Note: second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)
@Algeria:People
Population: 28,539,321 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 41% (female 5,678,879; male 5,885,246)15-64 years: 56% (female 7,887,885; male 8,033,508)65 years and over: 3% (female 557,636; male 496,167) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.25% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 29.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.05 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 50.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.01 years male: 66.94 years female: 69.13 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Algerian(s) adjective: Algerian
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
Religions: Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%
Languages: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 57%male: 70%female: 46%
Labor force: 6.2 million (1992 est.)by occupation: government 29.5%, agriculture 22%, construction andpublic works 16.2%, industry 13.6%, commerce and services 13.5%,transportation and communication 5.2% (1989)
@Algeria:Government
Names:conventional long form: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeriaconventional short form: Algerialocal long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ashShabiyahlocal short form: Al Jaza'ir
Digraph: AG
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Administrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya);Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar,Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef,Constantine, Djelfa, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma,Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem,M'Sila, Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif,Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret,Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen
Independence: 5 July 1962 (from France)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)
Constitution: 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3November 1988 and 23 February 1989
Legal system: socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Lamine ZEROUAL (since 31 January 1994); nextelection to be held by the end of 1995head of government: Prime Minister Mokdad SIFI (since 11 April 1994)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral; note - suspended since 1992 National People's Assembly (Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani): elections first round held on 26 December 1991 (second round canceled by the military after President BENDJEDID resigned 11 January 1992, effectively suspending the Assembly); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (281 total); the fundamentalist FIS won 188 of the 231 seats contested in the first round; note - elections (provincial and municipal) were held in June 1990, the first in Algerian history; results - FIS 55%, FLN 27.5%, other 17.5%, with 65% of the voters participating
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Salvation Front (FIS, outlawed April 1992), Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Abdelkader HACHANI (all under arrest), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany); National Liberation Front (FLN), Abdelhamid MEHRI, Secretary General; Socialist Forces Front (FFS), Hocine Ait AHMED, Secretary General note: the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and, as of 31 December 1990, over 50 legal parties existed
Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15,G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM,OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UNMIH, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Osmane BENCHERIF chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald E. NEUMANN embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers telephone: [213] (2) 69-11-86, 69-18-54, 69-38-75 FAX: [213] (2) 69-39-79 consulate(s): none (Oran closed June 1993)
Flag: two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
@Algeria:Economy
Overview: The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 57% of government revenues, 25% of GDP, and almost all export earnings; Algeria has the fifth largest reserves of natural gas in the world and ranks fourteenth for oil. Algiers' efforts to reform one of the most centrally planned economies in the Arab world began after the 1986 collapse of world oil prices plunged the country into a severe recession. In 1989, the government launched a comprehensive, IMF-supported program to achieve macroeconomic stabilization and to introduce market mechanisms into the economy. Despite substantial progress toward macroeconomic adjustment, in 1992 the reform drive stalled as Algiers became embroiled in political turmoil. In September 1993, a new government was formed, and one priority was the resumption and acceleration of the structural adjustment process. Buffeted by the slump in world oil prices and burdened with a heavy foreign debt, Algiers concluded a one-year standby arrangement with the IMF in April 1994.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $97.1 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 0.2% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,480 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 30% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $14.3 billion expenditures: $17.9 billion (1995 est.)
Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: petroleum and natural gas 97%partners: Italy 21%, France 16%, US 14%, Germany 13%, Spain 9%
Imports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: capital goods 39.7%, food and beverages 21.7%, consumergoods 11.8% (1990)partners: France 29%, Italy 14%, Spain 9%, US 9%, Germany 7%
External debt: $26 billion (1994)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 35% of GDP (including hydrocarbons)
Electricity: capacity: 5,370,000 kW production: 18.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 587 kWh (1993)
Industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP (1993) and employs 22% of labor force; products- wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, cattle; net importer of food - grain, vegetable oil, sugar
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $925 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $2.7 billion; net officialdisbursements (1985-89), $375 million
Currency: 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 42.710 (January 1995), 35.059 (1994), 23.345 (1993), 21.836 (1992), 18.473 (1991), 8.958 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Algeria:Transportation
Railroads:total: 4,733 kmstandard gauge: 3,576 km 1.435-m gauge (299 km electrified; 215 kmdouble track)narrow gauge: 1,157 km 1.055-m gauge
Highways:total: 95,576 kmpaved: concrete, bituminous 57,346 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 38,230 km
Pipelines: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas2,948 km
Ports: Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Beni Saf, Dellys, Djendjene,Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda, Tenes
Merchant marine:total: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 903,179 GRT/1,064,211 DWT
ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 27, chemical tanker 7, liquefied gastanker 9, oil tanker 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 12, short-sea passenger5, specialized tanker 1
Airports:total: 139with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 20with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 24with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 41
@Algeria:Communications
Telephone system: 822,000 telephones; excellent domestic andinternational service in the north, sparse in the southlocal: NAintercity: 12 domestic satellite links; 20 additional satellite linksare plannedinternational: 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy,France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco andTunisia; 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: 5.2 million
Television:broadcast stations: 18televisions: 1.6 million
@Algeria:Defense Forces
Branches: National Popular Army, Navy, Air Force, Territorial AirDefense, National Gendarmerie
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 7,124,894; males fit formilitary service 4,373,272; males reach military age (19) annually313,707 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, 2.7% ofGDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
(territory of the US)
@American Samoa:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 199 sq kmland area: 199 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DCnote: includes Rose Island and Swains Island
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 116 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages 124 inches; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)
Natural resources: pumice, pumicite
Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 75% other: 10%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; in many areasof the island water supplies come from roof catchmentsnatural hazards: typhoons common from December to Marchinternational agreements: NA
Note: Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in theSouth Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and protectedby peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic location in theSouth Pacific Ocean
@American Samoa:People
Population: 57,366 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 3.82% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 36.21 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 18.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.91 years male: 71.03 years female: 74.85 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: American Samoan(s) adjective: American Samoan
Ethnic divisions: Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,other 5%
Religions: Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%,Protestant denominations and other 30%
Languages: Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesianlanguages), English; most people are bilingual
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population: 97%male: 98%female: 97%
Labor force: 14,400 (1990)by occupation: government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)
@American Samoa:Government
Names:conventional long form: Territory of American Samoaconventional short form: American Samoa
Abbreviation: AS
Digraph: AQ
Type: unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by the US Department of Interior, Office of Territorial and International Affairs
Capital: Pago Pago
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)
Independence: none (territory of the US)
National holiday: Territorial Flag Day, 17 April (1900)
Constitution: ratified 1966, in effect 1967
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January1993); Vice President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)head of government: Governor A. P. LUTALI (since 3 January 1993);Lieutenant Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1993); electionlast held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results- A. P. LUTALI (Democrat) 53%, Peter Tali COLEMAN (Republican) 36%
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - representatives popularly elected from 17 house districts; seats - (21 total, 20 elected, and 1 nonvoting delegate from Swains Island) Senate: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - senators elected by village chiefs from 12 senate districts; seats - (18 total) number of seats by party NA US House of Representatives: elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1994); results - Eni R. F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA reelected as delegate
Judicial branch: High Court
Political parties and leaders: NA
Member of: ESCAP (associate), INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, SPC
Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)
US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
Flag: blue with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the fly side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club
@American Samoa:Economy
Overview: Economic activity is strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa conducts 80%-90% of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. The tuna canneries and the government are by far the two largest employers. Other economic activities include a slowly developing tourist industry. Transfers from the US Government add substantially to American Samoa's economic well-being.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $128 million (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $2,600 (1991)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7% (1990)
