@Tonga, Economy
Overview:The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of thelabor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanillabeans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. Thecountry must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from NewZealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP.Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but theisland remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances tooffset its trade deficit. The economy continued to grow in 1993largely because of a rise in squash exports, increased aid flows, andseveral large construction projects. The government is now turning itsattention to further development of the private sector and thereduction of the budget deficit.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $200 million (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:4% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$2,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9% (FY92)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$36.4 millionexpenditures:$68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 million (1991est.)Exports:$18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)commodities:vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil, squashpartners:Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)Imports:$68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)commodities:food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,chemicalspartners:NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)External debt:$47.5 million (FY91)Industrial production:growth rate 1.5% (FY92); accounts for 11% of GDPElectricity:capacity:6,000 kWproduction:8 million kWhconsumption per capita:80 kWh (1990)Industries:tourism, fishingAgriculture:accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and bananaproduction; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepperEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258millionCurrency:1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 senitiExchange rates:pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3934 (November 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961(1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989),Fiscal year:1 July-30 June
@Tonga, Communications
Highways:total:366 kmpaved:272 km (198 km on Tongatapu; 74 km on Vava'u)unpaved:94 km (usable only in dry weather)Ports:Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, PangaiMerchant marine:3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761 GRT/10,597 DWT, cargo 1,liquefied gas 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1Airports:total:6usable:6with permanent-surface runways:1with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:1with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Tonga, Defense Forces
Branches:Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines,Tongan Royal Guards, PoliceDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Trinidad and Tobago, Geography
Location:Caribbean, in the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea, 11 km off thecoast of VenezuelaMap references:Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zonesof the WorldArea:total area:5,130 sq kmland area:5,130 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than DelawareLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:362 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmcontinental shelf:200 nm or the outer edge of continental marginexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; rainy season (June to December)Terrain:mostly plains with some hills and low mountainsNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, asphaltLand use:arable land:14%permanent crops:17%meadows and pastures:2%forest and woodland:44%other:23%Irrigated land:220 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, anduntreated sewage; oil pollution of beaches; land degradationnatural hazards:outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical stormsinternational agreements:party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,Tropical Timber; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, ClimateChange
@Trinidad and Tobago, People
Population:1,328,282 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:1.1% (1994 est.)Birth rate:19.6 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:6.28 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-2.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:16.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:70.73 yearsmale:68.09 yearsfemale:73.43 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:2.32 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)adjective:Trinidadian, TobagonianEthnic divisions:black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%Religions:Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1%Languages:English (official), Hindi, French, SpanishLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population:95%male:97%female:93%Labor force:463,900by occupation:construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)
@Trinidad and Tobago, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Trinidad and Tobagoconventional short form:Trinidad and TobagoDigraph:TDType:parliamentary democracyCapital:Port-of-SpainAdministrative divisions:8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro,Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, SaintPatrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, VictoriaIndependence:31 August 1962 (from UK)National holiday:Independence Day, 31 August (1962)Constitution:1 August 1976Legal system:based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts inthe Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdictionSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987)head of government:Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn MANNING (since 17 December1991)cabinet:Cabinet; responsible to parliamentLegislative branch:bicameral ParliamentSenate:consists of a 31-member body appointed by the presidentHouse of Representatives:elections last held 16 December 1991 (next to be held by December1996); results - PNM 32%, UNC 13%, NAR 2%; seats - (36 total) PNM 21,UNC 13, NAR 2Judicial branch:Court of Appeal, Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United NationalCongress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; National Alliance for Reconstruction(NAR), Selby WILSON; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION),David ABDULLAH; National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), MakandalDAAGA; Republic Party, Nello MITCHELL; National Development Party(NDP), Carson CHARLESMember of:ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Corinne Averille McKNIGHTchancery:1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 467-6490FAX:(202) 785-3130consulate(s) general:New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Sally G. COWALembassy:15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spainmailing address:P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spaintelephone:(809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176FAX:(809) 628-5462Flag:red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side
