@Pakistan, People
Population:128,855,965 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.86% (1994 est.)Birth rate:42.22 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:101.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:57.41 yearsmale:56.79 yearsfemale:58.06 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.43 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Pakistani(s)adjective:PakistaniEthnic divisions:Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants fromIndia and their descendents)Religions:Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%Languages:Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani eliteand most government ministries), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%,Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:35%male:47%female:21%Labor force:28.9 millionby occupation:agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensiveexport of labor (1987 est.)
@Pakistan, Government
Names:conventional long form:Islamic Republic of Pakistanconventional short form:Pakistanformer:West PakistanDigraph:PKType:republicCapital:IslamabadAdministrative divisions:4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan,Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**,North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindhnote:the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmirregion includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern AreasIndependence:14 August 1947 (from UK)National holiday:Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic)Constitution:10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977 restored with amendments, 30December 1985Legal system:based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan'sstature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservationsSuffrage:21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and reservedparliamentary seats for non-MuslimsExecutive branch:chief of state:President Sardar Farooq LEGHARI election last held on 13 November 1993(next to be held no later than 14 October 1998); results - LEGHARI waselected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblieshead of government:Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTOcabinet:CabinetLegislative branch:bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)Senate:elections last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA March 1997);results - seats (87 total) Pakistan People's Party (PPP) 22, PakistanMuslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N) 17; Tribal AreaRepresentatives (nonparty) 8, Awami National Party (ANP) 6, PakistanMuslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J) 5, Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) 5,Mohajir Quami Movement, Altaf faction (MQM/A) 5, Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,Fazlur Rehman group (JUI/F) 2, Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP)2, Jamaat-i-Islami (JI) 2, National People's Party (NPP) 2,Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group (BNM/H) 1, BalochistanNational Movement, Mengal Group (BNM/M) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,Niazi faction (JUP/NI) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction(JUP/NO) 1, Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,Sami-ul-Haq faction (JUI/S) 1, Pakistan Muslim League, FunctionalGroup (PML/F) 1, Pakistan National Party (PNP) 1, independents 2,vacant 1National Assembly:elections last held 6 October 1993 (next to be held by October 1998);results - seats (217 total); Pakistan People's Party (PPP) 92;Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N) 75; PakistanMuslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J) 6; Islami-Jamhoori-Mahaz(IJM-Islamic Democratic Front) 4; Awami National Party (ANP) 3;Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP) 4; Pakistan Islamic Front (PIF)3; Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) 2; Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (MDM) 2;Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group (BNM/H) 1; BalochistanNational Movement, Mengal Group (BNM/M) 1; National DemocraticAlliance (NDA) 1; National People's Party (NPP) 1; Pakhtun Quami Party(PKQP) 1; Religious minorities 10 reserved seats; independents, 9;results pending, 2Judicial branch:Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) CourtPolitical parties and leaders:government:Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; Pakistan Muslim League,Junejo faction (PML/J), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; National People's Party(NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP),Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI; Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group(BNM/H), Dr. HAYEE Baluch; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), MaulanaKausar NIAZI; Pakhtun Quami Party (PKQP), Mohammed AFZAL Khan;Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Akbar Khan BUGTIopposition:Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N), Nawaz SHARIF;Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI KHAN; Pakistan IslamicFront (PIF), Qazi Hussain AHMED; Balochistan National Movement, MengalGroup (BNM/M), Sardar Akhtar MENGAL; Mohajir Quami Movement, Altaffaction (MQM/A); Jamaat-i-Islami (JI); Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH)frequently shifting:Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (MDM), Maulana Sami-ul-HAQ, the MDM includesJamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI) and AnjumanSepah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (ASSP); Islami-Jamhoori-Mahaz (IJM-IslamicDemocratic Party), the IJM includes Jamiat Ulema-i-Islami, FazlurRehman group (JUI/F); Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction(JUP/NO); Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction (JUI/S); PakistanMuslim League, Functional Group (PML/F); Pakistan National Party (PNP)note:most Pakistani political groups are motivated primarily by opportunismand political alliances can shift frequentlyOther political or pressure groups:military remains important political force; ulema (clergy),landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influentialMember of:AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS(observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Maleeha LODHIchancery:2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 939-6205FAX:(202) 387-0484consulate(s) general:Los Angeles and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador John MONJOembassy:Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabadmailing address:P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Unit 6220,Islamabad or APO AE09812-2000telephone:[92] (51) 826161 through 79FAX:[92] (51) 214222consulate(s) general:Karachi, Lahoreconsulate(s):PeshawarFlag:green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religiousminorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star arecentered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green aretraditional symbols of Islam
@Pakistan, Economy
