Defense expenditures: 337 billion to 393 billion dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
________________________________________________________________________
@Cuba:Geography
Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the NorthAtlantic Ocean, south of Florida
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 110,860 sq kmland area: 110,860 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba
Coastline: 3,735 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased toUS and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area canterminate the lease
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November toApril); rainy season (May to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountainsin the southeast
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt,timber, silica, petroleum
Land use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 6% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 17% other: 31%
Irrigated land: 8,960 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatenswildlife populations; deforestationnatural hazards: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from Augustto October (in general, the country averages about one hurricane everyother year); droughts are commoninternational agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified -Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Marine LifeConservation
Note: largest country in Caribbean
@Cuba:People
Population: 10,937,635 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 22% (female 1,191,320; male 1,256,928)15-64 years: 68% (female 3,732,434; male 3,751,464)65 years and over: 10% (female 528,104; male 477,385) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.65% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 14.54 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.53 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 8.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.05 years male: 74.86 years female: 79.37 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Cuban(s) adjective: Cuban
Ethnic divisions: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power
Languages: Spanish
Literacy: age 15-49 and over can read and write (1981)total population: 98%
Labor force: 4,620,800 economically active population (1988);3,578,800 in state sectorby occupation: services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications7% (June 1990)
@Cuba:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Cubaconventional short form: Cubalocal long form: Republica de Cubalocal short form: Cuba
Digraph: CU
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara
Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902)
National holiday: Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)
Constitution: 24 February 1976
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 16 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President of the Council ofState and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz(Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when officewas abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice Presidentof the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council ofMinisters Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)cabinet: Council of Ministers; proposed by the president of theCouncil of State, appointed by the National Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of People's Power: (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular) elections last held February 1993 (next to be held NA); seats - 589 total, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy commissions
Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)
Political parties and leaders: only party - Cuban Communist Party(PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary
Member of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS,ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO,ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS (excluded from formalparticipation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA PEREZ (since August1992) represented by the Cuban Interests Section of the Swiss Embassyin Washington, DCchancery: 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Cuban Interests Section, SwissEmbassy, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 797-8609, 8610, 8615
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Principal Officer Joseph G. SULLIVANUS Interests Section: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M,Vedado Seccion, Havanamailing address: use street addresstelephone: 33-3551 through 3559, 33-3543 through 3547, 33-3700(operator assistance required)FAX: Telex 512206note: protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section,Swiss Embassy
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white five-pointed star in the center
@Cuba:Economy
Overview: Cuba's heavily statist economy remains severely depressed as the result of its own inefficiencies and the loss of massive amounts of economic aid from the former Soviet Bloc. Total output in 1994 was only about half the output of 1989. The fall in output and in imports is reflected in the deterioration of food supplies, shortages of electricity, inability to get spare parts, and the replacement of motor-driven vehicles by bicycles and draft animals. Higher world market prices for sugar and nickel in 1994, however, resulted in a slight increase in export earnings for the first time in six years, despite lower production of both commodities. The growth of tourism slowed in late 1994 as a result of negative publicity surrounding the exodus of Cubans from the island and other international factors. The government continued its aggressive search for foreign investment and announced preliminary agreements to form large joint ventures with Mexican investors in telecommunications and oil refining. In mid-1994, the National Assembly began introducing several new taxes and price increases to stem growing excess liquidity and restore some of the peso's value as a monetary instrument. In October the government attempted to stimulate food production by permitting the sale of any surplus production (over state quotas) at unrestricted prices at designated markets. Similar but much smaller markets were also introduced for the sale of manufactured goods in December. The various government measures have influenced a remarkable appreciation of the black market value of the peso, from more than 100 pesos to the dollar in September 1994 to 40 pesos to the dollar in early 1995. Policy discussions continue in the bureaucracy over the proper pace and scope of economic reform.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $14 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 0.4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,260 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $9.3 billionexpenditures: $12.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products,citrus, coffeepartners: Russia 15%, Canada 9%, China 8%, Egypt 6%, Spain 5%, Japan4%, Morocco 4% (1994 est.)
Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals partners: Spain 17%, Mexico 10%, France 8%, China 8%, Venezuela 7%, Italy 4%, Canada 3%, (1994 est.)
