parties - (21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, CzechRepublic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine
——-
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (Volatile OrganicCompounds Protocol)
note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds
date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force
objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects
parties - (8) Finland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, European Union, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
——-
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFlora and Fauna (CITES)
note - abbreviated as Endangered Species
date opened for signature - 1973
objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits
parties - (104) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia,Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland,Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UnitedArab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela,Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho, Vietnam
——-
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes andOther Matter (London Convention)
note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping
date opened for signature - 1972
objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping, and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention
parties - (70) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Belgium,Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, European Union,Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya,Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru,Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles,Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden,Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,United States, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia, Zaire
——-
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use ofEnvironmental Modification Techniques
note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification
date opened for signature - 1976
objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations
parties - (62) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil,Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary,India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos,Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway,Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, SaoTome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the convention: Bolivia, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda, Zaire
——-
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially AsWaterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
note - abbreviated as Wetlands
date opened for signature - 1971
objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value
parties - (65) Algeria, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bulgaria,Burkina, Canada, Chad, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark,Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece,Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland,Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Mali, Malta,Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway,Pakistan, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, SouthAfrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam,former Yugoslavia, Zambia
——-
Endangered Species
see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)
——-
Environmental Modification
see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques
——-
Hazardous Wastes
see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
——-
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships(MARPOL)
note - abbreviated as Ship Pollution
date opened for signature - 1973/78
objective - to preserve the marine environment by achieving the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances
parties - (83) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, The Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada,China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon,Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia,Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands,Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua NewGuinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and theGrenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain,Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu,Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam,former Yugoslavia
——-
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
note - abbreviated as Whaling
date opened for signature - 1946
objective - to protect all species of whales from overfishing and safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks
parties - (39) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Belize,Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France,Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mauritius, Mexico,Monaco, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, New Zealand, Norway, Oman,Peru, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States
——-
International Tropical Timber Agreement
note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber
date opened for signature - 1983; a new agreement was opened for signature in 1994, but is not yet in force
objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources
parties - (45) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Burma, Cameroon, Canada,China, Colombia, Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France,Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Ireland,Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal,Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Portugal,Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad andTobago, United Kingdom, United States, Zaire
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the agreement: Bolivia, Brazil, Cote d'Ivoire, European Union, Honduras, Peru, Philippines
——-
Law of the Sea
see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
——-
Marine Dumping
see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)
——-
Marine Life Conservation
see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of theHigh Seas——-Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer
note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection
date opened for signature - 1987
objective - to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control emissions of substances that deplete it
parties - (136) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium,Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile,China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,El Salvador, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras,Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy,Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon,Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Malawi, Malaysia,Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Namibia,Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama,Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles,Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, TheFormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United ArabEmirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the protocol: Congo, Morocco
——-
Nuclear Test Ban
see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
——-
Ozone Layer Protection
see Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
——-
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol
date opened for signature - 1991, but not yet in force
objective - to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems
parties - (9) Argentina, Australia, Ecuador, France, Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Spain, Sweden
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the protocol: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay
——-
Ship Pollution
see International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (MARPOL)
——-
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban
date opened for signature - 1963
objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons
parties - (112) Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh,Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma,Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,Colombia, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark,Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, SouthKorea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar,Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia,Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland,Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago,Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay,Venezuela, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified the treaty: Algeria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam
——-
Tropical Timber
see International Tropical Timber Agreement
——-
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)
note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea
date opened for signature - 1982, but not yet in force
objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans and, as far as environmental provisions are concerned, to establish material rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment
parties - (60) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain,Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Costa Rica,Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt,Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,Honduras, Iceland, Indonesia, Iraq, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Mali,Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,Namibia, Nigeria, Oman, Paraguay, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidadand Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia,Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified theconvention: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Brunei, Bulgaria,Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic,Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Denmark,Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, EuropeanUnion, Finland, France, Gabon, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary,India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Monaco,Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand,Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, SierraLeone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine,United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa
——-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
note - abbreviated as Climate Change
date opened for signature - 1992
objective-to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
parties - (64) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina,Canada, China, Cook Islands, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica,Ecuador, European Union, Fiji, France, Germany, Guinea, Hungary,Iceland, India, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Maldives, Malta, MarshallIslands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia,Monaco, Mongolia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua NewGuinea, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,Seychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia,Tuvulu, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,Zambia, Zimbabwe
note - the following countries have signed, but not yet ratified theconvention: Afghanistan, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burma,Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus,Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia,Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel,Italy, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, Latvia,Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique,Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama,Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome andPrincipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, SolomonIslands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, WesternSamoa, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zaire
——-
Wetlands
see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)
——-
Whaling see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Appendix F: Weights and Measures
Mathematical Notation
Mathematical Power Name 10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion 10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion 10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion 10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion 10^6 or 1,000,000 one million 10^3 or 1,000 one thousand 10^2 or 100 one hundred 10^1 or 10 ten 10^0 or 1 one 10-^1 or 0.1 one-tenth 10-^2 or 0.01 one-hundredth 10-^3 or 0.001 one-thousandth 10-^6 or 0.000 001 one-millionth 10-^9 or 0.000 000 001 one-billionth 10-^12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one-trillionth 10-^15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one-quadrillionth 10-^18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 00 one-quintillionth
Metric Interrelationships
Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers).
Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume exa E 10^18 10^36 10^54 peta P 10^15 10^30 10^45 tera T 10^12 10^24 10^36 giga G 10^9 10^18 10^27 mega M 10^6 10^12 10^18 hectokilo hk 10^5 10^10 10^15 myria ma 10^4 10^8 10^12 kilo k 10^3 10^6 10^9 hecto h 10^2 10^4 10^6 basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter^2 1 meter^3 1 gram, 1 liter deci d 10-^1 10-^2 10-^3 centi c 10-^2 10-^4 10-^6 milli m 10-^3 10-^6 10-^9 decimilli dm 10-^4 10-^8 10-^12 centimilli cm 10-^5 10-^10 10-^15 micro u 10-^6 10-^12 10-^18 nano n 10-^9 10-^18 10-^27 pico p 10-^12 10-^24 10-^36 femto f 10-^15 10-^30 10-^45 atto a 10-^18 10-^36 10-^54
Equivalents
Units Metric Equivalent US Equivalent
acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet^2 acre 4,046,856 4 meters^2 4,840 yards^2 acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles^2, kilometers^2 statute are 100 meters^2 119.599 yards^2 barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters^3 128 feet^3 cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) degrees, Celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add 32 degrees C, freezes at to obtain degrees F 0 degrees C) degrees, Fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide water boils at 212 degrees by 1.8 to obtain F, freezes at 32 degrees F) degrees C dram, avdp. 1.771 845 2 grams 0.0625 5 ounces, avdp. dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute foot^2 929.030 4 centimeters^2 144 inches^2 foot^2 0.092 903 04 meters^2 0.111 111 1 yards^2 foot^3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons foot^3 0.028 316 847 meters^3 1,728 inches^3 furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches hectare 10,000 meters^2 2.471 053 8 acres hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avdp. hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avdp. inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet inch^2 6.451 6 centimeters^2 0.006 944 44 feet^2 inch^3 16.387 064 centimeters^3 0.000 578 7 feet^3 inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry inch^3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avdp. kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute kilometer^2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres kilometer^2 1,000,000 meters^2 0.386 102 16 miles^2, statute knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches liter 0.001 meters^3 61.023 74 inches^3 liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards meter^2 10,000 centimeters^2 1.195 990 yards^2 meter^3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards^3 micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute mile^2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers^2 1.325 miles^2, statute mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs mile^2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section mile^2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers^2 0.755 miles^2, nautical minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid or one-sixtieth of a dram ounce, avdp. 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches pound, avdp 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avdp pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains section (US) 2.589 988 1 kilometers^2 1 mile^2, statute or 640 acres span 22.86 centimeters 9 inches stere 1 meter^3 1.307 95 yards^3 tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons ton, long or deadweight 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avdp. ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avdp. ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters^3 100 feet^3 ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avdp. township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers^2 36 miles^2, statute yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet yard^2 0.836 127 36 meters^2 9 feet^2 yard^3 0.764 554 86 meters^3 27 feet^3 yard^3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons
Appendix G: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names
This list indicates where various names, including all United States Foreign Service Posts, alternate names, former names, and political or geographical portions of larger entities, can be found in The World Fact- book. Spellings are not necessarily those approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses; additional information is included in brackets.
Name Entry in The World Factbook
AAbidjan [US Embassy] Cote d'Ivoire
Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates
Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] Nigeria
Acapulco [US Consular Agency] Mexico
Accra [US Embassy] Ghana
Adamstown Pitcairn Islands
Adana [US Consulate] Turkey
Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia
Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) Antarctica [claimed by France]
Aden Yemen
Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean
Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea
Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean
Aegean Islands Greece
Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean
Afars and Issas, French Territory Djibouti of the (F.T.A.I.)