Overview:Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problemsof rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, andheavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must supporta large military establishment. Rapid economic growth, averaging 5%-6%over the past decade has helped Pakistan cope with these problems.However, growth slumped to 3% in FY93 because of severe flooding,which damaged the key export crop, cotton. Almost all agriculture andsmall-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarkedon a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign anddomestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. TheSHARIF government denationalized several state-owned firms andattracted some foreign investment. Pakistan likely will havedifficulty raising living standards because of its rapidly expandingpopulation. At the current rate of growth, population would double in25 years.National product:GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $239 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:3% (FY93 est.)National product per capita:$1,900 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):12.7% (FY91)Unemployment rate:10% (FY91 est.)Budget:revenues:$9.4 billionexpenditures:$10.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1993est.)Exports:$6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92)commodities:cotton, textiles, clothing, rice, leather, carpetspartners:US, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, UKImports:$9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92)commodities:petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment,vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicalspartners:Japan, US, Germany, UK, Saudi ArabiaExternal debt:$24 billion (1993 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7.3% (FY92); accounts for 23% of GDPElectricity:capacity:10,000,000 kWproduction:43 billion kWhconsumption per capita:350 kWh (1992)Industries:textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials,clothing, paper products, shrimpAgriculture:22% of GDP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguousirrigation system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,fruits, vegetables; livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs;self-sufficient in food grainIllicit drugs:major illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drugtrade; despite some success in reducing cultivation, remains world'sfourth largest opium producer (140 metric tons in 1993)Economic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $91billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communistcountries (1970-89), $3.2 billionnote:including Bangladesh prior to 1972Currency:1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisaExchange rates:Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 30.214 (January 1994), 28.107(1993), 25.083 (1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989)Fiscal year:1 July - 30 June
@Pakistan, Communications
Railroads:8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 kmless than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 kmelectrified; all government owned (1985)Highways:total:110,677 kmpaved:58,677 kmunpaved:gravel 23,000 km; improved earth 29,000 km (1988)Pipelines:crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km(1987)Ports:Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin QasimMerchant marine:30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 352,189 GRT/532,782 DWT, bulk 1,cargo 25, oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 3Airports:total:110usable:104with permanent-surface runways:75with runways over 3,659 m:1with runways 2,440-3,659 m:30with runways 1,220-2,439 m:43Telecommunications:the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for governmentand business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system forinternational traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relayand satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSATand 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV
@Pakistan, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard,paramilitary/security forcesManpower availability:males age 15-49 29,548,746; fit for military service 18,134,013; reachmilitary age (17) annually 1,391,258 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, 5.7% of GNP (FY93/94)
@Palmyra Atoll
Header Affiliation: (territory of the US)
@Palmyra Atoll, Geography
Location: Oceania, Polynesia, in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 11.9 sq km land area: 11.9 sq km comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 14.5 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 100% other: 0% Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall
@Palmyra Atoll, People
Population: uninhabited
@Palmyra Atoll, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Palmyra AtollDigraph:LQType:incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered bythe Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department ofthe InteriorCapital:none; administered from Washington, DC
@Palmyra Atoll, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Palmyra Atoll, Communications
Ports:the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on thesouthwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor willaccommodate vessels drawing 6 meters of water; much of the road andmany causeways built during the war are unserviceable and overgrownAirports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1
@Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
@Panama, Geography
Location:Middle America, between Colombia and Costa RicaMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zonesof the WorldArea:total area:78,200 sq kmland area:75,990 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than South CarolinaLand boundaries:total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 kmCoastline:2,490 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January),short dry season (January to May)Terrain:interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains;coastal areas largely plains and rolling hillsNatural resources:copper, mahogany forests, shrimpLand use:arable land:6%permanent crops:2%meadows and pastures:15%forest and woodland:54%other:23%Irrigated land:320 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources;deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradationnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, TropicalTimber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Law of the Sea, Marine Life ConservationNote:strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridgeconnecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that linksNorth Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
@Panama, People
Population:2.63 million (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:1.94% (1994 est.)Birth rate:24.61 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:4.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:16.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:74.88 yearsmale:72.28 yearsfemale:77.62 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:2.85 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Panamanian(s)adjective:PanamanianEthnic divisions:mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%,white 10%, Indian 6%Religions:Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%Languages:Spanish (official), English 14%note:many Panamanians bilingualLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:88%male:88%female:88%Labor force:921,000 (1992 est.)by occupation:government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, andfishing 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturingand mining 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications6.2%, finance, insurance, and real estate 4.3%note:shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor
@Panama, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Panamaconventional short form:Panamalocal long form:Republica de Panamalocal short form:PanamaDigraph:PMType:constitutional republicCapital:PanamaAdministrative divisions:9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory*(comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera,Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, VeraguasIndependence:3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28November 1821)National holiday:Independence Day, 3 November (1903)Constitution:11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983Legal system:based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in theSupreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, withreservationsSuffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsoryExecutive branch:chief of state and head of government:President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May1989); First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December1992); Second Vice President (vacant); election last held on 7 May1989, annulled but later upheld; results - anti-NORIEGA coalitionbelieved to have won about 75% of the total votes castnote:a presidential election was held 8 May 1994 (next election to held on9 May 1999) with inauguration of the successful candidates to takeplace on 1 September 1994; results - President Ernesto PEREZBALLADARES Gonzales, First Vice President Tomas Altamirano DUQUE, andSecond Vice President Felipe VIRZI were elected; percent of vote forpresident - BALLADARES 33%, DE GRUBER 29%, BLADES 17%cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the presidentLegislative branch:unicameralNational Assembly (Asamblea Nacional):elections held on 27 January 1991; results - percent of vote by partyNA; seats - (67 total)progovernment parties:PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4opposition parties:PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition afterPresident Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalitiongovernment in April 1991; an election of members of the NationalAssembly was held on 8 May 1994 (next election to be held on 9 May1999) and they will take their seats on 1 September 1994; results -percent of vote and seats won by party NAJudicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superiorcourts, 3 courts of appealPolitical parties and leaders:government alliance:Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party(PA), Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBERother parties:Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Raul OSSA; Democratic RevolutionaryParty (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), NestorTomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; DoctrinairePanamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement,Ruben BLADES; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), Tomas HERRERA; NationalIntegration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA; National Unity MissionParty (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Solidarity Party (CPS), Samuel LEWISGALINDOnote:following the elections of 8 May 1994 the following realignment ofpolitical parties took placegoverning coalition:Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; LiberalRepublican Party (PLR), Rodolfo CHIARI; Labor Party (PALA), CarlosLopez GUEVARA; Solidarity Party (PS),Samuel LEWIS GALINDOother parties:Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCOLONA; Arnulfista Party(PA), Mireya Moscoso DE GRUBER; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), RaulOSSA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Papa Egoro Movement,Ruben BLADES; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), Tomas HERRERA; National UnityMission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDESOther political or pressure groups:National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council ofPrivate Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of BusinessExecutives (APEDE); National Civic Crusade; Chamber of Commerce;Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of theRepublic of Panama (CTRP)Member of:AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Jaime FORD Boyd (to be replaced by Ambassador RicardoAlberto ARIAS on 1 September 1994)chancery:2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-1407consulate(s) general:Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, SanJuan (Puerto Rico), Tampa,US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant)embassy:Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5mailing address:American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945; APO AA 34002telephone:(507) 27-1777FAX:(507) 27-1964Flag:divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white(hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plainred, the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with ared five-pointed star in the center
@Panama, Economy
Overview:GDP expanded by roughly 5.9% in 1993, following growth of 8% in 1992;banking and financial services led the way in 1993. The economy thuscontinues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster ofManuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustmentprogram has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passiveadministration. Public investment has been limited as theadministration has kept the fiscal deficit below 2% of GDP.Unemployment and economic reform are the two major issues the newgovernment must face in 1994-95.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $11.6 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:5.9% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$4,500 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:12.5% (1993 est.)Budget:revenues:$1.8 billionexpenditures:$1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $200 million (1992est.)Exports:$545 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities:bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2%partners:US 38%, EC, Central America and CaribbeanImports:$2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities:capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods,chemicalspartners:US 35%, EC, Central America and Caribbean, JapanExternal debt:$6.1 billion (year-end 1993 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 7% (1993 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDPElectricity:capacity:1,584,000 kWproduction:4.36 trillion kWhconsumption per capita:720 kWh (1992)Industries:manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining,brewing, cement and other construction material, sugar millingAgriculture:accounts for 10% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops- bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importerof food grain, vegetablesIllicit drugs:major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering centerEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4 millionCurrency:1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimosExchange rates:balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Panama, Communications
