@Saint Lucia, Communications
Highways:total:760 kmpaved:500 kmunpaved:otherwise improved 260 kmPorts:Castries, Vieux FortAirports:total:3usable:3with permanent-surface runways:3with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwavelink with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interislandtroposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV(cable)
@Saint Lucia, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast GuardDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Header Affiliation: (territorial collectivity of France)
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography
Location: Northern North America, in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada) Map references: North America Area: total area: 242 sq km land area: 242 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 120 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Terrain: mostly barren rock Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports Land use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 4% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: vegetation scanty
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People
Population: 6,704 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.78% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 13.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 11.72 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.6 years male: 73.99 years female: 77.55 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French Ethnic divisions: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) Religions: Roman Catholic 98% Languages: French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% Labor force: 2,850 (1988) by occupation: NA
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government
Names:conventional long form:Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelonconventional short form:Saint Pierre and Miquelonlocal long form:Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelonlocal short form:Saint-Pierre et MiquelonDigraph:SBType:territorial collectivity of FranceCapital:Saint-PierreAdministrative divisions:none (territorial collectivity of France)Independence:none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under Frenchcontrol since 1763)National holiday:National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 JulyConstitution:28 September 1958 (French Constitution)Legal system:French lawSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)head of government:Commissioner of the Republic Yves HENRY (since NA December 1993);President of the General Council Marc PLANTE-GENEST (since NA)cabinet:Council of MinistersLegislative branch:unicameralGeneral Council:elections last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NASeptember 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wingparties 6French Senate:elections last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1French National Assembly:elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF 1;note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the FrenchSenate and the French National Assembly who are voting membersJudicial branch:Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)Political parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy(UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNONMember of:FZ, WFTUDiplomatic representation in US:none (territorial collectivity of France)US diplomatic representation:none (territorial collectivity of France)Flag:the flag of France is used
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy
Overview:The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishingand by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast ofNewfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because thenumber of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over theyears. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fishquotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian andCanadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles alongstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to ahalt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports comeprimarily from Canada and France.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $65 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$10,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:9.6% (1990)Budget:revenues:$18.3 millionexpenditures:$18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989est.)Exports:$30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:fish and fish products, fox and mink peltspartners:US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal (1990)Imports:$82 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, buildingmaterialspartners:Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:capacity:10,000 kWproduction:25 million kWhconsumption per capita:3,840 kWh (1992)Industries:fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourismAgriculture:vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of20,500 metric tons (1989)Economic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $500 millionCurrency:1 French franc (F) = 100 centimesExchange rates:French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications
Highways:total:120 kmpaved:60 kmunpaved:earth 60 km (1985)Ports:Saint PierreAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radiocommunication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station inFrench domestic satellite system
@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography
Location:Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the waybetween Puerto Rico and Trinidad and TobagoMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zonesof the WorldArea:total area:340 sq kmland area:340 sq kmcomparative area:slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:84 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May toNovember)Terrain:volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of SaintVincentNatural resources:negligibleLand use:arable land:38%permanent crops:12%meadows and pastures:6%forest and woodland:41%other:3%Irrigated land:10 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasureyachts and other effluentsnatural hazards:subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threatinternational agreements:party to - Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution, WhalingNote:some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People
Population: 115,437 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.77% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 20.27 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -7.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.28 years male: 70.77 years female: 73.84 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian Ethnic divisions: black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist Languages: English, French patois Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 96% Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) by occupation: NA
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesDigraph:VCType:constitutional monarchyCapital:KingstownAdministrative divisions:6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, SaintGeorge, Saint PatrickIndependence:27 October 1979 (from UK)National holiday:Independence Day, 27 October (1979)Constitution:27 October 1979Legal system:based on English common lawSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by GovernorGeneral David JACK (since 29 September 1989)head of government:Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984); Deputy PrimeMinister Allan C. CRUICKSHANK (since NA); note - governor generalappoints leader of the majority party to position of prime ministercabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on the advice of the primeministerLegislative branch:unicameralHouse of Assembly:elections last held 21 February 1994 (next to be held NA July 1999);results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 electedrepresentatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 10, MNU 2, SVLP 3Judicial branch:Eastern Caribbean Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent LaborParty (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), AdrianSAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; NationalReform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUELMember of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,LORCS, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,WHODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Kingsley C.A. LAYNEchancery:1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 462-7806 or 7846FAX:(202) 462-7807US diplomatic representation:no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown(Barbados)Flag:three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), andgreen; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a Vpattern