External debt: $10.8 billion (convertible currency, December 1993)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 3,990,000 kW production: 12 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,022 kWh (1993)
Industries: sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food andtobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods,agricultural machinery
Agriculture: key commercial crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrusfruits; other products - coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world'slargest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar);sector hurt by persistent shortages of fuels and parts
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $710 million; Communist countries (1970-89),$18.5 billion
Currency: 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (non-convertible, official rate, linked to the US dollar)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Cuba:Transportation
Railroads:total: 12,623 kmstandard gauge: 4,881 km 1.435-m gauge (151.7 km electrified)other: 7,742 km 0.914- and 1.435-m gauge for sugar plantation lines
Highways:total: 26,477 kmpaved: 14,477 kmunpaved: gravel or earth 12,000 km (1989)
Inland waterways: 240 km
Ports: Cienfuegos, La Habana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas,Santiago de Cuba
Merchant marine:total: 48 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 278,103 GRT/396,138 DWTships by type: bulk 1, cargo 22, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gastanker 4, oil tanker 10, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 9note: Cuba beneficially owns an additional 24 ships (1,000 GRT orover) totaling 215,703 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus,Malta, and Mauritius
Airports:total: 181with paved runways over 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10with paved runways under 914 m: 106with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 36
@Cuba:Communications
Telephone system: 229,000 telephones; 20.7 telephones/1,000 persons;among the world's least developed telephone systemslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 150, FM 5, shortwave 0radios: 2.14 million
Television:broadcast stations: 58televisions: 1.53 million
@Cuba:Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) includes ground forces,Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR),Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), and Youth Labor Army (EJT); InteriorMinistry Border Guards (TGF),
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 3,065,751; females age 15-493,023,997; males fit for military service 1,909,901; females fit formilitary service 1,878,768; males reach military age (17) annually72,582; females reach military age (17) annually 69,361 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - approx. $600 million,4% of GSP (gross social product) in 1994 was for defense
Note: Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier ofCuba, cut off military aid by 1993
________________________________________________________________________
@Cyprus:Geography
Location: Middle East, island in the Mediterreanean Sea, south ofTurkey
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 9,250 sq km (note - 3,355 sq km are in the Turkish area)land area: 9,240 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 648 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (59% of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (37% of the island), that are separated by a UN buffer zone (4% of the island); there are two UK sovereign base areas within the Greek Cypriot portion of the island
Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wetwinters
Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south; scatteredbut significant plains along southern coast
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt,marble, clay earth pigment
Land use: arable land: 40% permanent crops: 7% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 18% other: 25%
Irrigated land: 350 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: water resource problems (no natural reservoircatchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resourcesconcentrated in the Turkish Cypriot area); water pollution from sewageand industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife habitatsfrom urbanizationnatural hazards: moderate earthquake activityinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Cyprus:People
Population:total: 736,636 (July 1995 est.) (78% Greek, 18% Turk, 4% other)Greek area: 602,656 (July 1995 est.) (94.9% Greek, 0.3% Turk, 4.8%other)Turkish area: 133,980 (July 1995 est.) (2.1% Greek, 97.7% Turk, 0.2%other)
Age structure:0-14 years: 26% (female 92,179; male 97,723)15-64 years: 64% (female 234,929; male 236,693)65 years and over: 10% (female 42,190; male 32,922) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.88% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 16.27 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 7.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.47 years male: 74.19 years female: 78.85 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Cypriot(s) adjective: Cypriot
Ethnic divisions:total: Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek area; 0.5% ofthe Greeks live in the Turkish area), Turkish 18% (1.3% of the Turkslive in the Greek area; 98.7% of the Turks live in the Turkish area),other 4% (99.2% of the other ethnic groups live in the Greek area;0.8% of the other ethnic groups live in the Turkish area)
Religions: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, ArmenianApostolic, and other 4%
Languages: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1987 est.)total population: 94%male: 98%female: 91%
Labor force:Greek area: 285,500by occupation: services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1992)Turkish area: 74,000by occupation: services 52%, industry 23%, agriculture 25% (1992)
@Cyprus:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Cyprusconventional short form: Cyprusnote: the Turkish area refers to itself as the "Turkish Republic" orthe "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
Abbreviation: the Turkish area is sometimes referred to as the TRNCwhich is short for "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"
Digraph: CY