Unemployment rate: 12% (1991)
Budget:revenues: $97 million (includes $43,000,000 in local revenue and$54,000,000 in grant revenue);expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90/91)
Exports: $306 million (f.o.b., 1989) commodities: canned tuna 93% partners: US 99.6%
Imports: $360.3 million (c.i.f., 1989) commodities: materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%, machinery and parts 6% partners: US 62%, Japan 9%, NZ 7%, Australia 11%, Fiji 4%, other 7%
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 30,000 kW production: 90 million kWh consumption per capita: 1,505 kWh (1993)
Industries: tuna canneries (largely dependent on foreign fishingvessels), meat canning, handicrafts
Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams,copra, pineapples, papayas, dairy farming
Economic aid:recipient: $21,042,650 in operational funds and $1,227,000 inconstruction funds for capital improvement projects from the USDepartment of Interior (1991)
Currency: 1 United States dollar = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
@American Samoa:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 350 km paved: 150 km unpaved: 200 km
Ports: Aanu'u (new construction), Auasi, Faleosao, Ofu, Pago Pago,Ta'u
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 4with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 3note: small airstrips on Fituita and Ofu
@American Samoa:Communications
Telephone system: 8,399 telephones; good telex, telegraph, andfacsimile serviceslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) and 1 COMSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@American Samoa:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
@Andorra:Geography
Location: Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 450 sq kmland area: 450 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington,DC
Land boundaries: total 125 km, France 60 km, Spain 65 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys
Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead
Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 22% other: 20%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadowscontributes to soil erosionnatural hazards: snowslides, avalanchesinternational agreements: NA
Note: landlocked
@Andorra:People
Population: 65,780 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 18% (female 5,503; male 5,985)15-64 years: 70% (female 21,873; male 24,334)65 years and over: 12% (female 4,020; male 4,065) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.72% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 12.92 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 21.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 7.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.52 years male: 75.65 years female: 81.66 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.72 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Andorran(s) adjective: Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic (predominant)
Languages: Catalan (official), French, Castilian
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA
@Andorra:Government
Names:conventional long form: Principality of Andorraconventional short form: Andorralocal long form: Principat d'Andorralocal short form: Andorra
Digraph: AN
Type: parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its heads of state a co-principality; the two princes are the president of France and Spanish bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called veguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Administrative divisions: 7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Les Escaldes, Ordino, Sant Julia de Loria
Independence: 1278
National holiday: Mare de Deu de Meritxell, 8 September
Constitution: Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; adopted 14 March 1993
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chiefs of state: French Co-Prince Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May1981), represented by Veguer de Franca Jean Pierre COURTOIS (sinceNA); note - COURTOIS is to become French ambassador to Libreville andhis replacement has not been announced; Spanish Episcopal Co-PrinceMgr. Juan MARTI Alanis (since 31 January 1971), represented by VeguerEpiscopal Francesc BADIA Bata (since NA); two permanent delegates(French Prefect Pierre STEINMETZ for the department ofPyrenees-Orientales, since NA, and Spanish Vicar General NemesiMARQUES Oste for the Seo de Urgel diocese, since NA)head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE (since 21December 1994) elected by Parliament, following resignation of OscarRIBAS Reigcabinet: Executive Council; designated by the executive councilpresident
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council of the Valleys: (Consell General de las Valls); elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); yielded no clear winner; results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (28 total) number of seats by party NA
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan (France) for civil cases, the Ecclesiastical Court of the bishop of Seo de Urgel (Spain) for civil cases, Tribunal of the Courts (Tribunal des Cortes) for criminal cases
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Group (AND), OscarRIBAS Reig and Jordi FARRAS; Liberal Union (UL), Francesc CERQUEDA;New Democracy (ND), Jaume BARTOMEU; Andorran National Coalition (CNA),Antoni CERQUEDA; National Democratic Initiative (IDN), Vincenc MATEU;Liberal Union (UL), Marc FORNEnote: there are two other small parties
Member of: ECE, IFRCS (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, UN, UNESCO
Diplomatic representation in US: Andorra has no mission in the US
US diplomatic representation: Andorra is included within the Barcelona (Spain) Consular District, and the US Consul General visits Andorra periodically
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad and Romania that do not have a national coat of arms in the center
@Andorra:Economy
Overview: Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's economy, accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 13 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited by a scarcity of arable land, and most food has to be imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising. Manufacturing consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union; it is unclear what effect the European Single Market will have on the advantages Andorra obtains from its duty-free status.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $760 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $14,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 0%
Budget:revenues: $138 millionexpenditures: $177 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1993)
Exports: $30 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: electricity, tobacco products, furniturepartners: France, Spain
Imports: $NA commodities: consumer goods, food partners: France, Spain
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 35,000 kW production: 140 million kWh consumption per capita: 2,570 kWh (1992)