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy
Overview:Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most importantsector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growingtourist industry, is also important. The government has beenrelatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and highunemployment rates of 35%-40% continue.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $215 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:6.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$2,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):3.3% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:35%-40% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues:$62 millionexpenditures:$67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1990 est.)Exports:$77.5 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquetspartners:UK 54%, CARICOM 34%, US 10%Imports:$118.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers,minerals and fuelspartners:US 36%, CARICOM 21%, UK 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%External debt:$62.6 million (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 8% of GDPElectricity:capacity:16,600 kWproduction:64 million kWhconsumption per capita:555 kWh (1992)Industries:food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starchAgriculture:accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk ofexports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; smallnumbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locallyIllicit drugs:transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US andEuropeEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81millionCurrency:1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 centsExchange rates:East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications
Highways:total:1,000 kmpaved:300 kmunpaved:improved earth 400 km; unimproved earth 300 kmPorts:KingstownMerchant marine:555 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,575,652 GRT/9,262,250 DWT,bulk 96, cargo 280, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 12,combination ore/oil 2, container 31, liquefied gas 7, livestockcarrier 1, multi-function large load carrier 1, oil tanker 56,passenger 2, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19,roll-on/roll-off cargo 26, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker1, vehicle carrier 1note:China owns 5 ships, Croatia owns 58, Russia owns 16; a flag ofconvenience registryAirports:total:6usable:6with permanent-surface runways:5with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHFinterisland links from Saint Vincent to the other islands of theGrenadines and Barbados; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia;broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)
@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces
Branches:Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast GuardDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@San Marino, Geography
Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 60 sq km land area: 60 sq km comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 39 km, Italy 39 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Terrain: rugged mountains Natural resources: building stone Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: international agreements: NA current issues: NA natural hazards: signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change Note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines
@San Marino, People
Population: 24,091 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.96% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 11.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 5.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.23 years male: 77.17 years female: 85.28 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.53 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective: Sammarinese Ethnic divisions: Sammarinese, Italian Religions: Roman Catholic Languages: Italian Literacy: age 14 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 95% Labor force: 4,300 (est.) by occupation: NA
@San Marino, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of San Marinoconventional short form:San Marinolocal long form:Repubblica di San Marinolocal short form:San MarinoDigraph:SMType:republicCapital:San MarinoAdministrative divisions:9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, BorgoMaggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino,San Marino, SerravalleIndependence:301 AD (by tradition)National holiday:Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 SeptemberConstitution:8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions ofa constitutionLegal system:based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has notaccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:co-chiefs of state:Captain Regent Alberto CECCHETTI and Captain Regent Fausto MULARONI(for the period 1 April 1994-30 September 1994) real executive poweris wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and thesecretary of state for internal affairshead of government:Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)cabinet:Congress of State; elected by the Council for the duration of itstermLegislative branch:unicameralGreat and General Council:(Consiglio Grande e Generale) elections last held 30 May 1993 (nextto be held by NA May 1998); results - DCS 41.4%, PSS 23.7%, PDP 18.6%,ADP 7.7%, MD 5.3%, RC 3.3%; seats - (60 total) DCS 26, PSS 14, PDP 11,ADP 4, MD 3, RC 2Judicial branch:Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)Political parties and leaders:Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Pier Marino MENICUCCI, LuigiLONFERNINI; Democratic Progressive Party (PDP) formerly San MarinoCommunist Party (PSS), Stefano MACINA; San Marino Socialist Party(PSS), Dr. Emma ROSSI, Antonio Lazzaro VOLPINARI; Democratic Movement(MD), Emilio Della BALDA; Popular Democratic Alliance (ADP); CommunistRefoundation (RC), Guiseppe AMICHI, Renato FABBRIMember of:CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:honorary consulate(s) general:Washington and New Yorkhonorary consulate(s):DetroitUS diplomatic representation:no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy)is accredited to San MarinoFlag:two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with thenational coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms hasa shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath,below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)
@San Marino, Economy
Overview:The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 more than 3.1million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom wereItalians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, andceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The percapita level of output and standard of living are comparable to thoseof Italy.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $370 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:NA%National product per capita:$16,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):6.2% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:3% (1991)Budget:revenues:$275 millionexpenditures:$275 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)Exports:trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity tradeconsists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood,chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a widevariety of consumer manufacturesImports:see exportsExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforceElectricity:supplied by ItalyIndustries:wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourismAgriculture:employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives,meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends onItaly for food importsEconomic aid:$NACurrency:1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its own coinsExchange rates:Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,700.2 (January 1994), 1,573.7 (1993),1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@San Marino, Communications