Type: republicnote: a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting theisland began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; thisseparation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion ofthe island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de factocontrol in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationallyrecognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot PresidentRauf DENKTASH declared independence and the formation of a "TurkishRepublic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been recognized only byTurkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunaldifferences and creation of a new federal system of government
Capital: Nicosianote: the Turkish area's capital is Lefkosa (Nicosia)
Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos; note - Turkish area administrative divisions include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and small parts of Nicosia and Larnaca
Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK) note: Turkish area proclaimed self-rule on NA February 1975 from Republic of Cyprus
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October note: Turkish area celebrates 15 November as Independence Day
Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES(since 28 February 1993); election last held 14 February 1993 (next tobe held February 1998); results - Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, GeorgeVASSILIOU 49.7%cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed jointly by the president andvice-presidentnote: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13February 1975; Hakki ATUN has been prime minister of the Turkish areasince 1 January 1994; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in theTurkish area; elections last held 15 and 22 April 1995 (next to beheld April 2000); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH 62.5%, Dervis EROGLU37.5%
Legislative branch: unicameralGreek area: House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon): electionslast held 19 May 1991 (next to be held NA); results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL(Communist) 30.6%, DIKO 19.5%, EDEK 10.9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56total) DISY 20, AKEL (Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7Turkish area: Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi): electionslast held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); results - UBP 29.9%,DP 29.2%, CTP 24.2% TKP 13.3%, others 3.4%; seats - (50 total) UBP(conservative) 15, DP 16, CTP 13, TKP 5, UDP 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Courtin the Turkish area
Political parties and leaders:Greek area: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL, CommunistParty), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), John MATSIS;Democratic Party (DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union ofthe Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic RenewalMovement (ADISOK), Mikhalis PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS;Free Democrats, George VASSILIOUTurkish area: National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; CommunalLiberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party(CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; FreeDemocratic Party (HDP), Ismet KOTAK; National Justice Party (MAP),Zorlu TORE; Unity and Sovereignty Party (BEP), Arif Salih KIRDAG;Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland Party (VP), Orhan UCOK;National Birth Party (UDP); the HDP, MAP, and VP merged under thelabel National Struggle Unity Party (MMBP) to compete in the 12December 1993 legislative election
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic YouthOrganization (EDON, Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers(EKA, Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK, pro-West);Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO, Communist controlled);Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK, pro-West); Federation ofTurkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation ofRevolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: C, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer),OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Andreas J. JACOVIDES chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772 consulate(s) general: New York note: Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC, telephone [1] (202) 887-6198
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard A. BOUCHER embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, Nicosia mailing address: P. O. Box 4536 APO AE 09836 telephone: [357] (2) 476100 FAX: [357] (2) 465944
Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the nameCyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two greencrossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branchessymbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek andTurkish communitiesnote: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the topand bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a whitefield
@Cyprus:Economy
Overview: The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes 14% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the service sector contributes 53% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force. An average 6.8% rise in real GDP between 1986 and 1990 was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the adverse effects of the Gulf war on tourism. After surging 8.5% in 1992, growth slowed to 2.0% in 1993 - its lowest level in two decades - because of the decline in tourist arrivals associated with the recession in Western Europe, Cyprus' main trading partner, and the loss in export competitiveness due to a sharp rise in unit labor costs. Real GDP is likely to have picked up in 1994, and inflation is estimated to have risen to between 5% and 6%. The Turkish Cypriot economy has less than one-third the per capita GDP of the south. Because it is recognized only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging foreign financing, and foreign firms have hesitated to invest there. The economy remains heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs one-quarter of the work force. Moreover, because the Turkish lira is legal tender, the Turkish Cypriot economy has suffered the same high inflation as mainland Turkey. The small, vulnerable economy is estimated to have experienced a sharp drop in growth during 1994 because of the severe economic crisis affecting the mainland. To compensate for the economy's weakness, Turkey provides direct and indirect aid to nearly every sector; financial support has risen in value to about one-third of Turkish Cypriot GDP.