Railroads:238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways:total:8,530 kmpaved:2,745 kmunpaved:gravel, crushed stone 3,270 km; improved, unimproved earth 2,515 kmInland waterways:800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama CanalPipelines:crude oil 130 kmPorts:Cristobal, Balboa, ColonMerchant marine:3,405 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,011,824 GRT/89,516,566DWT, barge carrier 1, bulk 717, cargo 1,110, chemical tanker 181,combination bulk 31, combination ore/oil 24, container 215, liquefiedgas 127, livestock carrier 9, multifunction large-load carrier 5, oiltanker 437, passenger 22, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 287,roll-on/roll-off cargo 67, short-sea passenger 30, specialized tanker10, vehicle carrier 129note:all but 30 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign ownersare Japan 34%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 7%, and Taiwan 5%; other foreignowners include China at least 144 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 6, Cuba 4,Cyprus 4, and Russia 41Airports:total:118usable:109with permanent-surface runways:38with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:15Telecommunications:domestic and international facilities well developed; connection intoCentral American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcaststations - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satelliteground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
@Panama, Defense Forces
Branches:Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) includes the National Police, MaritimeService, National Air Service, Institutional Protective Service;Judicial Technical Police operate under the control of Panama'sjudicial branchManpower availability:males age 15-49 686,479; fit for military service 471,780Defense expenditures:expenditures for the Panamanian security forces amounted to $138.5million, 1.0% of GDP (1993 est.)
@Papua New Guinea, Geography
Location:Southeastern Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and theSolomon IslandsMap references:Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:461,690 sq kmland area:451,710 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 820 km, Indonesia 820 kmCoastline:5,152 kmMaritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselinescontinental shelf:200-m depth or to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon(May to October); slight seasonal temperature variationTerrain:mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothillsNatural resources:gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potentialLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:71%other:28%Irrigated land:NA sq kmEnvironment:current issues:deforestation; pollution from mining projectsnatural hazards:some active volcanoes; frequent earthquakesinternational agreements:party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, butnot ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the SeaNote:shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's largestswamps along southwest coast
@Papua New Guinea, People
Population:4,196,806 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.31% (1994 est.)Birth rate:33.5 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:10.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:63.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.43 yearsmale:55.6 yearsfemale:57.31 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:4.65 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Papua New Guinean(s)adjective:Papua New GuineanEthnic divisions:Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, PolynesianReligions:Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/LondonMissionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%,Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant sects 10%, indigenousbeliefs 34%Languages:English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken inPapua regionnote:715 indigenous languagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:52%male:65%female:38%Labor force:NA
@Papua New Guinea, Government
Names:conventional long form:Independent State of Papua New Guineaconventional short form:Papua New GuineaDigraph:PPType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port MoresbyAdministrative divisions:20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain,East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, NationalCapital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, SouthernHighlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New BritainIndependence:16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australianadministration)National holiday:Independence Day, 16 September (1975)Constitution:16 September 1975Legal system:based on English common lawSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by GovernorGeneral Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)head of government:Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992); Deputy PrimeMinister Sir Julius CHAN (since July 1992)cabinet:National Executive Council; appointed by the governor onrecommendation of the prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameralNational Parliament:(sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly) elections last held13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by partyNA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10,independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties isfluid)Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People'sDemocratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP),Akoka DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; UnitedParty (UP), Paul TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; NationalParty (NP), Paul PORA; Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMISMember of:ACP, APEC, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador-designate Kepas WATANGIAchancery:3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone:(202) 745-3680FAX:(202) 745-3679US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard TEAREembassy:Armit Street, Port Moresbymailing address:P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553telephone:[675] 211-455 or 594, 654FAX:[675] 213-423Flag:divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle isred with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lowertriangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the SouthernCross constellation centered
@Papua New Guinea, Economy