@Trinidad and Tobago, Economy
Overview:Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy still enjoys a high percapita income by Latin American standards, even though output andliving standards are substantially below the boom years of 1973-82.The country suffers from widespread unemployment, large foreign-debtpayments, and periods of low international oil prices. Sevensuccessive years of economic contraction were followed by small gainsin output in 1990-91 of 1.2% and 0.9%, in turn followed by smalldeclines in 1992-93 of roughly 1.0%. The government has begun to makeprogress in its efforts to diversify exports.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $10.4 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:-1% (1993)National product per capita:$8,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):9.5% (1993)Unemployment rate:18.5% (1991)Budget:revenues:$1.6 billionexpenditures:$1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $158 million (1993est.)Exports:$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)commodities:petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products,fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowerspartners:US 47%, CARICOM 13%, Latin America 9%, EC 5% (1992)Imports:$900 million (f.o.b. , 1993)commodities:machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, liveanimals (1992)partners:US 41%, Venezuela 10%, UK 8%, other EC 8%External debt:$2 billion (1993)Industrial production:growth rate 2.3% (1991); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleumElectricity:capacity:1,176,000 kWproduction:3.48 billion kWhconsumption per capita:2,680 kWh (1992)Industries:petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage,cotton textilesAgriculture:accounts for 3% of GDP; highly subsidized sector; major crops - cocoa,sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus,coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animalprotein; must import large share of food needsIllicit drugs:transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US andEuropeEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $518millionCurrency:1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 centsExchange rates:Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 5.8111 (January 1994),5.3511 (1993), 4.2500 (fixed rate 1989-1992); note - effective 13April 1993, the exchange rate of the TT dollar is market-determined asopposed to the prior fixed relationship to the US dollarFiscal year:calendar year
@Trinidad and Tobago, Communications
Railroads:minimal agricultural railroad system near San FernandoHighways:total:8,000 kmpaved:4,000 kmunpaved:improved earth 1,000 km; unimproved earth 3,000 kmPipelines:crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 kmPorts:Port-of-Spain, Pointe-a-Pierre, ScarboroughMerchant marine:2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,507 GRT/21,923 DWTAirports:total:6usable:5with permanent-surface runways:2with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:2with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links toBarbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; broadcaststations - 2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Trinidad and Tobago, Defense Forces
Branches:Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (including Ground Forces, CoastGuard, and Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police ServiceManpower availability:males age 15-49 357,904; fit for military service 257,667Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $59 million, 1%-2% of GDP (1989 est.)
@Tromelin Island
Header Affiliation: (possession of France)
@Tromelin Island, Geography
Location: Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion Map references: World Area: total area: 1 sq km land area: 1 sq km comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 3.7 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles Climate: tropical Terrain: sandy Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (scattered bushes) Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones; wildlife sanctuary
@Tromelin Island, People
Population: uninhabited
@Tromelin Island, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Tromelin Islandlocal long form:nonelocal short form:Ile TromelinDigraph:TEType:French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic,resident in ReunionCapital:none; administered by France from ReunionIndependence:none (possession of France)
@Tromelin Island, Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Tromelin Island, Communications
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only Airports: total: 1 usable: 1 with permanent-surface runways: 0 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 0 Telecommunications: important meteorological station
@Tromelin Island, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
@Tunisia, Geography
Location:Northern Africa, 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily,between Algeria and LibyaMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:163,610 sq kmland area:155,360 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than GeorgiaLand boundaries:total 1,424 km, Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 kmCoastline:1,148 kmMaritime claims:territorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:maritime boundary dispute with Libya; land boundary dispute withAlgeria settled in 1993Climate:temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers;desert in southTerrain:mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges intothe SaharaNatural resources:petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, saltLand use:arable land:20%permanent crops:10%meadows and pastures:19%forest and woodland:4%other:47%Irrigated land:2,750 sq km (1989)Environment:current issues:toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents humanhealth risks; water pollution from untreated sewage; water scarcity;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, NuclearTest Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed,but not ratified - Marine Life ConservationNote:strategic location in central Mediterranean
@Tunisia, People
Population: 8,726,562 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.76% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 23.4 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 4.95 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 34.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.89 years male: 70.85 years female: 75.03 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.88 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% Religions: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% Languages: Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 65% male: 74% female: 56% Labor force: 2.25 million by occupation: agriculture 32% note: shortage of skilled labor