National product:Greek area: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (1994 est.)Turkish area: GDP - purchasing power parity - $510 million (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate:Greek area: 5% (1994 est.)Turkish area: -4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita:Greek area: $12,500 (1994 est.)Turkish area: $3,500 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):Greek area: 4.8% (1993)Turkish area: 63.4% (1992)
Unemployment rate:Greek area: 2.3% (1993)Turkish area: 1.2% (1992)
Budget:revenues: Greek area - $1.8 billion Turkish area - $285 millionexpenditures: Greek area - $2.4 billion, including capitalexpenditures of $400 million Turkish area - $377 million, includingcapital expenditures of $80 million (1995 est.)
Exports: $868 million (f.o.b., 1993)commodities: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing andshoespartners: UK 18%, Greece 9%, Lebanon 14%, Germany 6%
Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993)commodities: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feedgrains, machinerypartners: UK 13%, Japan 9%, Italy 10%, Germany 8%, US 8%
External debt: $2.4 billion (1993)
Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% (1993); accounts for 14% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 550,000 kW production: 2.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,903 kWh (1993)
Industries: food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products
Agriculture: contributes 6% to GDP and employs 25% of labor force in the south; major crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
Illicit drugs: transit point for heroin via air routes and containertraffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $250 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $24 million
Currency: 1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100kurus
Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds per $US1 - 0.4725 (January 1995), 0.4915 (1994), 0.4970 (1993), 0.4502 (1992), 0.4615 (1991), 0.4572 (1990); Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 37,444.1 (December 1994), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992), 4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Cyprus:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways:Greek area: *** No data for this item ***total: 10,448 kmpaved: 5,694 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 4,754 km (1992)Turkish area: *** No data for this item ***total: 6,116 kmpaved: 5,278 kmunpaved: 838 km
Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos Bay
Merchant marine:total: 1,446 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,911,818GRT/39,549,216 DWTships by type: bulk 473, cargo 530, chemical tanker 28, combinationbulk 55, combination ore/oil 24, container 92, liquefied gas tanker 3,multifunction large-load carrier 5, oil tanker 120, passenger 5,passenger-cargo 1, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 58,roll-on/roll-off cargo 33, short-sea passenger 14, specialized tanker2, vehicle carrier 2note: a flag of convenience registry; includes 48 countries amongwhich are ships of Greece 705, Germany 174, Russia 56, Netherlands 45,Japan 27, Belgium 25, UK 21, Spain 17, Switzerland 14, Hong Kong 13
Airports:total: 15with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 4with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Cyprus:Communications
Telephone system: 210,000 telephones; excellent in both the areacontrolled by the Cypriot Government (Greek area), and in theTurkish-Cypriot administered area; largely open-wire and microwaveradio relaylocal: NAintercity: microwave radio relayinternational: international service by tropospheric scatter, 3submarine cables, and 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)and 1 EUTELSAT earth station
Radio:Greek sector: NAbroadcast stations: AM 11, FM 8, shortwave 0radios: NATurkish sector: NAbroadcast stations: AM 2, FM 6, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television: Greek sector: NA broadcast stations: 1 (repeaters 34) televisions: NA Turkish sector: NA broadcast stations: 1 televisions: NA
@Cyprus:Defense Forces
Branches:Greek area: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes air and navalelements), Greek Cypriot PoliceTurkish area: Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 188,231; males fit for militaryservice 129,397; males reach military age (18) annually 5,467 (1995est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $457 million, 5.6% ofGDP (1995)
________________________________________________________________________
@Czech Republic:Geography
Location: Central Europe, southeast of Germany
Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe
Area:total area: 78,703 sq kmland area: 78,645 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries: total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km,Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: Liechtenstein claims restitution for l,600 square kilometers of Czech territory confiscated from its royal family in 1918; Sudeten German claims for restitution of property confiscated in connection with their expulsion after World War II versus the Czech Republic claims that restitution does not preceed before February 1948 when the Communists seized power; unresolved property issues with Slovakia over redistribution of property of the former Czechoslovak federal government
Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain: two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east, consisting of very hilly country
Natural resources: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite
Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemiacentered around Zeplica and in northern Moravia around Ostrava presenthealth risks; acid rain damaging forestsnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, EnvironmentalModification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - AirPollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe
@Czech Republic:People