Industries: tourism (particularly skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco,banking
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat,barley, oats, and some vegetables
Economic aid: none
Currency: 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes; 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos; the French and Spanish currencies are used
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.2943 (January 1995), 5,5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990); Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 132.61 (January 1995), 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992), 103.91 (1991), 101.93 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Andorra:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 96 km paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: none
Airports: none
@Andorra:Communications
Telephone system: 17,700 telephones; digital microwave networklocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: landline circuits to France and Spain
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA
@Andorra:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France and Spain
________________________________________________________________________
@Angola:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, betweenNamibia and Zaire
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 1,246,700 sq kmland area: 1,246,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total 5,198 km, Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zaire2,511 km, Zambia 1,110 km
Coastline: 1,600 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 20 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 23% forest and woodland: 43% other: 32%
Irrigated land: NA km2
Environment:current issues: population pressures contributing to overuse ofpastures and subsequent soil erosion; desertification; deforestationof tropical rain forest attributable to the international demand fortropical timber and domestic use as a fuel; deforestation contributingto loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollutionand siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
natural hazards: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding onthe plateauinternational agreements: party to - Law of the Sea; signed, but notratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification
Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire
@Angola:People
Population: 10,069,501 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (female 2,208,307; male 2,274,533)15-64 years: 53% (female 2,641,259; male 2,685,543)65 years and over: 2% (female 136,573; male 123,286) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.68% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 45.05 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 18.1 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 142.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 46.28 years male: 44.18 years female: 48.49 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.42 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan
Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico(mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15%(est.)
Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 42%male: 56%female: 28%
Labor force: 2.783 million economically activeby occupation: agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)
@Angola:Government
Note: Civil war has been the norm since independence from Portugal on 11 November 1975; a cease-fire lasted from 31 May 1991 until October 1992 when the insurgent National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) refused to accept its defeat in internationally monitored elections and fighting resumed throughout much of the countryside. The two sides signed another peace accord on 20 November 1994; the cease-fire is generally holding but most provisions of the accord remain to be implemented.
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Angolaconventional short form: Angolalocal long form: Republica de Angolalocal short form: Angolaformer: People's Republic of Angola
Digraph: AO
Type: transitional government nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system
Capital: Luanda
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias, singular -provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, CuanzaNorte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, LundaSul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September1979)head of government: Prime Minister Marcolino Jose Carlos MOCO (since 2December 1992)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameralNational Assembly (Assembleia Nacional): first nationwide, multipartyelections were held 29-30 September 1992 with disputed results
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)
Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, is the ruling party and has been in power since 1975; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, is a legal party despite its history of armed resistance to the government; five minor parties have small numbers of seats in the National Assembly
Other political or pressure groups: Cabindan State Liberation Front(FLEC), N'ZITA Tiago, leader of largest faction (FLEC-FAC)note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armedstruggle for the independence of Cabinda Province
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77,GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, SADC, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Goncalves Martins PATRICIO embassy: 1819 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Suite 400 telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156 FAX: [1] (202) 785-1258
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Edmund T. DE JARNETTE embassy: 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne, Miramar, Luanda mailing address: C.P. 6484, Luanda; American Embassy, Luanda, Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-2550 (pouch) telephone: [244] (2) 345-481, 346-418 FAX: [244] (2) 347-884
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
@Angola:Economy
Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80%-90% of the population but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. Despite the signing of a peace accord in November 1994 between the Angola government and the UNITA insurgents, sporadic fighting continues and many farmers remain reluctant to return to their fields. As a result, much of the country's food requirements must still be imported. Angola has rich natural resources - notably gold, diamonds, and arable land, in addition to large oil deposits - but will need to observe the cease-fire, implement the peace agreement, and reform government policies if it is to achieve its potential.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $6.1 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: -1% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $620 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% average per month (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 15% with considerable underemployment (1993 est.)