@Tunisia, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Tunisiaconventional short form:Tunisialocal long form:Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyahlocal short form:TunisDigraph:TSType:republicCapital:TunisAdministrative divisions:23 governorates; Beja, Ben Arous, Bizerte, Gabes, Gafsa, Jendouba,Kairouan, Kasserine, Kebili, L'Ariana, Le Kef, Mahdia, Medenine,Monastir, Nabeul, Sfax, Sidi Bou Zid, Siliana, Sousse, Tataouine,Tozeur, Tunis, ZaghouanIndependence:20 March 1956 (from France)National holiday:National Day, 20 March (1956)Constitution:1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988Legal system:based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial reviewof legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint sessionSuffrage:20 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987);election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA); results - Gen.Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without oppositionhead of government:Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)cabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the presidentLegislative branch:unicameralChamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab):elections last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held NA March 1994);results - RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other2.4%; seats - (141 total) RCD 141Judicial branch:Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)Political parties and leaders:Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI(official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS),Mohammed MOUAADA; five other political parties are legal, includingthe Communist PartyOther political or pressure groups:the Islamic fundamentalist party, An Nahda (Rebirth), is outlawedMember of:ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM,OAPEC (withdrew from active membership in 1986), OAS (observer), OAU,OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UPU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Ismail KHALILchancery:1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005telephone:(202) 862-1850US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador John T. McCARTHYembassy:144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvederemailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[216] (1) 782-566FAX:[216] (1) 789-719Flag:red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearlyencircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star aretraditional symbols of Islam
@Tunisia, Economy
Overview:Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining,energy, tourism and manufacturing sectors. The economy grew rapidly inthe mid-1980s, GDP growth averaging 5.4% in 1983-85. Following aforeign exchange crisis caused by a sharp drop in agricultural outputand tourism, combined with the oil price collapse in 1986, Tunisiainaugurated an IMF-sponsored economic rehabilitation scheme.Subsequent government structural reforms have helped liberalize andopen the economy, and GDP growth has been positive since the start ofthe program. A sharp rebound in tourism from the downturn caused bythe Gulf war and strong agricultural performance boosted real GDPgrowth to more than 8% in 1992; growth fell back to 2.6% in 1993.Further privatization and further improvements in governmentadministrative efficiency are among the challenges for the future.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.3 billion (1993 est.)National product real growth rate:2.6% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$4,000 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):4.5% (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:16.2% (1993 est.)Budget:revenues:$4.3 billionexpenditures:$5.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $NA (1993 est.)Exports:$4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993)commodities:hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicalspartners:EC countries 75%, Middle East 10%, Algeria 2%, India 2%, US 1%Imports:$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1993)commodities:industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%,consumer goodspartners:EC countries 70%, US 5%, Middle East 2%, Japan 2%, Switzerland 1%,Algeria 1%External debt:$7.7 billion (1993 est.)Industrial production:growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for about 25% of GDP, includingpetroleumElectricity:capacity:1,545,000 kWproduction:5,096 kWhconsumption per capita:600 kWh (1992)Industries:petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism,textiles, footwear, food, beveragesAgriculture:accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subjectto severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops -olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products - grain, sugar beets,wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89) $52million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $410 millionCurrency:1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimesExchange rates:Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 1.0514 (January 1994), 1.0037 (1993),0.8844 (1992), 0.9246 (1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989)Fiscal year:calendar year
@Tunisia, Communications
Railroads:2,115 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge; 1,650 km1.000-meter gaugeHighways:total:17,700 kmpaved:bituminous 9,100 kmunpaved:improved, unimproved earth 8,600 kmPipelines:crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 kmPorts:Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, ZarzisMerchant marine:23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 152,683 GRT/199,273 DWT, bulk 6,cargo 6, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 1, oil tanker 1,roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1Airports:total:31usable:27with permanent-surface runways:14with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:9with runways 1,220-2,439 m:5note:a new airport opened 6 May 1993, length and type of surface NATelecommunications:the system is above the African average; facilities consist ofopen-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay; key centersare Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones (28telephones per 1,000 persons); broadcast stations - 7 AM, 8 FM, 19 TV;5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic OceanINTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable andmicrowave radio relay to Algeria and Libya
@Tunisia, Defense Forces
Branches:Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National GuardManpower availability:males age 15-49 2,229,362; fit for military service 1,281,015; reachmilitary age (20) annually 91,941 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $618 million, 3.7% of GDP (1993 est.)
