 millionexpenditures:$51.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.)Exports:$93 million (f.o.b., 1984)commodities:phosphatespartners:Australia, NZImports:$73 million (c.i.f., 1984)commodities:food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinerypartners:Australia, UK, NZ, JapanExternal debt:$33.3 millionIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:capacity:14,000 kWproduction:50 million kWhconsumption per capita:5,430 kWh (1990)Industries:phosphate mining, financial services, coconut productsAgriculture:coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almost completelydependent on imports for food and waterEconomic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 millionCurrency:1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364 (January 1994), 1.4704(1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
@Nauru, Communications
Railroads:3.9 km; used to haul phosphates from the center of the island toprocessing facilities on the southwest coastHighways:total:27 kmpaved:21 kmunpaved:improved earth 6 kmPorts:NauruMerchant marine:1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,426 GRT/5,750 DWTAirports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:adequate local and international radio communications provided viaAustralian facilities; 1,600 telephones; 4,000 radios; broadcaststations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Nauru, Defense Forces
Branches:Directorate of the Nauru Police Forcenote:no regular armed forcesDefense expenditures:$NA - no formal defense structure
@Navassa Island
Header Affiliation: (territory of the US)
@Navassa Island, Geography
Location:Caribbean, in the Caribbean Sea, 160 km south of the US Naval Base atGuantanamo Bay (Cuba), between Cuba, Haiti, and JamaicaMap references:Central America and the CaribbeanArea:total area:5.2 sq kmland area:5.2 sq kmcomparative area:about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:8 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200-m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:claimed by HaitiClimate:marine, tropicalTerrain:raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed byvertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)Natural resources:guanoLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:10%forest and woodland:0%other:90%Irrigated land:0 sq kmEnvironment:current issues:NAnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:NANote:strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at GuantanamoBay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goatherds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus
@Navassa Island, People
Population:uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on theisland
@Navassa Island, Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa Island Digraph: BQ Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Coast Guard Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
@Navassa Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Navassa Island, Communications
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
@Navassa Island, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
@Nepal, Geography
Location:Southern Asia, in the Himalayas, between China and IndiaMap references:Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:140,800 sq kmland area:136,800 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than ArkansasLand boundaries:total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropicalsummers and mild winters in southTerrain:Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region,rugged Himalayas in northNatural resources:quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty, smalldeposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron oreLand use:arable land:17%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:13%forest and woodland:33%other:37%Irrigated land:9,430 sq km (1989)Environment:current issues:the almost total dependence on wood for fuel and cutting down trees toexpand agricultural land without replanting has resulted in widespreaddeforestation; soil erosion; water pollution (use of contaminatedwater presents human health risks)natural hazards:vulnerable to severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, andfamine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summermonsoonsinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban,Tropical Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change,Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life ConservationNote:landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eightof world's 10 highest peaks
@Nepal, People
Population:21,041,527 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.44% (1994 est.)Birth rate:37.63 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:13.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:83.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:52.53 yearsmale:52.35 yearsfemale:52.73 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:5.24 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Nepalese (singular and plural)adjective:NepaleseEthnic divisions:Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias, Rais,Limbus, SherpasReligions:Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981)note:only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinctionbetween many Hindu and Buddhist groupsLanguages:Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerous dialectsLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:26%male:38%female:13%Labor force:8.5 million (1991 est.)by occupation:agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%note:severe lack of skilled labor
@Nepal, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Nepalconventional short form:NepalDigraph:NPType:parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991Capital:KathmanduAdministrative divisions:14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri,Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani,Rapti, Sagarmatha, SetiIndependence:1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)National holiday:Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)Constitution:9 November 1990Legal system:based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:head of government:Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 29 May 1991)chief of state:King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January 1972, crowned King24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram ShahDev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the king on recommendation of the prime ministerLegislative branch:bicameral ParliamentNational Council:consists of a 60-member body, 50 appointed by House of Representativesand 10 by the KingHouse of Representatives:elections last held on 12 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results- NCP 38%, CPN/UML 28%, NDP/Chand 6%, UPF 5%, NDP/Thapa 5%, TeraiRights Sadbhavana Party 4%, Rohit 2%, CPN (Democratic) 1%,independents 4%, other 7%; seats - (205 total) NCP 110, CPN/UML 69,UPF 9, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 6, NDP/Chand 3, Rohit 2, CPN(Democratic) 2, NDP/Thapa 1, independents 3; note - the newConstitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracysystem for the first time in 32 yearsJudicial branch:Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)Political parties and leaders:Nepali Congress Party (NCP), president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, PrimeMinister Girija Prasad KOIRALA, Supreme Leader Ganesh Man SINGH; TheConservative National Democratic Party (NDP/Thapa), Surya BahadurTHAPA; Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist and Leninist (CPN/UML),Man Mohan ADHIKARI; Terai Rights Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party, GajendraNarayan SINGH; United People's Front (UPF), Lila Mani POKHREL; NepalWorkers and Peasants Party (NWPP), Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE; NationalDemocratic Party/Chand (NDP/Chand), Lokendra Bahadur CHAND; RohitParty, N. M. BIJUKCHHE; Communist Party of Nepal(Democratic-Manandhar), B. B. MANANDHAROther political or pressure groups:numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; severalsmall, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groupsMember of:AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM,SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:(vacant)chancery:2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 667-4550consulate(s) general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Sandra VOGELGESANGembassy:Pani Pokhari, Kathmandumailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[977] (1) 411179 or 412718, 411613, 413890FAX:[977] (1) 419963Flag:red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlappingright triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylizedmoon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
@Nepal, Economy
Overview:Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world.Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood forover 90% of the population and accounting for 60% of GDP. Industrialactivity is limited, mainly involving the processing of agriculturalproduce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textilesand carpets has expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreignexchange earnings in FY94. Apart from agricultural land and forests,exploitable natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism.Agricultural production in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, ascompared with annual population growth of 2.6%. More than 40% of thepopulation is undernourished. Since May 1991, the government has beenencouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by eliminatingbusiness licenses and registration requirements in order to simplifydomestic and foreign investment. The government also has been cuttingpublic expenditures by reducing subsidies, privatizing stateindustries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign tradeand investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the smallsize of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness,and susceptibility to natural disaster. Nepal experienced severeflooding in August 1993 which caused at least $50 million in damage tothe country's infrastructure.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $20.5 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:2.9% (FY93)National product per capita:$1,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (September 1993)Unemployment rate:5%; underemployment estimated at 25%-40% (1987)Budget:revenues:$457 millionexpenditures:$725 million, including capital expenditures of $427 million (FY93est.)Exports:$369 million (f.o.b., FY93) but does not include unrecorded bordertrade with Indiacommodities:carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grainpartners:US, Germany, India, UKImports:$789 million (c.i.f., FY93 est.)commodities:petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10%partners:India, Singapore, Japan, GermanyExternal debt:$2 billion (FY93 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 6% (FY91 est.); accounts for 16% of GDPElectricity:capacity:300,000 kWproduction:1 billion kWhconsumption per capita:50 kWh (1992)Industries:small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette, textile,carpet, cement, and brick production; tourismAgriculture:accounts for 60% of GDP and 93% of work force; farm products - rice,corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalo meat; notself-sufficient in food, particularly in drought yearsIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and international drugmarkets; transit point for heroin from Southeast Asia to the WestEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $2.23billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $286 millionCurrency:1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisaExchange rates:Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 49.240 (January 1994), 48.607 (1993),42.742 (1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990), 27.189 (1989)Fiscal year:16 July - 15 July