Highways:total:104 kmpaved:NAunpaved:NATelecommunications:automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system;11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cablelinks into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities
@San Marino, Defense Forces
Branches:public security or police forceDefense expenditures:$3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP
@Sao Tome and Principe, Geography
Location: Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon straddling the equator Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 960 sq km land area: 960 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 209 km Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Terrain: volcanic, mountainous Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 75% other: 3% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Sao Tome and Principe, People
Population:136,780 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.63% (1994 est.)Birth rate:35.2 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:8.88 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:63.33 yearsmale:61.48 yearsfemale:65.24 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:4.52 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Sao Tomean(s)adjective:Sao TomeanEthnic divisions:mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros(descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers fromAngola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicaisborn on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)Religions:Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day AdventistLanguages:Portuguese (official)Literacy:age 15 and over can read and write (1981)total population:57%male:73%female:42%Labor force:21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agricultureand fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;56% of population of working age (1983)
@Sao Tome and Principe, Government
Names:conventional long form:Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principeconventional short form:Sao Tome and Principelocal long form:Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principelocal short form:Sao Tome e PrincipeDigraph:TPType:republicCapital:Sao TomeAdministrative divisions:2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao TomeIndependence:12 July 1975 (from Portugal)National holiday:Independence Day, 12 July (1975)Constitution:new constitution approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990Legal system:based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); election last held 3March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADAwas elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multipartypresidential electionhead of government:Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the proposal ofthe prime ministerLegislative branch:unicameralNational People's Assembly:(Assembleia Popular Nacional) elections last held 20 January 1991(next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33,MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in SaoTome and PrincipeJudicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), DanielLima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberationof Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; ChristianDemocratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic OppositionCoalition (CODO), leader NA; other small partiesMember of:ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU,LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:Sao Tome and Principe has no embassy in the US, but does have aPermanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary DomingosAUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, NewYork, NY 10168, telephone (212) 697-4211US diplomatic representation:ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on anonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islandsFlag:three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), andgreen with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in thecenter of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on thehoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Sao Tome and Principe, Economy
Overview:The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gainedindependence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoaproduction has gradually deteriorated because of drought andmismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% ofits former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export hascreated a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of lessimportant crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has alsodeclined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by aratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of otherfood crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. Italso has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over theyears, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, whichamounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potentialexists for development of a tourist industry, and the government hastaken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government alsoimplemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure theeconomy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperationwith the International Development Association and Western lenders.National product:GDP - exchange rate conversion - $50 million (1990)National product real growth rate:1.5% (1992 est.)National product per capita:$450 (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):27% (1992 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$10.2 millionexpenditures:$36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989est.)Exports:$5.4 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oilpartners:Netherlands, Germany, China, PortugalImports:$31.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)commodities:machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products 18%, petroleum11%partners:Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, AngolaExternal debt:$163.6 million (1992)Industrial production:growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDPElectricity:capacity:5,000 kWproduction:10 million kWhconsumption per capita:80 kWh (1991)Industries:light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processingAgriculture:accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy, primary source ofexports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee;food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; notself-sufficient in food grain and meatEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89millionCurrency:1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimosExchange rates:dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0(November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Sao Tome and Principe, Communications
Highways:total:300 kmpaved:200 kmunpaved:100 kmnote:roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repairPorts:Sao Tome, Santo AntonioMerchant marine:1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWTAirports:total:2usable:2with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:2Telecommunications:minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT earth station
@Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 32,560; fit for military service 17,136Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Saudi Arabia, Geography