@Turkey, Geography
Location:Southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is sometimesincluded with Europe), bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea,between Bulgaria and IranMap references:Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:780,580 sq kmland area:770,760 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than TexasLand boundaries:total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 kmCoastline:7,200 kmMaritime claims:exclusive economic zone:in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with theformer USSRterritorial sea:6 nm in the Aegean Sea,12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean SeaInternational disputes:complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece inAegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoingdispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over waterdevelopment plans for the Tigris and Euphrates RiversClimate:temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher ininteriorTerrain:mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau(Anatolia)Natural resources:antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron oreLand use:arable land:30%permanent crops:4%meadows and pastures:12%forest and woodland:26%other:28%Irrigated land:22,200 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; airpollution; deforestationnatural hazards:subject to very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey,along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Vaninternational agreements:party to - Air Pollution, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, EnvironmentalModification, Hazardous Wastes,Note:strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea ofMarmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas
@Turkey, People
Population: 62,153,898 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.02% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 25.98 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 48.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.94 years male: 68.61 years female: 73.38 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.21 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Turk(s) adjective: Turkish Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews) Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 81% male: 90% female: 71% Labor force: 20.8 million by occupation: agriculture 48%, services 32%, industry 20% note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1993)
@Turkey, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Turkeyconventional short form:Turkeylocal long form:Turkiye Cumhuriyetilocal short form:TurkiyeDigraph:TUType:republican parliamentary democracyCapital:AnkaraAdministrative divisions:73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri,Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman,Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale,Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan,Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay,Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars,Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya,Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu,Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas,Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yozgat, ZonguldakIndependence:29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)National holiday:Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)Constitution:7 November 1982Legal system:derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJjurisdiction, with reservationsSuffrage:21 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)head of government:Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since 5 July 1993)National Security Council:advisory body to the President and the Cabinetcabinet:Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on nomination of theprime ministerLegislative branch:unicameralTurkish Grand National Assembly:(Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi) elections last held 20 October 1991(next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP 27.03%, ANAP 24.01%,SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%, independent 0.14%; seats- (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP 19, DSP 7, other 5note:seats held by various parties are subject to change due to defections,creation of new parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies;present seats by party are as follows: DYP 178, ANAP 101, SHP 55, RP39, CHP 18, MHP 13, DEP 13, BBP 7, DSP 3, YP 3, MP 2, independents 10,vacant 8Judicial branch:Court of CassationPolitical parties and leaders:Correct Way Party (DYP), Tansu CILLER; Motherland Party (ANAP), MesutYILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Murat KARAYALCIN;Welfare Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP),Bulent ECEVIT; Nationalist Action Party (MHP), Alparslan TURKES;Democracy Party (DEP), Hatip DICLE; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), SadunAREN; New Party (YP), Yusuf Bozkurt OZAL; Republican People's Party(CHP), Deniz BAYKAL; Labor Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party(MP), Aykut EDIBALI; Democrat Party (DP), Aydin MENDERES; Grand UnityParty (BBP), Muhsin YAZICIOGLU; Rebirth Party (YDP), Hasan CelalGUZEL; People's Democracy Party (HADEP), Murat BOZLAK; Main Path Party(ANAYOL), Gurcan BASER; Democratic Target Party, Abdul Kadir YasarTURKOther political or pressure groups:Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Bayram MERALMember of:AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE,ECO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD,IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer),ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIRchancery:1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036telephone:(202) 659-8200consulate(s) general:Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New YorkUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEYembassy:110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankaramailing address:PSC 93, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823telephone:[90] (312) 468-6110 through 6128FAX:[90] (312) 467-0019consulate(s) general:Istanbulconsulate(s):AdanaFlag:red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward thehoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside thecrescent opening
@Turkey, Economy