Budget:revenues: $928 millionexpenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $963million (1992 est.)
Exports: $3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee,sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cottonpartners: US, France, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil
Imports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.) commodities: capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines, substantial military deliveries partners: Portugal, Brazil, US, France, Spain
External debt: $11.7 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output
Electricity: capacity: 620,000 kW production: 1.9 billion kWh consumption per capita: 189 kWh (1993)
Industries: petroleum; mining - diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; fish processing; foodprocessing; brewing; tobacco; sugar; textiles; cement; basic metalproducts
Agriculture: cash crops - bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, cane, manioc, tobacco; food crops - cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output
Illicit drugs: increasingly used as a transshipment point for cocainedestined for Western Europe
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $1.105 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3billion; net official disbursements (1985-89), $750 million
Currency: 1 new kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei
Exchange rates: new kwanza (NKz) per US$1 - 900,000 (official rate 25 April 1995), 1,900,000 (black market rate 6 April 1995), 600,000 (official rate 10 January 1995), 90,000 (official rate 1 June 1994), 180,000 (black market rate 1 June 1994); 7,000 (official rate 16 December 1993), 50,000 (black market rate 16 December 1993); 3,884 (July 1993); 550 (April 1992); 90 (November 1991); 60 (October 1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Angola:Transportation
Railroads:total: 3,189 km; note - limited trackage in use because of landminesstill in place from the civil war; majority of the Benguela Railroadalso closed because of civil warnarrow gauge: 2,879 km 1.067-m gauge; 310 km 0.600-m gauge
Highways:total: 73,828 kmpaved: bituminous-surface 8,577 kmunpaved: crushed stone, gravel, improved earth 29,350 km; unimprovedearth 35,901 km
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 179 km
Ports: Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malogo, Namibe, Porto Amboim,Soyo
Merchant marine:total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 63,776 GRT/99,863 DWTships by type: cargo 11, oil tanker 1
Airports:total: 289with paved runways over 3,047 m: 4with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6with paved runways under 914 m: 93with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 33with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 126
@Angola:Communications
Telephone system: 40,300 telephones; 4.1 telephones/1,000 persons;high frequency radio used extensively for military links; telephoneservice limited mostly to government and business uselocal: NAintercity: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, andtroposcatter routesinternational: 2 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 17, FM 13, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 6televisions: NA
@Angola:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, National PoliceForce
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,315,717; males fit formilitary service 1,166,082; males reach military age (18) annually100,273 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.1 billion, 31% ofGDP (1993)
________________________________________________________________________
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Anguilla:Geography
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, east of Puerto Rico
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 91 sq kmland area: 91 sq kmcomparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 61 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone
Natural resources: negligible; salt, fish, lobster
Land use:arable land: NA%permanent crops: NA%meadows and pastures: NA%forest and woodland: NA%other: NA% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, somecommercial salt ponds)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meetincreasing demand largely because of poor distribution systemnatural hazards: frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (Julyto October)international agreements: NA
@Anguilla:People
Population: 7,099 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 32% (female 1,129; male 1,115)15-64 years: 60% (female 2,101; male 2,126)65 years and over: 8% (female 362; male 266) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.66% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24.09 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.03 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -9.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 17.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.1 years male: 71.32 years female: 76.91 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.05 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Anguillan(s) adjective: Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: black African
Religions: Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%,Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12%
Languages: English (official)
Literacy: age 12 and over can read and write (1984)total population: 95%male: 95%female: 95%
Labor force: 4,400 (1992)by occupation: commerce 36%, services 29%, construction 18%,transportation and utilities 10%, manufacturing 3%,agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4%
@Anguilla:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Anguilla
Digraph: AV
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: The Valley
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Anguilla Day, 30 May
Constitution: Anguilla Constitutional Orders 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Legal system: based on English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor Alan W. SHAVE (since 14 August 1992)head of government: Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 March 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council; appointed by the governor from the electedmembers of the House of Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameralHouse of Assembly: elections last held 16 March 1994 (next to be heldMarch 1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total,7 elected) ANA 2, AUP 2, ADP 2, independent 1
Judicial branch: High Court
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla National Alliance (ANA);Anguilla United Party (AUP), Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party(ADP), Victor BANKS
Member of: CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990
@Anguilla:Economy
Overview: Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants. In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism and construction. Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure, particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $49 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: 7.5% (1992)
National product per capita: $7,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate: 7% (1992 est.)