Location:Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian GulfMap references:Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:1,960,582 sq kmland area:1,960,582 sq kmcomparative area:slightly less than one-fourth the size of the USLand boundaries:total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 kmCoastline:2,640 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:18 nmcontinental shelf:not specifiedterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundarywith UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradimislands is disputed by Saudi ArabiaClimate:harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperatureTerrain:mostly uninhabited, sandy desertNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copperLand use:arable land:1%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:39%forest and woodland:1%other:59%Irrigated land:4,350 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack ofperennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted thedevelopment of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastalpollution from oil spillsnatural hazards:frequent sand and dust stormsinternational agreements:party to - Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but notratified - Law of the SeaNote:extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide greatleverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf andSuez Canal
@Saudi Arabia, People
Population:18,196,783 (July 1994 est.)note:the population figure is consistent with a 3.24% growth rate; a 1992census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the numberof residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459Population growth rate:3.24% (1994 est.)Birth rate:38.25 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:5.83 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:67.91 yearsmale:66.25 yearsfemale:69.65 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.67 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Saudi(s)adjective:Saudi or Saudi ArabianEthnic divisions:Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%Religions:Muslim 100%Languages:ArabicLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:62%male:73%female:48%Labor force:5 million-6 millionby occupation:government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%
@Saudi Arabia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form:Saudi Arabialocal long form:Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form:Al Arabiyah as SuudiyahDigraph:SAType:monarchyCapital:RiyadhAdministrative divisions:14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ashShamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, AshSharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, TabukIndependence:23 September 1932 (unification)National holiday:Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)Constitution:none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)Legal system:based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:noneExecutive branch:chief of state and head of government:King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abdal-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to thethrone 13 June 1982)cabinet:Council of Ministers; mostly made up of the royal family appointed bythe kingLegislative branch:a consultative council comprised of 60 members and a chairman who areappointed by the King for a term of four yearsJudicial branch:Supreme Council of JusticePolitical parties and leaders:none allowedMember of:ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer),OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saudchancery:601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone:(202) 342-3800consulate(s) general:Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welchembassy:Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadhmailing address:American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307telephone:[966] (1) 488-3800FAX:[966] (1) 482-4364consulate(s) general:Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)Flag:green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as Thereis no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a whitehorizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is thetraditional color of Islam
@Saudi Arabia, Economy
Overview:The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35%of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largestreserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter ofpetroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s thegovernment intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficitsince 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economicactivity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important rolein the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. Forabout a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays haveoutstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreignassistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $194 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:1% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$11,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):1% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:6.5% (1992 est.)Budget:revenues:$39 billionexpenditures:$50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (1993est.)Exports:$42.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products 92%partners:US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%Imports:$26 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities:machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motor vehicles,textilespartners:US 18%, UK 12%, Japan 10%, Germany 5%, France 5%External debt:$18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-term trade credits)Industrial production:growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 46% of GDP, includingpetroleumElectricity:capacity:28,554,000 kWproduction:63 billion kWhconsumption per capita:3,690 kWh (1992)Industries:crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer,plasticsAgriculture:accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized bygovernment; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrusfruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency infoodIllicit drugs:death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin andcocaineEconomic aid:donor:pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100 millionin 1993 to fund reconstruction of LebanonCurrency:1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalahExchange rates:Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986),3.7033 (1986)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Saudi Arabia, Communications
Railroads:1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double trackedHighways:total:74,000 kmpaved:35,000 kmunpaved:gravel, improved earth 39,000 kmPipelines:crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km(includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)Ports:Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu' al Bahr,Yanbu' al SinaiyahMerchant marine:74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 865,343 GRT/1,240,874 DWT, bulk1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 4, container 3, liquefied gas 1,livestock carrier 5, oil tanker 23, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 1Airports:total:215usable:195with permanent-surface runways:71with runways over 3,659 m:14with runways 2,440-3,659 m:38with runways 1,220-2,439 m:105Telecommunications:modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber opticcable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar,UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarinecable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 AtlanticOcean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT
@Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces
Branches:Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard,Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public SecurityForceManpower availability:males age 15-49 5,682,036; fit for military service 3,140,464; reachmilitary age (17) annually 147,420 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)
@Senegal, Geography