Population: 10,432,774 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 19% (female 981,918; male 1,030,003)15-64 years: 68% (female 3,529,411; male 3,530,112)65 years and over: 13% (female 848,599; male 512,731) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.26% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 13.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.85 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.54 years male: 69.87 years female: 77.41 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.84 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Czech(s) adjective: Czech note: 300,000 Slovaks declared themselves Czech citizens in 1994
Ethnic divisions: Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%,Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 1%
Religions: atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%,Orthodox 3%, other 13.4%
Languages: Czech, Slovak
Literacy: can read and write total population: 99%
Labor force: 5.389 million by occupation: industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and other 45.2% (1990)
@Czech Republic:Government
Names:conventional long form: Czech Republicconventional short form: Czech Republiclocal long form: Ceska Republikalocal short form: Cechy
Digraph: EZ
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Prague
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, kraj - singular);Jihocesky, Jihomoravsky, Praha, Severocesky, Severomoravsky,Stredocesky, Vychodocesky, Zapadocesky
Independence: 1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 May; Founding of theRepublic, 28 October
Constitution: ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993);election last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998);results - Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Councilhead of government: Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992);Deputy Prime Ministers Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NAJune 1992)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president on recommendation of theprime minister
Legislative branch: bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) Senate: elections not yet held; seats (81 total) Chamber of Deputies: elections last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA given breakup and realignment of all parliamentary opposition parties since 1992; seats - (200 total) governing coalition: ODS 65, KDS 10, ODA 16, KDU-CSL 15, opposition: CSSD 18, LB 25, KSCM 10, LSU 9, LSNS 5, CMSS 9, SPR-RSC 6, independents 12
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:governing coalition: Civic Democratic Party (ODS), Vaclav KLAUS,chairman; Christian Democratic Party (KDS), Ivan PILIP, chairman;Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), Jan KALVODA, chairman; ChristianDemocratic Union/Czech People's Party (KDU-CSL), Josef LUX, chairmanopposition: Czech Social Democrats (CSSD - left opposition), MilosZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc (LB - left opposition), Marie STIBOROVA,chairman; Communist Party (KSCM - left opposition), MiroslavGREBENICEK, chairman; Liberal Social Union (LSU - left opposition),Frantisek TRNKA, chairman; Liberal National Social Party (LSNS -center party), Pavel HIRS, chairman; Bohemian-Moravian Center Party(CMSS - center party), Jan KYCER, chairman; Assembly for the Republic(SPR-RSC - right radical) , Miroslav SLADEK, chairman
Other political or pressure groups: Czech-Moravian Chamber of TradeUnions; Civic Movement
Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE (guest), CEI, CERN, EBRD,ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,NACC, NSG, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ,UNPROFOR, UPU, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKYchancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 363-6315, 6316FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1 mailing address: Unit 1330; APO AE 09213-1330 telephone: [42] (2) 2451-0847 FAX: [42] (2) 2451-1001
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (almost identical to the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)
@Czech Republic:Economy
Overview: The government of the Czech Republic, using successful stabilization policies to bolster its claims to full membership in the western economic community, has reduced inflation to 10%, kept unemployment at 3%, balanced the budget, run trade surpluses, and reoriented exports to the EU since the breakup of the Czechoslovak federation on 1 January 1993. GDP grew 2% in 1994 after stagnating in 1993 and contracting nearly 20% since 1990. Prague's mass privatization program, including its innovative distribution of ownership shares to Czech citizens via 'coupon vouchers,' has made the most rapid progress in Eastern Europe. When coupon shares are distributed in early 1995, 75%-80% of the economy will be in private hands or partially privatized, according to the Czech government. Privatized companies still face major problems in restructuring; the number of annual bankruptcies quadrupled in 1994. In September 1994, Prague repaid $471 million in IMF loans five years ahead of schedule, making the Czech Republic the first East European country to pay off all IMF debts. Despite these outlays, hard-currency reserves in the banking system totaled more than $8.5 billion in October. Standard & Poor's boosted the Republic's credit rating to BBB+ in mid-1994 - up from a BBB rating that was already two steps higher than Hungary's and one step above Greece's rating. Prague forecasts a balanced budget, at least 3% GDP growth, 5% unemployment, and single-digit inflation for 1995. Inflationary pressures - primarily as a result of foreign bank lending to Czech enterprises but perhaps also due to eased currency convertibility controls - are likely to be the most troublesome issues in 1995. Continuing economic recovery in Western Europe should boost Czech exports and production but a substantial increase in prices could erode the Republic's comparative advantage in low wages and exchange rates. Prague already took steps in 1994 to increase control over banking policies to neutralize the impact of foreign inflows on the money supply. Although Czech unemployment is currently the lowest in Central Europe, it will probably increase 1-2 percentage points in 1995 as large state firms go bankrupt or are restructured and service sector growth slows.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $76.5 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 2.2% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $7,350 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.2% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3.2% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $14 billionexpenditures: $13.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,chemicals, fuels, minerals, metals, agricultural products(January-November 1994)partners: Germany 28.7%, Slovakia 15.5%, Austria 7.9%, Italy 6.4%,France 3.2%, Russia 3.2%, Poland 3.1%, UK 2.9%, Netherlands 2.4%,Hungary 2.2%, US 2.1%, Belgium 1.3% (January-June 1994)