Budget:revenues: $13.8 millionexpenditures: $15.2 million, including capital expenditures of $2.4million (1992 est.)
Exports: $556,000 (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: lobster and saltpartners: NA
Imports: $33.5 million (f.o.b., 1992) commodities: NA partners: NA
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 2,000 kW production: 6 million kWh consumption per capita: 862 kWh (1992)
Industries: tourism, boat building, salt
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs,cattle, poultry, fishing (including lobster)
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $38 million
Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: NA
@Anguilla:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 105 km (1992 est.) paved: 65 km unpaved: gravel and earth 40 km
Ports: Blowing Point, Road Bay
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 3with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 2
@Anguilla:Communications
Telephone system: 890 telephones; modern internal telephone systemlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: radio relay microwave link to island of Saint Martin
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 1, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA
@Anguilla:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
________________________________________________________________________
@Antarctica:Geography
Location: continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle
Map references: Antarctic Region
Area:total area: 14 million sq km (est.)land area: 14 million sq km (est.)comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the USnote: second-smallest continent (after Australia)
Land boundaries: none, but see entry on International disputes
Coastline: 17,968 km
Maritime claims: none, but see entry on International Disputes
International disputes: Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below); sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; the US and most other nations do not recognize the territorial claims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (the US reserves the right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west
Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897 meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent
Natural resources: none presently exploited; iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small, uncommercial quantities
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%)
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:current issues: in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation,had dwindled to the lowest level recorded over Antarctica since 1975when measurements were first takennatural hazards: katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward fromthe high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of theplateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise alongthe coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of WestAntarctica; other seismic activity rare and weakinternational agreements: NA
Note: the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly uninhabitable
@Antarctica:People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are seasonallystaffed research stationsSummer (January) population: over 4,115 total; Argentina 207,Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China NA, Ecuador NA,Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60, Italy 210,Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 264, Norway 23, Peru 39,Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116, Uruguay NA,US 1,666, former USSR 565 (1989-90)Winter (July) population: over 1,046 total; Argentina 150, Australia71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA, France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ 11, Poland NA, South Africa12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, former USSR 313 (1989-90)Year-round stations: 42 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1,Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1, France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2,South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3,former USSR 6 (1990-91)Summer only stations: over 38 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 4, NZ 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, SouthAfrica 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2, UK 1, US numerous, former USSR 5(1989-90); note - the disintegration of the former USSR has placed thestatus and future of its Antarctic facilities in doubt; stations maybe subject to closings at any time because of ongoing economicdifficulties
@Antarctica:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Antarctica
Digraph: AY
Type: Antarctic Treaty Summary: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica. Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings - the 18th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was in Japan in April 1993. Currently, there are 42 treaty member nations: 26 consultative and 16 acceding. Consultative (voting) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 19 nonclaimant nations. The US and some other nations that have made no claims have reserved the right to do so. The US does not recognize the claims of others. The year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Uruguay (1985), the US, and Russia. Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Canada (1988), Colombia (1988), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), and Ukraine (1992). Article 1: area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose Article 2: freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue Article 3: free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international agencies Article 4: does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force Article 5: prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes Article 6: includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south Article 7: treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must be given Article 8: allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states Article 9: frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations Article 10: treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty Article 11: disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ Articles 12, 13, 14: deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations Other agreements: more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; 14 parties have ratified Protocol as of April 1995