Overview: In early 1994, after an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey faces its most damaging economic crisis in the last 15 years. Sparked by the downgrading in mid-January of Turkey's international credit rating by two US credit rating agencies, the crisis stems from two years of loose fiscal and monetary policies that have exacerbated inflation and allowed the public debt, money supply, and current account deficit to explode. Under Prime Minister CILLER, Ankara has followed seriously flawed policies that have destroyed public confidence in the government's ability to manage the economy. Inflation is now running at an annual rate of 107% and the public sector deficit is equivalent to 16% of GDP. Turkish firms have been hurt by high interest rates and a dramatic drop in consumer demand. Three Turkish banks have folded and the stock market has fallen 48% since the beginning of the year. Economic growth may drop to between 0% and 2% in 1994, compared to 7.3% in 1993. Moreover, the government is facing a severe cash crunch. In March 1994, the treasury came close to defaulting on a loan, and official foreign currency reserves are equal to less than two months' worth of imports. The unprecedented effort by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) to raise the economic costs of its insurgency against the Turkish state is adding to Turkey's economic problems. Attacks against the tourism industry have cut tourist revenues, which account for about 3% of GDP, while economic activity in southeastern Turkey, where most of the violence occurs, has dropped considerably. To cope with the economic crisis and instill domestic and international investor confidence in the fragile coalition government, CILLER has asked the IMF to endorse a stabilization package she introduced in early April 1994. Negotiations are underway for a standby agreement, which would give Turkey access to $450 million this year and enable her cash-starved government to return to the foreign capital markets. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $312.4 billion (1993) National product real growth rate: 7.3% (1993) National product per capita: $5,100 (1993) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 65% (1993) Unemployment rate: 12.2% (1993) Budget: revenues: $36.5 billion expenditures: $47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5 billion (1994) Exports: $14.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: manufactured products 72%, foodstuffs 23%, mining products 4% partners: EC countries 53%, US 6%, Russia 4%, Saudi Arabia 3% Imports: $22.9 billion (c.i.f., 1992) commodities: manufactured products 68%, fuels 17%, foodstuffs 4% partners: EC countries 44%, US 11%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Russia 5% External debt: $59.4 billion (1993) Industrial production: growth rate 4.3% (1992); accounts for 28% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 14,400,000 kW production: 44 billion kWh consumption per capita: 750 kWh (1991) Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products - tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion note: aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion Currency: 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 15,196.1 (January 1994), 10,983.3 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989) Fiscal year: calendar year
@Turkey, Communications
Railroads:8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)Highways:total:320,611 kmpaved:27,000 km (including 138 km of expressways)unpaved:gravel 18,500 km; earth 275,111 km (1988)Inland waterways:about 1,200 kmPipelines:crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 kmPorts:Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, IzmirMerchant marine:390 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,664,205 GRT/8,163,379 DWT,bulk 103, cargo 195, chemical tanker 10, combination bulk 5,combination ore/oil 12, container 2, liquefied gas 4, livestockcarrier 1, oil tanker 41, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 2,roll-on/roll-off cargo 5, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 2Airports:total:113usable:105with permanent-surface runways:69with runways over 3,659 m:3with runways 2,440-3,659 m:32with runways 1,220-2,439 m:27Telecommunications:fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwavenetwork; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcaststations - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operatingin the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1submarine cable
@Turkey, Defense Forces
Branches:Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force,Coast Guard, GendarmerieManpower availability:males age 15-49 16,112,783; fit for military service 9,828,853; reachmilitary age (20) annually 614,252 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:exchange rate conversion - $14 billion, 5.6% of GDP (1994 est.)
@Turkmenistan, Geography
Location:Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and UzbekistanMap references:Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:488,100 sq kmland area:488,100 sq kmcomparative area:slightly larger than CaliforniaLand boundaries:total 3,736 km, Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km,Uzbekistan 1,621 kmCoastline:0 kmnote:Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)Maritime claims:landlocked, but boundaries in the Caspian Sea with Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan, and Iran are under negotiationsInternational disputes:Russia may dispute current de facto maritime border to midpoint ofCaspian Sea from shoreClimate:subtropical desertTerrain:flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in thesouth; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea inwestNatural resources:petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulphur, saltLand use:arable land:3%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:69%forest and woodland:0%other:28%Irrigated land:12,450 sq km (1990)Environment:current issues:contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,pesticides; salinization, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigationmethods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flowof the Amu Darya river into irrigation contributes to that river'sinability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertificationnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Ozone Layer ProtectionNote:landlocked
@Turkmenistan, People
Population: 3,995,122 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.01% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 30.42 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.14 years male: 61.63 years female: 68.82 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.77 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Turkmen(s) adjective: Turkmen Ethnic divisions: Turkmen 73.3%, Russian 9.8%, Uzbek 9%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.9% Religions: Muslim 87%, Eastern Orthodox 11%, unknown 2% Languages: Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 1.573 million by occupation: agriculture and forestry 44%, industry and construction 20%, other 36% (1992)