Overview:Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, butexploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high costof developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistencelivelihood for 85% of the population. Mining of numerous deposits,including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of export earnings.Budgetary support from Australia and development aid under World Bankauspices have helped sustain the economy. Robust growth in 1991-92 wasled by the mining sector; the opening of a large new gold mine helpedthe advance. The economy remained strong in 1993, primarily because ofcontinued growth in the mining and oil sectors.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.2 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:1.2% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$2,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1992-93)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$1.33 billionexpenditures:$1.49 billion, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1993est.)Exports:$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)commodities:gold, copper ore, oil, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, lobsterpartners:Australia, Japan, South Korea, UK, USImports:$1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)commodities:machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels,chemicalspartners:Australia, Japan, US, Singapore, New Zealand, UKExternal debt:$2.2 billion (April 1991)Industrial production:growth rate 21% (1992); accounts for 31% of GDPElectricity:capacity:400,000 kWproduction:1.6 billion kWhconsumption per capita:400 kWh (1992)Industries:copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chipproduction, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourismAgriculture:Accounts for 28% of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertilesoils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety ofcrops; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; otherproducts - tea, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry,pork; net importer of food for urban centersEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 millionCurrency:1 kina (K) = 100 toeaExchange rates:kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0281 (January 1994), 1.0221 (1993), 1.0367(1992), 1.0504 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Papua New Guinea, Communications
Railroads:noneHighways:total:19,200 kmpaved:640 kmunpaved:gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 10,960 km; unimproved earth7,600 kmInland waterways:10,940 kmPorts:Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, RabaulMerchant marine:11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,337 GRT/25,669 DWT, bulk 2,cargo 3, combination ore/oil 5, container 1Airports:total:504usable:462with permanent-surface runways:18with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:39Telecommunications:services are adequate and being improved; facilities provideradiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services;submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; more than 70,000telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces
Branches:Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 1,080,316; fit for military service 601,369Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.)
@Paracel Islands, Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines Map references: Asia Area: total area: NA sq km land area: NA sq km comparative area: NA Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 518 km Maritime claims: NA International disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam Climate: tropical Terrain: NA Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to typhoons international agreements: NA
@Paracel Islands, People
Population:no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinesegarrisons
@Paracel Islands, Government
Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel Islands Digraph: PF
@Paracel Islands, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Paracel Islands, Communications
Ports:small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Islandcurrently under expansionAirports:1 on Woody Island
@Paracel Islands, Defense Forces
Note: occupied by China
@Paraguay, Geography
Location:Central South America, between Argentina and BrazilMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:406,750 sq kmland area:397,300 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:short section of the boundary with Brazil, just west of Salto delGuaira (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, has not been determinedClimate:varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far westTerrain:grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco regionwest of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dryforest and thorny scrub elsewhereNatural resources:hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestoneLand use:arable land:20%permanent crops:1%meadows and pastures:39%forest and woodland:35%other:5%Irrigated land:670 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposalpresent health hazards for many urban residentsnatural hazards:local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drainedplains may become boggy (early October to June)international agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law ofthe Sea; signed, but not ratified - Nuclear Test BanNote:landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
@Paraguay, People
Population: 5,213,772 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.76% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 32.03 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 4.48 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 25.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.28 years male: 71.74 years female: 74.9 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.29 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: Paraguayan Ethnic divisions: mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominations Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 90% male: 92% female: 88% Labor force: 1.692 million (1993 est.) by occupation: agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986)
@Paraguay, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Paraguayconventional short form:Paraguaylocal long form:Republica del Paraguaylocal short form:ParaguayDigraph:PAType:republicCapital:AsuncionAdministrative divisions:19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); AltoParaguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa,Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua,Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, SanPedroIndependence:14 May 1811 (from Spain)National holiday:Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)Constitution:25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that waspromulgated on 20 June 1992Legal system:based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial reviewof legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not acceptcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60Executive branch:chief of state and head of government:President Juan Carlos WASMOSY (since 15 August 1993); Vice PresidentRoberto Angel SEIFART (since 15 August 1993); election last held 9 May1993 (next to be held May 1998); results - Juan Carlos WASMOSY 40.09%,Domingo LAINO 32.06%, Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS 23.04%cabinet:Council of Ministers; nominated by the presidentLegislative branch:bicameral Congress (Congreso)Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores):elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held May 1998); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total) Colorado Party 20,PLRA 17, EN 8Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados):elections last held on 9 May 1993 (next to be held by May 1998);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) ColoradoParty 38, PLRA 33, EN 9Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Political parties and leaders:Colorado Party, Eugenio SANABRIA CANTERO, president; Authentic RadicalLiberal Party (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; National Encounter (EN),Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS (the EN party includes the following minorparties: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO;Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEVEDO; PopularDemocratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER)Other political or pressure groups:Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic ChurchMember of:AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Juan Esteban AGUIRRE Martinezchancery:2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 483-6960 through 6962FAX:(202) 234-4508consulate(s) general:New Orleans and New Yorkconsulate(s):MiamiUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge D'Affaires Gerald McCOLLOCHembassy:1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncionmailing address:C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001telephone:[595] (21) 213-715FAX:[595] (21) 213-728Flag:three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with anemblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem isdifferent on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears thenational coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a greenwreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within twocircles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of thetreasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz yJusticia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DELPARAGUAY, all within two circles)
@Paraguay, Economy
Overview: Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports, led by soybeans and cotton. Paraguay lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but possesses a large hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak export prices for agricultural commodities. In 1987 the economy experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic reforms. Growth of 3.5% in 1993 was spurred by higher-than-expected agricultural output and rising international commodity prices. Inflation picked up steam in fourth quarter 1993 because of rises in public sector salaries and utility rates. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $15.2 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $3,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20.4% (1993 ) Unemployment rate: 11% (1993 est.) Budget: revenues: $1.2 billion expenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $487 million (1992 est.) Exports: $728 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, meat products, coffee, tung oil partners: EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% Imports: $1.38 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, raw materials, fuels partners: Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% External debt: $1.2 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 5,257,000 kW production: 16.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,280 kWh (1992) Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, sugarcane, soybeans; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava, fruits, vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion Currency: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,861.3 (January 1994), 1,744.3 (1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989) Fiscal year: calendar year
@Paraguay, Communications
Railroads:970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-metergauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)Highways:total:28,300 kmpaved:2,600 kmunpaved:gravel 500 km; earth 25,200 kmInland waterways:3,100 kmPorts:Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del EsteMerchant marine:13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,513 DWT, cargo 11,oil tanker 2note:1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commerciallyAirports:total:969usable:827with permanent-surface runways:7with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:5with runways 1,220-2,439 m:93Telecommunications:meager telephone service; principal switching center in Asuncion; fairintercity microwave net; 78,300 telephones; telephone density - 16telephones per 1,000 persons; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV,7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Paraguay, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air ForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,249,470; fit for military service 907,533; reachmilitary age (17) annually 53,126 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.6% of GDP (1994 est.)
@Peru, Geography
Location:Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chileand EcuadorMap references:South America, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,285,220 sq kmland area:1.28 million sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than AlaskaLand boundaries:total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km,Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 kmCoastline:2,414 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:200 nmInternational disputes:three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in disputeClimate:varies from tropical in east to dry desert in westTerrain:western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)Natural resources:copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,phosphate, potashLand use:arable land:3%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:21%forest and woodland:55%other:21%Irrigated land:12,500 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; airpollution in Limanatural hazards:subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activityinternational agreements:party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling;signed, but not ratified - Tropical TimberNote:shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, withBolivia
@Peru, People
Population:23,650,671 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:1.86% (1994 est.)Birth rate:25.55 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:7 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:54.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:65.62 yearsmale:63.44 yearsfemale:67.9 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:3.11 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Peruvian(s)adjective:PeruvianEthnic divisions:Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%Religions:Roman CatholicLanguages:Spanish (official), Quechua (official), AymaraLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:85%male:92%female:29%Labor force:8 million (1992)by occupation:government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988est.)