Agalega Islands Mauritius
Agana Guam
Aland Islands Finland
Alaska United States
Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
Aldabra Islands Seychelles
Alderney Guernsey
Aleutian Islands United States
Alexander Island Antarctica
Alexandria [US Consulate General Egypt closed in September 1993]
Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria
Alhucemas, Penon de Spain
Alma-Ata (see Almaty) Kazakhstan
Almaty (Alma-Ata) [US Embassy] Kazakhstan
Alofi Niue
Alphonse Island Seychelles
Amami Strait Pacific Ocean
Amindivi Islands India
Amirante Isles Seychelles
Amman [US Embassy] Jordan
Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands
Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean
Amur China; Russia
Andaman Islands India
Andaman Sea Indian Ocean
Andorra la Vella Andorra
Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan
Anjouan Comoros
Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey
Annobon Equatorial Guinea
Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar
Antipodes Islands New Zealand
Antwerp [European Logistical BelgiumSupport Office]
Aozou Strip Chad
Apia [US Embassy] Western Samoa
Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea Indian Ocean
Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean
Argun China; Russia
Ascension Island Saint Helena
Ashgabat [US Embassy] Turkmenistan
Ashkhabad (see Ashgabat) Turkmenistan
Asmara [US Embassy] Eritrea
Asmera (see Asmara) Eritrea
Assumption Island Seychelles
Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay
Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands
Atacama Chile
Athens [US Embassy] Greece
Attu United States
Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand
Auckland Islands New Zealand
Australes Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia
Avarua Cook Islands
Axel Heiberg Island Canada
Azores Portugal
Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean
BBab el Mandeb Indian Ocean
Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean
Babuyan Islands Philippines
Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean
Baffin Island Canada
Baghdad [US Embassy temporarily Iraq suspended; US Interests Section located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad]
Baku [US Embassy] Azerbaijan
Baky (Baku) Azerbaijan
Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean
Balearic Islands Spain
Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean
Bali Sea Indian Ocean
Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean
Balintang Islands Philippines
Balleny Islands Antarctica
Balochistan Pakistan
Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean
Bamako [US Embassy] Mali
Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati
Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei
Banda Sea Pacific Ocean
Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand
Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic
Banjul [US Embassy] Gambia, The
Banks Island Canada
Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu
Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain
Barents Sea Arctic Ocean
Barranquilla [US Consulate] Colombia
Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean
Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean
Bass Strait Pacific Ocean
Basse-Terre Guadeloupe
Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
Batan Islands Philippines
Basutoland Lesotho
Bavaria (Bayern) Germany
Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean
Bear Island (Bjornoya) Svalbard
Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean
Bechuanaland Botswana
Beijing [US Embassy] China
Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon
Belau (see Palu) Pacific Islands,Trust Territory of the
Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil
Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia
Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom
Belgian Congo Zaire
Belgrade [US Embassy; US does not Serbia and Montenegro maintain full diplomatic relations with Serbia and Montenegro]
Belize City [US Embassy] Belize
Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
Bellingshausen Sea Pacific Ocean
Belmopan Belize
Belorussia Belarus
Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean
Bering Sea Pacific Ocean
Bering Strait Pacific Ocean
Berkner Island Antarctica
Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany
Berlin, East Germany
Berlin, West Germany
Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland
Bessarabia Romania; Moldova
Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau
Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands
Bilbao [US Consulate] Spain
Bioko Equatorial Guinea
Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
Bishkek [US Embassy] Kyrgyzstan
Bishop Rock United Kingdom
Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean
Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau
Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard
Black Rock Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Black Sea Atlantic Ocean
Bloemfontein South Africa
Boa Vista Cape Verde
Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia
Bombay [US Consulate General] India
Bonaire Netherlands Antilles
Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
Bonin Islands Japan
Bonn [US Embassy] Germany
Bophuthatswana South Africa
Bora-Bora French Polynesia
Bordeaux [US Consulate General] France
Borneo Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Bornholm Denmark
Bosporus Atlantic Ocean
Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
Bougainville Island Papua New Guinea
Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean
Bounty Islands New Zealand
Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil
Bratislava [US Embassy] Slovakia
Brazzaville [US Embassy] Congo
Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados
Brisbane [US Consulate] Australia
British East Africa Kenya
British Guiana Guyana
British Honduras Belize
British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
British Somaliland Somalia
Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission Belgium to European Union, US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)]
Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania
Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary
Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina
Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi
Burnt Pine Norfolk Island
Byelorussia Belarus
CCabinda Angola
Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean
Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt
Calcutta [US Consulate General] India
Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada
California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
Campbell Island New Zealand
Canal Zone Panama
Canary Islands Spain
Canberra [US Embassy] Australia
Canton (Guangzhou) China
Canton Island Kiribati
Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa
Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela
Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius
Caroline Islands Micronesia, Federated States of; Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the
Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean
Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean
Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco
Castries Saint Lucia
Cato Island Australia
Cayenne French Guiana