@Turkmenistan, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Turkmenistanlocal long form:Tiurkmenostan Respublikasylocal short form:Turkmenistanformer:Turkmen Soviet Socialist RepublicDigraph:TXType:republicCapital:AshgabatAdministrative divisions:5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), BalkanWelayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), LebapWelayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayatynote:names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs fromwelayat nameIndependence:27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)National holiday:Independence Day, 27 October (1991)Constitution:adopted 18 May 1992Legal system:based on civil law systemSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990); election lastheld 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002); results - SaparmuradNIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed); note - a 15 January 1994 referendumextended NIYAZOV's term an additional five years until 2002 (99.99%approval)head of government:Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Batyr SARDJAEV, ValeryG. OCHERTSOV, Orazgeldi AIDOGDIEV, Djourakuli BABAKULIYEV, RejepSAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV, Abad RIZAEVA, Yagmur OVEZOV (since NA)cabinet:Council of MinistersLegislative branch:under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, aunicameral People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100members and meeting infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly(Majlis)Assembly (Majlis):elections last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held late 1994 or early1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total)elections not officially by party, but Communist Party members wonnearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced to 50 at next electionJudicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:ruling party:Democratic Party (formerly Communist), chairman vacantopposition:Party for Democratic Development, Durdymurat HOJA-MUKHAMMED, chairman;Agzybirlik, Nurberdy NURMAMEDOV, cochairman, Hubayberdi HALLIYEV,cochairmannote:formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small oppositionmovements existMember of:CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NACC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UPU, WHO, WMODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Khalil UGURchancery:1511 K Street NW, Suite 412, Washington, DC, 20005telephone:NAUS diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS IIIembassy:Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabatmailing address:use embassy street addresstelephone:[7] 36320 24-49-25 or 24-49-26Flag:green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with aclaret vertical stripe in between containing five white, black, andorange carpet guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs)associated with five different tribes; a white crescent and five whitestars in the upper left corner to the right of the carpet guls
@Turkmenistan, Economy
Overview:Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising,intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oilresources. Half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; it is theworld's tenth largest producer. It also is the world's fourth largestproducer of natural gas and has the fifth largest reserves.Furthermore, Turkmenistan has substantial oil resources; its two oilrefineries make it an exporter of refined products. Profiting from themove toward market prices for its oil and gas resources, Turkmenistanhas suffered the least economic decline of the 15 states of the formerUSSR. With an authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and atribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautiousapproach to questions of economic reform, using the profits from itsgas and cotton exports to sustain a generally inefficient economy.Economic restructuring and privatization have just begun, and priceliberalization and price increases have been accompanied by generouswage hikes and subsidies. At the same time, Turkmenistan faces seriousconstraints on its gas and oil earnings because of the inability ofits traditional regional customers to pay for the current level ofpurchases and the lack of pipeline access to hard currency markets.Faced with financial shortfalls, rampant inflation, and the desire toensure a stable currency, the regime has become more receptive tomarket reforms yet still seeks to offer widespread social benefits toits population and to retain state domination over the economy.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $13 billion (1993 estimate fromthe UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 andpublished in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and asextrapolated to 1993 using official Turkmen statistics, which are veryuncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)National product real growth rate:7.8% (1993 est.)National product per capita:$3,330 (1993 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):45% per month (1993 est.)Unemployment rate:2.9% (1992 est.); includes only officially registered unemployed; alsolarge number of underemployedBudget:revenues:$NAexpenditures:$NA, including capital expenditures of $NAExports:$1.2 billion to states outside the FSU (1993)commodities:natural gas, cotton, petroleum products, textiles, carpetspartners:Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Eastern Europe,Turkey, ArgentinaImports:$490 million from states outside the FSU (1993)commodities:machinery and parts, grain and food, plastics and rubber, consumerdurables, textilespartners:Russia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, TurkeyExternal debt:NEGLIndustrial production:growth rate 5.3% (1993)Electricity:capacity:2,920,000 kWproduction:13.1 billion kWhconsumption per capita:3,079 kWh (1992)Industries:natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processingAgriculture:cotton, grain, animal husbandryIllicit drugs:illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption;limited government eradication program; used as transshipment pointsfor illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Western EuropeEconomic aid:recipient:Turkmenistan has received about $200 million in bilateral aid creditsCurrency:Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on 1November 1993Exchange rates:NAFiscal year:calendar year
@Turkmenistan, Communications
Railroads:2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)Highways:total:23,000 kmpaved and gravel:18,300 kmunpaved:earth 4,700 km (1990)Pipelines:crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 kmPorts:inland - Krasnowodsk (Caspian Sea)Airports:total:7usable:7with permanent-surface runways:4with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:poorly developed; only 7.5 telephone circuits per 100 persons (1991);linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to othercountries by leased connections to the Moscow international gatewayswitch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has beenestablished; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international trafficthrough Turkey via INTELSAT; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1INTELSAT
@Turkmenistan, Defense Forces
Branches:National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops),Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian SeaFlotilla, Air, and Air Defense)Manpower availability:males age 15-49 962,987; fit for military service 787,991; reachmilitary age (18) annually 40,079 (1994 est.)Defense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GDP
@Turks and Caicos Islands
Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)
@Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography
Location: Caribbean, in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic and southeast of The Bahamas Map references: Central America and the Caribbean Area: total area: 430 sq km land area: 430 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 389 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: freshwater scarcity, private cisterns collect rainwater natural hazards: subject to frequent hurricanes international agreements: NA Note: 30 islands (eight inhabited)