Location:Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean betweenGuinea-Bissau and MauritaniaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:196,190 sq kmland area:192,000 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than South DakotaLand boundaries:total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 kmCoastline:531 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; Senegaland Guinea-Bissau signed an agreement resolving their maritimeboundary in 1993; boundary with MauritaniaClimate:tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strongsoutheast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dryharmattan windTerrain:generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeastNatural resources:fish, phosphates, iron oreLand use:arable land:27%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:30%forest and woodland:31%other:12%Irrigated land:1,800 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationnatural hazards:lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughtsinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Marine DumpingNote:The Gambia is almost an enclave
@Senegal, People
Population:8,730,508 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:3.11% (1994 est.)Birth rate:43.15 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:12.01 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:75.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:56.58 yearsmale:55.12 yearsfemale:58.09 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.09 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective:SenegaleseEthnic divisions:Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%Religions:Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly RomanCatholic)Languages:French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, MandingoLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:38%male:52%female:25%Labor force:2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wageearners)by occupation:private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%note:52% of population of working age (1985)
@Senegal, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Senegalconventional short form:Senegallocal long form:Republique du Senegallocal short form:SenegalDigraph:SGType:republic under multiparty democratic ruleCapital:DakarAdministrative divisions:10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, ZiguinchorIndependence:20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed anagreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a looseconfederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement wasdissolved on 30 September 1989)National holiday:Independence Day, 4 April (1960)Constitution:3 March 1963, last revised in 1991Legal system:based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative actsin Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accountingoffice; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); election last held 21February 1993 (next to be held February 2000); results - Abdou DIOUF(PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%head of government:Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister in consultationwith the presidentLegislative branch:unicameralNational Assembly (Assemblee Nationale):elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results- PS 70%, PDS 23%, other 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT3, Let Us Unite Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1Judicial branch:Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)Political parties and leaders:Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese DemocraticParty (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement(LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY; Independent Labor Party (PIT), AmathDANSOKHO; Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal (UDS-R), MamadouPuritain FALL; other small uninfluential partiesOther political or pressure groups:students; teachers; labor; Muslim BrotherhoodsMember of:ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC,PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMUR, UNTAC, UPU,WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECKchancery:2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone:(202) 234-0540 or 0541US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Mark JOHNSONembassy:Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakarmailing address:B. P. 49, Dakartelephone:[221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24FAX:[221] 22-29-91Flag:three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red witha small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses thepopular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Senegal, Economy
Overview:After 14 years of mixed compliance with IMF and World Bank economicreform programs, Senegal finds its economy remains hostage to negativeeconomic forces. Declining terms of trade, weather-related setbacks,and relentless growth in population have held back overall growth andleft per capita incomes stagnant, if not diminished. The economycontinues to rely on exports of fish, peanuts, and phosphates for hardcurrency earnings. A 50% devaluation of the African franc in January1994 is likely to lead to substantial increases in local currencyprices for producers that may spur improved production. A shelteredimport-substitution sector, comprising textiles, shoes, and otherlight manufacturing, will remain plagued, however, by high labor,transportation, and energy costs. Public finances face a decade-longtrend in declining tax revenues, making the government increasinglydependent on official development assistance from bilateral donors.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $11.8 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:1.2% (1991 est.)National product per capita:$1,400 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):-1.8% (1991 est.)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$1.2 billionexpenditures:$1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $269 million (1992est.)Exports:$904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities:fish, ground nuts, petroleum products, phosphates, cottonpartners:France, other EC members, Cote d'Ivoire, MaliImports:$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities:foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods, petroleumpartners:France, other EC, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria, China, JapanExternal debt:$2.9 billion (1990)Industrial production:growth rate 1.9% (1991); accounts for 15% of GDPElectricity:capacity:215,000 kWproduction:760 million kWhconsumption per capita:100 kWh (1991)Industries:agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleumrefining, building materialsAgriculture:accounts for 20% of GDP; major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet,corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimatedtwo-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tonsin 1990Illicit drugs:transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Europe andNorth AmericaEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $5.23billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $295 millionCurrency:1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimesExchange rates:Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05(January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26(1990), 319.01 (1989)note:the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French francfrom CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948Fiscal year:calendar year
@Senegal, Communications
Railroads:1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double trackDakar to ThiesHighways:total:14,007 kmpaved:3,777 kmunpaved:crushed stone, improved earth 10,230 kmInland waterways:897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on the SaloumPorts:Dakar, Kaolack, Foundiougne, ZiguinchorMerchant marine:1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWTAirports:total:26usable:20with permanent-surface runways:10with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:16Telecommunications:above-average urban system, using microwave and cable; broadcaststations - 8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT earth station
@Senegal, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, National PoliceManpower availability:males age 15-49 1,951,370; fit for military service 1,018,802; reachmilitary age (18) annually 94,973 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.)