Imports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,chemicals, fuels and lubricants, raw materials, agricultural products(January-November 1994)partners: Germany 24.1%, Slovakia 15.6%, Russia 9.8%, Austria 7.6%,Italy 4.9%, France 3.6%, US 3.2%, Netherlands 2.9%, UK 2.8%, Poland2.7%, Switzerland 2.2%, Belgium 2.0% (January-June 1994)
External debt: $8.7 billion (October 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (January-September 1994)
Electricity: capacity: 14.470,000 kW production: 56.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 4,842 kWh (1993)
Industries: fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles, glass, armaments
Agriculture: largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin andLatin American cocaine to Western Europe
Economic aid:donor: 1.4 million annually to IMF beginning in 1994
Currency: 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru
Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 27.762 (January 1995), 28.785 (1994), 29.153 (1993), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991), 17.95 (1990) note: values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Czech Republic:Transportation
Railroads:total: 9,434 km (include 1.520-m broad, 1.435-m standard, and severalnarrow gauges) (1988)
Highways: total: 55,890 km (1988) paved: NA unpaved: NA
Inland waterways: NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river
Pipelines: natural gas 5,400 km
Ports: Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem
Merchant marine:total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 181,646 GRT/282,296 DWTships by type: bulk 5, cargo 9
Airports:total: 116with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13with paved runways under 914 m: 5with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 10with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32with unpaved runways under 914 m: 41
@Czech Republic:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM, FM, shortwaveradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Czech Republic:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, RailroadUnits
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,753,301; males fit formilitary service 2,095,661; males reach military age (18) annually91,177 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: 27 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1994 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
________________________________________________________________________
@Denmark:Geography
Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 43,070 sq kmland area: 42,370 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Massachusettsnote: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the restof metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
Land boundaries: total 68 km, Germany 68 km
Coastline: 3,379 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 4 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)
Climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling plains
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone
Land use: arable land: 61% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 21%
Irrigated land: 4,300 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: air pollution, principally from vehicle emissions;nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking andsurface water becoming polluted from animal wastesnatural hazards: flooding is a threat in some areas of the country(e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island ofLolland) that are protected from the sea by a system of dikesinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, EnvironmentalModification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but notratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile OrganicCompounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law ofthe Sea
Note: controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas; aboutone-quarter of the population lives in Copenhagen
@Denmark:People
Population: 5,199,437 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 17% (female 430,598; male 451,993)15-64 years: 68% (female 1,731,531; male 1,780,083)65 years and over: 15% (female 473,537; male 331,695) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.22% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 12.38 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 11.14 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.11 years male: 73.23 years female: 79.16 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.69 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Dane(s) adjective: Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and RomanCatholic 2%, other 7% (1988)
Languages: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German(small minority)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)total population: 99%
Labor force: 2,553,900by occupation: private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%,manufacturing and mining 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture,forestry, and fishing 5.6%, electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)
@Denmark:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmarkconventional short form: Denmarklocal long form: Kongeriget Danmarklocal short form: Danmark
Digraph: DA
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Administrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city* (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg note: see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions
Independence: 1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)
Constitution: 5 June 1953
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); HeirApparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May1968)head of government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NAJanuary 1993)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch: unicameralParliament (Folketing): elections last held 21 September 1994 (next tobe held by December 1998); results - Social Democrats 34.6%, Liberals23.3%, Conservatives 15.0%, Social People's Party 7.3%, Progress Party6.4%, Radical Liberals 4.6%, Unity Party 3.1%, Center Democrats 2.8%,Christian People's Party 1.8%; seats - (179 total) Social Democrats63, Liberals 44, Conservatives 28, Social People's Party 13, ProgressParty 11, Radical Liberals 8, Unity Party 6, Center Democrats 5,independent 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party, Poul NyrupRASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Hans ENGELL; Liberal Party, UffeELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party, Holger K. NIELSEN; ProgressParty, Group Chairman Kim BEHNKE and Policy Spokesman Jan KopkeCHRISTENSEN; Center Democratic Party, Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; RadicalLiberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian People's Party, JannSJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish Workers' Party;Unity Party
Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC,CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G- 9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO,NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UPU, WEU,WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG (Knud-Erik TYGESEN is Ambassador Elect for 1995) chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300 FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edward E. ELSON embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O mailing address: APO AE 09716 telephone: [45] (31) 42 31 44 FAX: [45] (35) 43 02 23
Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden
@Denmark:Economy
Overview: This thoroughly modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is self-sufficient in food production. The new center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency. The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to the criteria for European integration by 1999; although Copenhagen has won from the European Union (EU) the right to opt out of the European Monetary Union (EMU) if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark is, in fact, one of the few EU countries likely to fit into the EMU on time. Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West European countries. After posting 4.5% real GDP growth in 1994, Copenhagen is predicting a continued strong showing in 1995, with real GDP up by 3.2%. The government expects an upswing in business investment in 1995 to drive economic growth. Although unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $103 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 4.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $19,860 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 12.3% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $56.5 billionexpenditures: $64.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Exports: $42.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding), fish, chemicals, industrial machinery partners: EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%, US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)
Imports: $37.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, textiles, paper partners: EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%, US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)
External debt: $40.9 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate -2.5% (1993 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 10,030,000 kW production: 32 billion kWh consumption per capita: 5,835 kWh (1993)
Industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products, shipbuilding
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GDP; principal products - meat, dairy,grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish
Economic aid:donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $5.9 billion
Currency: 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere
Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.034 (January 1995), 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396 (1991), 6.189 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Denmark:Transportation
Railroads:total: 2,838 km (494 km privately owned and operated)standard gauge: 2,838 km 1.435-m gauge (440 km electrified; 760 kmdouble track) (1994)
Highways:total: 71,042 kmpaved: concrete, asphalt, stone block 71,042 km (696 km ofexpressways)
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas700 km
Ports: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Grenaa, Koge,Odense, Struer
Merchant marine:total: 345 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,005,470 GRT/6,974,750DWTships by type: bulk 17, cargo 109, chemical tanker 24, combinationbulk 1, container 61, liquefied gas tanker 32, livestock carrier 4,oil tanker 32, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated cargo 18,roll-on/roll-off cargo 35, short-sea passenger 11note: Denmark has created its own internal register, called the DanishInternational Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meetDanish manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of conveniencewithin the Danish register
Airports:total: 118with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 13with paved runways under 914 m: 85with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7
@Denmark:Communications
Telephone system: 4,509,000 telephones; excellent telephone andtelegraph services; buried and submarine cables and microwave radiorelay support trunk networklocal: NAintercity: microwave radio relayinternational: 19 submarine coaxial cables; 7 INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, andINMARSAT earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 50televisions: NA
@Denmark:Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish AirForce, Home Guard