@Turks and Caicos Islands, People
Population:13,552 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.69% (1994 est.)Birth rate:14.14 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:17.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:75.34 yearsmale:73.41 yearsfemale:77.02 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:2.05 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:noneadjective:noneEthnic divisions:AfricanReligions:Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)Languages:English (official)Literacy:age 15 and over who have ever attended school (1970)total population:98%male:99%female:98%Labor force:NAby occupation:majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistenceagriculture
@Turks and Caicos Islands, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Turks and Caicos IslandsDigraph:TKType:dependent territory of the UKCapital:Grand TurkAdministrative divisions:none (dependent territory of the UK)Independence:none (dependent territory of the UK)National holiday:Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)Constitution:introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, restored and revised 5March 1988Legal system:based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted fromJamaica and The BahamasSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by GovernorMartin BOURKE (since NA February 1993)head of government:Chief Minister Washington MISSICK (since NA March 1991)cabinet:Executive Council; consists of three ex-officio members and fiveappointed by the governor from the Legislative CouncilLegislative branch:unicameralLegislative Council:elections last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM5Judicial branch:Supreme CourtPolitical parties and leaders:Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSICK; People'sDemocratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National DemocraticAlliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICKMember of:CARICOM (associate), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau)Diplomatic representation in US:none (dependent territory of the UK)US diplomatic representation:none (dependent territory of the UK)Flag:blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and thecolonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield isyellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
@Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy
Overview:The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Onlysubsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on theCaicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, mustbe imported.National product:GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $80.8 million (1992 est.)National product real growth rate:-1.5% (1992)National product per capita:$6,000 (1992 est.)Inflation rate (consumer prices):NA%Unemployment rate:12% (1992)Budget:revenues:$20.3 millionexpenditures:$44 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9 million (1989est.)Exports:$6.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities:lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shellspartners:US, UKImports:$42.8 million (1992)commodities:food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, constructionmaterialspartners:US, UKExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:capacity:9,050 kWproduction:11.1 million kWhconsumption per capita:860 kWh (1992)Industries:fishing, tourism, offshore financial servicesAgriculture:subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing moreimportant than farming; not self-sufficient in foodEconomic aid:recipient:Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $110 millionCurrency:1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 centsExchange rates:US currency is usedFiscal year:calendar year
@Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications
Highways:total:121 km (including 24 km tarmac)paved:NAunpaved:NAPorts:Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn HarbourAirports:total:7usable:7with permanent-surface runways:4with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:4Telecommunications:fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations -3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSATearth station
@Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
@Tuvalu, Geography
Location:Oceania, Polynesia, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the SouthPacific OceanMap references:Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:26 sq kmland area:26 sq kmcomparative area:about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DCLand boundaries:0 kmCoastline:24 kmMaritime claims:contiguous zone:24 nmexclusive economic zone:200 nmterritorial sea:12 nmInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November);westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)Terrain:very low-lying and narrow coral atollsNatural resources:fishLand use:arable land:0%permanent crops:0%meadows and pastures:0%forest and woodland:0%other:100%Irrigated land:NA sq kmEnvironment:current issues:since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable,all water needs must be met by catchment systems with storagefacilitiesnatural hazards:severe tropical storms are rareinternational agreements:party to - Climate Change, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution;signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
@Tuvalu, People
Population: 9,831 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.66% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 25.73 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 9.15 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 27.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.03 years male: 61.57 years female: 64.08 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Tuvaluans(s) adjective: Tuvaluan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96% Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6% Languages: Tuvaluan, English Literacy: total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% Labor force: NA by occupation: NA
@Tuvalu, Government
Names:conventional long form:noneconventional short form:Tuvaluformer:Ellice IslandsDigraph:TVType:democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expectedin 1993Capital:FunafutiAdministrative divisions:noneIndependence:1 October 1978 (from UK)National holiday:Independence Day, 1 October (1978)Constitution:1 October 1978Legal system:NASuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by GovernorGeneral Tomu Malaefono SIONE (since NA 1993)head of government:Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December 1993); Deputy PrimeMinister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December 1993)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on recommendation of theprime ministerLegislative branch:unicameralParliament (Palamene):elections last held 25 November 1993 (next to be held by NA 1997);results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)Judicial branch:High CourtPolitical parties and leaders:noneMember of:ACP, AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), ITU,SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHODiplomatic representation in US:Tuvalu has no mission in the USUS diplomatic representation:noneFlag:light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nineyellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