@Peru, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Peruconventional short form:Perulocal long form:Republica del Perulocal short form:PeruDigraph:PEType:republicCapital:LimaAdministrative divisions:24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash,Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica,Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre deDios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayalinote:the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intendedto function eventually as autonomous economic and administrativeentities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 existingdepartments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (fromHuanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (fromAncash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios,Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna,Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca,Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali);formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of theconstitutional province of Callao to merge with the department ofLima. Because of inadequate funding from the central government andorganizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet toassume major responsibilities. The 1993 Constitution maintains theregionalization process with some modifications that will limit thepowers of the regional governments. The new constitution alsoreaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments.Independence:28 July 1821 (from Spain)National holiday:Independence Day, 28 July (1821)Constitution:31 December 1993Legal system:based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJjurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state and head of government:President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990);election last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995);results - Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other9.55%cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the presidentnote:Prime Minister Efrain GOLDENBERG Schreiber (since February 1994) doesnot exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of thepresidentLegislative branch:unicameralDemocratic Constituent Congress (CCD):elections last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held April 1995);seats - (80 total) New Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party8, Independent Moralization Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of theDemocratic Left 4, Democratic Coordinator 4, others 7; note - severalmajor parties (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, PopularAction) did not participate; with the next election the congress willbe expanded to 100 seatsJudicial branch:Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)Political parties and leaders:note:Peru's political party system has become fragmented in recent yearswith independent movements proliferating; key parties are listedNew Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; PopularChristian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP),Raul DIEZ CANSECO; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA),Armando VILLANUEVA del CAMPO; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM),Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY Rey; DemocraticCoordinator, Jose BARBA Caballero; Democratic Left Movement, HenryPEASE; Solidarity and Democracy (SODE), Manuel MOREYRA; National Frontof Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACARESOther political or pressure groups:leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso(imprisoned); Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA andVictor POLAY (imprisoned)Member of:AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM,OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ricardo LUNA Mendozachancery:1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 833-9860 through 9869FAX:(202) 659-8124consulate(s) general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),and San FranciscoUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.embassy:corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Limamailing address:P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, Unit 3822, or APO AA 34031telephone:[51] (14) 33-8000FAX:[51] (14) 31-6682Flag:three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red withthe coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms featuresa shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and ayellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a greenwreath
@Peru, Economy
Overview: The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with major privatizations scheduled for 1994 in the mining and telecommunications industries. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. In 1993 the economy rebounded as strong foreign investment helped push growth to 6%. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $70 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 6% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $3,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 39% (1993 est.) Unemployment rate: 15%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $2 billion expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.) Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: copper, zinc, fishmeal, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined silver, coffee, cotton partners: US 25%, Japan 9%, Italy, Germany Imports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: US 30%, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Germany, Brazil External debt: $22 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for 32% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: capacity: 5,042,000 kW production: 17.434 billion kWh consumption per capita: 760 kWh (1992) Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication Agriculture: accounts for 13% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 108,800 hectares under cultivation in 1993; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million Currency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.180 (January 1994), 1.988 (1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), 0.0027 (1989) Fiscal year: calendar year
@Peru, Communications
Railroads:1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gaugeHighways:total:69,942 kmpaved:7,459 kmunpaved:improved earth 13,538 km; unimproved earth 48,945 kmInland waterways:8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km LagoTiticacaPipelines:crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 kmPorts:Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, TalaraMerchant marine:17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 142,425 GRT/229,746 DWT, bulk 3,cargo 10, oil tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1note:in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes usedcommerciallyAirports:total:252usable:222with permanent-surface runways:37with runways over 3,659 m:2with runways 2,440-3,659 m:24with runways 1,220-2,439 m:54Telecommunications:fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system;544,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144shortwave; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12domestic
@Peru, Defense Forces
Branches:Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force(Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 6,199,785; fit for military service 4,188,706; reachmilitary age (20) annually 246,427 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)
@Philippines, Geography
Location:Southeastern Asia, between Indonesia and ChinaMap references:Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:300,000 sq kmland area:298,170 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than ArizonaLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:36,289 kmMaritime claims:measured from claimed archipelagic baselinescontinental shelf:to depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped areain South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadthInternational disputes:involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian stateof SabahClimate:tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwestmonsoon (May to October)Terrain:mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlandsNatural resources:timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copperLand use:arable land:26%permanent crops:11%meadows and pastures:4%forest and woodland:40%other:19%Irrigated land:16,200 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; air pollution in Manilanatural hazards:astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to sixcyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,destructive earthquakes, tsunamisinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law ofthe Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Tropical Timber
@Philippines, People
Population: 69,808,930 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.92% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 27.34 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -1.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 50.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.39 years male: 62.88 years female: 68.02 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.35 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Filipino(s) adjective: Philippine Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% Languages: Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 90% Labor force: 24.12 million by occupation: agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)