Cebu [US Consulate General] Philippines
Celebes Indonesia
Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean
Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean
Central African Empire Central African Republic
Ceuta Spain
Ceylon Sri Lanka
Chafarinas, Islas Spain
Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory
Channel Islands Guernsey; Jersey
Charlotte Amalie Virgin Islands
Chatham Islands New Zealand
Cheju-do Korea, South
Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean
Chengdu [US Consulate General] China
Chesterfield Islands New Caledonia(Iles Chesterfield)
Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand
Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean
China, People's Republic of China
China, Republic of Taiwan
Chisinau [US Embassy] Moldova
Choiseul Solomon Islands
Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia
Christmas Island [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati(Kiritimati)
Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean
Ciskei South Africa
Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] Mexico
Coco, Isla del Costa Rica
Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka
Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador(Galapagos Islands)
Commander Islands Russia(Komandorskiye Ostrova)
Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea
Congo (Brazzaville) Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) Zaire
Congo (Leopoldville) Zaire
Con Son Islands Vietnam
Cook Strait Pacific Ocean
Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark
Coral Sea Pacific Ocean
Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua
Corsica France
Cosmoledo Group Seychelles
Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin
Crete Greece
Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean
Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles
Czechoslovakia Czech Republic; Slovakia
DDahomey Benin
Daito Islands Japan
Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal
Daman (Damao) India
Damascus [US Embassy] Syria
Danger Atoll Cook Islands
Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean
Danzig (Gdansk) Poland
Dao Bach Long Vi Vietnam
Dardanelles Atlantic Ocean
Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania
Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean
Deception Island Antarctica
Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean
D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea
Devon Island Canada
Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia
Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh
Diego Garcia British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Ramirez Chile
Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede]; United States[Little Diomede]
Diu India
Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti
Dodecanese Greece
Dodoma Tanzania
Doha [US Embassy] Qatar
Douala [US Consulate closed in CameroonSeptember 1993]
Douglas Man, Isle of
Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean
Dubai (see Dubayy) United Arab Emirates
Dubayy [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates
Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland
Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa
Dushanbe [Embassy] Tajikistan
Dutch East Indies Indonesia
Dutch Guiana Suriname
EEast China Sea Pacific Ocean
Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile
Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait Pacific Oceanor Tsushima Strait)
East Germany (German Democratic GermanyRepublic)
East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel Pacific Oceanor Tsushima Strait)
East Pakistan Bangladesh
East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean
East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia
Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom
Elba Italy
Ellef Ringnes Island Canada
Ellesmere Island Canada
Ellice Islands Tuvalu
Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea
Enderbury Island Kiribati
Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands
England United Kingdom
English Channel Atlantic Ocean
Eniwetok Atoll Marshall Islands
Epirus, Northern Albania; Greece
Essequibo [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana
Etorofu Russia [de facto]
FFarquhar Group Seychelles
Fernando de Noronha Brazil
Fernando Po (Bioko) Equatorial Guinea
Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
Florence [US Consulate General] Italy
Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean
Formosa Taiwan
Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean
Fortaleza [US Consular Agency] Brazil
Fort-de-France [US Consulate General] Martinique
Frankfurt am Main [US GermanyConsulate General]
Franz Josef Land Russia
Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone
French Cameroon Cameroon
French Indochina Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam
French Guinea Guinea
French Sudan Mali
French Territory of the Afars Djibouti and Issas (F.T.A.I.)
French Togo Togo
Friendly Islands Tonga
Frunze (Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan
Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan
Funafuti Tuvalu
Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean
Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands) Wallis and Futuna
GGaborone [US Embassy] Botswana
Galapagos Islands (Archipielago Ecuadorde Colon)
Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean
Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia
Gaspar Strait Pacific Ocean
Geneva [Branch Office of the SwitzerlandUS Embassy, US Mission to EuropeanOffice of the UN and OtherInternational Organizations]
Genoa [US Consulate General closed Italyin June 1993]
George Town [US Consular Agency] Cayman Islands
Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana
German Democratic Republic Germany(East Germany)
German Federal Republic of Germany(West Germany)
Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean
Gilbert Islands Kiribati
Goa India
Gold Coast Ghana
Golan Heights Syria
Good Hope, Cape of South Africa
Goteborg Sweden
Gotland Sweden
Gough Island Saint Helena
Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean
Grand Cayman Cayman Islands
Grand Turk [US Consular Agency] Turks and Caicos Islands
Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean
Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean
Great Britain United Kingdom
Great Channel Indian Ocean
Greater Sunda Islands Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia
Green Islands Papua New Guinea
Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean
Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Grenadines, Southern Grenada
Grytviken Georgia
Guadalajara [US Consulate General] Mexico
Guadalcanal Solomon Islands
Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico
Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China
Guantanamo Bay [US Naval Base] Cuba
Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala
Gubal, Strait of Indian Ocean
Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean
Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador
HHa'apai Group Tonga
Habomai Islands Russia [de facto]
Hague, The [US Embassy] Netherlands
Hainan Dao China
Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada
Halmahera Indonesia
Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany
Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda
Hanoi Vietnam