@Tuvalu, Economy
Overview:Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poorsoil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports.Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities.The islands are too small and too remote for development of a touristindustry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps andcoins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annuallyfrom an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ,and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.National product:GNP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 million (1990)National product real growth rate:4% (1990 est.)National product per capita:$700 (1990)Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.9% (1989)Unemployment rate:NA%Budget:revenues:$4.3 millionexpenditures:$4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)Exports:$165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)commodities:coprapartners:Fiji, Australia, NZImports:$4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989)commodities:food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goodspartners:Fiji, Australia, NZExternal debt:$NAIndustrial production:growth rate NA%Electricity:capacity:2,600 kWproduction:3 million kWhconsumption per capita:330 kWh (1990)Industries:fishing, tourism, copraAgriculture:coconuts and fishEconomic aid:recipient:US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101millionCurrency:1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 centsExchange rates:Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364(January 1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799(1990), 1.2618 (1989)Fiscal year:NA
@Tuvalu, Communications
Highways:total:8 kmunpaved:gravel 8 kmPorts:Funafuti, NukufetauMerchant marine:7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 57,067 GRT/102,037 DWT, chemicaltanker 4, oil tanker 2, passenger-cargo 1Airports:total:1usable:1with permanent-surface runways:0with runways over 3,659 m:0with runways 2,440-3,659 m:0with runways 1,220-2,439 m:1Telecommunications:broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000radios; 108 telephones
@Tuvalu, Defense Forces
Branches:Police ForceDefense expenditures:$NA, NA% of GNP
@Uganda, Geography
Location:Eastern Africa, between Kenya and ZaireMap references:Africa, Standard Time Zones of the WorldArea:total area:236,040 sq kmland area:199,710 sq kmcomparative area:slightly smaller than OregonLand boundaries:total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania396 km, Zaire 765 kmCoastline:0 km (landlocked)Maritime claims:none; landlockedInternational disputes:noneClimate:tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February,June to August); semiarid in northeastTerrain:mostly plateau with rim of mountainsNatural resources:copper, cobalt, limestone, saltLand use:arable land:23%permanent crops:9%meadows and pastures:25%forest and woodland:30%other:13%Irrigated land:90 sq km (1989 est.)Environment:current issues:draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing;soil erosionnatural hazards:NAinternational agreements:party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law ofthe Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - EnvironmentalModificationNote:landlocked
@Uganda, People
Population:19,121,934 (July 1994 est.)Population growth rate:2.42% (1994 est.)Birth rate:48.8 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)Death rate:23.68 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)Net migration rate:-0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)Infant mortality rate:112.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)Life expectancy at birth:total population:37.46 yearsmale:37.15 yearsfemale:37.79 years (1994 est.)Total fertility rate:6.77 children born/woman (1994 est.)Nationality:noun:Ugandan(s)adjective:UgandanEthnic divisions:Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%,Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batobo 3%, European,Asian, Arab 1%, other 23%Religions:Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%Languages:English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, NiloticlanguagesLiteracy:age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population:48%male:62%female:35%Labor force:4.5 million (est.)by occupation:agriculture over 80%note:50% of population of working age (1983)
@Uganda, Government
Names:conventional long form:Republic of Ugandaconventional short form:UgandaDigraph:UGType:republicCapital:KampalaAdministrative divisions:39 districts; Apac, Arua, Bundibugyo, Bushenyi, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga,Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kalangala, Kampala, Kamuli, Kapchorwa,Kasese, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum, Kotido, Kumi, Lira, Luwero,Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono,Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pallisa, Rakai, Rukungiri, Sototi, TororoIndependence:9 October 1962 (from UK)National holiday:Independence Day, 9 October (1962)Constitution:8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revisionLegal system:government plans to restore system based on English common law andcustomary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; acceptscompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservationsSuffrage:18 years of age; universalExecutive branch:chief of state:President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986);Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)head of government:Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)cabinet:Cabinet; appointed by the presidentLegislative branch:unicameralNational Resistance Council:elections last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January1995); results - NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210indirectly elected) 210 members elected without party affiliationJudicial branch:Court of Appeal, High CourtPolitical parties and leaders:only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENInote:Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP),Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGIcontinue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting publicpolitical activitiesOther political or pressure groups:Uganda People's Front (UPF); Lord's Resistance Army (LRA); RuwenzoriMovementMember of:ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTODiplomatic representation in US:chief of mission:Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULIchancery:5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011telephone:(202) 726-7100 through 7102 and 726-0416FAX:(202) 726-1727US diplomatic representation:chief of mission:Ambassador Johnnie CARSONembassy:Parliament Avenue, Kampalamailing address:P. O. Box 7007, Kampalatelephone:[256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795Flag:six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow,and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts ared-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side