@Serbia and Montenegro
HeaderNote:Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a jointindependent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized asa state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republicof Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successorrepublics represents its continuation
@Serbia and Montenegro, Geography
Location:Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, betweenBosnia and Herzegovina and BulgariaMap references:Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of theWorldArea:total area:102,350 sq kmland area:102,136 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than Kentuckynote:Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making itslightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sqkm and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger thanConnecticutLand boundaries:total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km withMotenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 kmwith Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia(south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia 221 km, Romania 476 kmnote:the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 kmCoastline:199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)Maritime claims:territorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia -Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina andCroatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovoseeks independence from Serbian RepublicClimate:in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summerswith well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental andMediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast,hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavysnowfall inlandTerrain:extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain andhills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands offthe coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake ScutariNatural resources:oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,chromeLand use:arable land:30%permanent crops:5%meadows and pastures:20%forest and woodland:25%other:20%Irrigated land:NA sq kmEnvironment:current issues:coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially intourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade andother industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumpedinto the Sava which flows into the Danubenatural hazards:subject to destructive earthquakesinternational agreements:NANote:controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkeyand the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro, People
Population: total: 10,759,897 (July 1994 est.) Montenegro: 666,583 (July 1994 est.) Serbia: 10,093,314 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: Montenegro: 0.79% (1994 est.) Serbia: 0.54% (1994 est.) Birth rate: Montenegro: 13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: Montenegro: 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: Montenegro: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Serbia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: Montenegro: 10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Serbia: 21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: Montenegro: *** No data for this item *** total population: 79.44 years male: 76.57 years female: 82.5 years (1994 est.) Serbia: *** No data for this item *** total population: 73.39 years male: 70.9 years female: 76.07 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: Montenegro: 1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.) Serbia: 2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13% Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11% Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5% Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)
@Serbia and Montenegro, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Serbia and Montenegrolocal long form:nonelocal short form:Srbija-Crna GoraDigraph:Serbia:SRMontenegro:MWType:republicCapital:BelgradeAdministrative divisions:2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomousprovinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*Independence:11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed asself-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia - SFRY)National holiday:NAConstitution:27 April 1992Legal system:based on civil law systemSuffrage:16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC ispresident of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC ispresident of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assemblyelected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993head of government:Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy PrimeMinisters Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NAMarch 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993)cabinet:Federal Executive CouncilLegislative branch:bicameral Federal AssemblyChamber of Republics:elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20Montenegrin)Chamber of Citizens:elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results -percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents2, vacant 3Judicial branch:Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), SlobodanMILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; SerbianRenewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party(DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA;Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president;People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Allianceof Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of VojvodinaHungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement forYugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo(LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, presidentOther political or pressure groups:Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)Diplomatic representation in US:US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomaticrelations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia continues to function in the USUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINAembassy:address NA, Belgrademailing address:American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070telephone:[38] (11) 645-655FAX:[38] (1) 645-221Flag:three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
@Serbia and Montenegro, Economy
Overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN. National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: NA% National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): hyperinflation (1993) Unemployment rate: more than 60% (1993 est.) Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -42% (1993 est.) Electricity: capacity: 8,850,000 kW production: 42 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,950 kWh (1992) Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals Agriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice Illicit drugs: NA Economic aid: $NA Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987) Fiscal year: calendar year
@Serbia and Montenegro, Communications
Railroads:NAHighways:total:46,019 kmpaved:26,949 kmunpaved:gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)Inland waterways:NA kmPipelines:crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 kmPorts:coastal - Bar; inland - BelgradeMerchant marine:bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbinationtanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1Montenegro:total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT(controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)Serbia:total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT(controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)note:most under Maltese flag, all under the flag of Saint Vincent and theGrenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flagAirports:total:55usable:51with permanent-surface runways:18with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:7with runways 1,220-2,439 m:11Telecommunications:700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT
@Serbia and Montenegro, Defense Forces
Branches:People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), NavalForces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, TerritorialDefense Force, Civil DefenseManpower availability:Montenegro:males age 15-49 179,868; fit for military service 146,158; reachmilitary age (19) annually 5,399 (1994 est.)Serbia:males age 15-49 2,546,717; fit for military service 2,048,921; reachmilitary age (19) annually 80,937 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion ofdefense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchangerate could produce misleading results