Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Terrain: low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef; depressed central area
Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 5% other: 95%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:current issues: no natural fresh water resourcesnatural hazards: the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island canbe a maritime hazardinternational agreements: NA
Note: almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats
@Howland Island:People
Population: uninhabited; note - American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to scientists and educators
@Howland Island:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Howland Island
Digraph: HQ
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish andWildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of theNational Wildlife Refuge System
Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
@Howland Island:Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Howland Island:Transportation
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one boat landing area along the middle of the west coast
Airports: airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the round-the-world flight of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan - they left Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the airstrip is no longer serviceable
Note: Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia Earhart
@Howland Island:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by theUS Coast Guard
________________________________________________________________________
@Hungary:Geography
Location: Central Europe, northwest of Romania
Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe
Area:total area: 93,030 sq kmland area: 92,340 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries: total 1,989 km, Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km,Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km (all with Serbia),Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 82 km, Ukraine 103 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: Gabcikovo Dam dispute with Slovakia
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on theSlovakian border
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils
Land use:arable land: 50.7%permanent crops: 6.1%meadows and pastures: 12.6%forest and woodland: 18.3%other: 12.3%
Irrigated land: 1,750 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: air pollution; industrial and municipal pollution ofLake Balatonnatural hazards: levees are common along many streams, but floodingoccurs almost every yearinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, EnvironmentalModification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but notratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile OrganicCompounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note: landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes betweenWestern Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine andMediterranean basin
@Hungary:People
Population: 10,318,838 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 18% (female 918,281; male 958,027)15-64 years: 68% (female 3,534,218; male 3,440,036)65 years and over: 14% (female 914,221; male 554,055) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.02% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 12.65 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.44 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 11.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 71.9 years male: 67.94 years female: 76.06 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.82 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: Hungarian 89.9%, Gypsy 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%,Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7%
Religions: Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheistand other 7.5%
Languages: Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980)total population: 99%male: 99%female: 98%
Labor force: 5.4 million by occupation: services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991)
@Hungary:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Hungaryconventional short form: Hungarylocal long form: Magyar Koztarsasaglocal short form: Magyarorszag
Digraph: HU
Type: republic
Capital: Budapest
Administrative divisions: 38 counties (megyek, singular - megye) and 1capital city* (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba,Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest*, Csongrad, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros,Eger, Fejer, Gyor, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves,Hodmezovasarhely, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar, Kecskemet,Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza, Pecs,Pest, Somogy, Sopron, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged, Szekesfehervar,Szolnok, Szombathely, Tatabanya, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala,Zalaegerszeg
Independence: 1001 (unification by King Stephen I)
National holiday: St. Stephen's Day (National Day), 20 August (commemorates the founding of Hungarian state circa 1000 A.D.)
Constitution: 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight
Legal system: in process of revision, moving toward rule of law based on Western model
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Arpad GONCZ (since 3 August 1990; previouslyinterim president from 2 May 1990); election last held 3 August 1990(next to be held NA 1995); results - President GONCZ elected byparliamentary vote; note - President GONCZ was elected by the NationalAssembly with a total of 295 votes out of 304 as interim Presidentfrom 2 May 1990 until elected Presidenthead of government: Prime Minister Gyula HORN (since 15 July 1994)cabinet: Council of Ministers; elected by the National Assembly onrecommendation of the president
Legislative branch: unicameralNational Assembly (Orszaggyules): elections last held on 8 and 29 May1994 (next to be held spring 1998); results - percent of vote by partyNA; seats - (386 total) MSzP 209, SzDSz 70, MDF 37, FKgP 26, KDNP 22,FiDeSz 20, other 2
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), Lajos FUR, chairman; Independent Smallholders (FKgP), Jozsef TORGYAN, president; Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), Gyula HORN, president; Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP), Dr. Lazlo SURJAN, president; Federation of Young Democrats (FiDeSz), Viktor ORBAN, chairman; Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz), Ivan PETO, chairman note: the Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers' Party (MSzMP) renounced Communism and became the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP) in October 1989; there is still a small MMP
Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EBRD, ECE, FAO,G- 9, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG,OAS (observer), OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR, UNU, UPU, WEU (associatepartner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Gyorgy BANLAKI (since 27 October 1994)chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Donald M. BLINKEN embassy: V. Szabadsag Ter 12, Budapest mailing address: Am Embassy, Unit 1320, Budapest; APO AE 09213-1320 telephone: [36] (1) 112-6450 FAX: [36] (1) 132-8934
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green
@Hungary:Economy
Overview: Since 1989 Hungary has been a leader in the transition from a socialist command economy to a market economy - thanks in large part to its initial economic reforms during the Communist era. The private sector now accounts for about 55% of GDP. Nonetheless, the transformation is proving difficult, and many citizens say life was better under the old system. On the bright side, the four-year decline in output finally ended in 1994, as real GDP increased an estimated 3%. This growth helped reduce unemployment to just over 10% by yearend, down from a peak of 13%. However, no progress was made against inflation, which remained stuck at about 20%, and the already-large current account deficit in the balance of payments actually got worse, reaching almost $4 billion. Underlying Hungary's other economic problems is the large budget deficit, which probably exceeded 7% of GDP in 1994, despite some late-year budget cutting by the new leftist government. In 1995 the government has pledged to accelerate privatization and lower the budget deficit to 5.5% of GDP. It believes this fiscal tightening will reduce the current account deficit to $2.5 billion but at the cost of holding economic growth to only 1%.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $58.8 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $5,700 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1994)
Unemployment rate: 10.4% (yearend 1994)
Budget:revenues: $11.3 billionexpenditures: $14.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994)
Exports: $10.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: raw materials and semi-finished goods 30.0%, machinery and transport equipment 20.1%, consumer goods 25.2%, food and agriculture 21.4%, fuels and energy 3.4% (1993) partners: Germany 25.3%, Italy 8.3%, Austria 10.5%, the FSU 14.0%, US 4.3% (1993)
Imports: $14.2 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: fuels and energy 12.6%, raw materials and semi-finished goods 27.3%, machinery and transport equipment 33.0%, consumer goods 21.2%, food and agriculture 5.9% (1993) partners: Germany 21.5%, Italy 6.1%, Austria 11.8%, the FSU 20.9%, US 4.3% (1993); note - about one-fourth of the imports from the FSU were MiGs delivered as a debt payment
External debt: $27 billion (September 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 6,740,000 kW production: 31 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,012 kWh (1993)
Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), buses, automobiles
Agriculture: including forestry, accounts for 15% of GDP and 16% of employment; highly diversified crop and livestock farming; principal crops - wheat, corn, sunflowers, potatoes, sugar beets; livestock - hogs, cattle, poultry, dairy products; self-sufficient in food output
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southeast Asia heroin and SouthAmerican cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer ofprecursor chemicals
Economic aid:recipient: assistance pledged by OECD countries since 1989 about $9billion
Currency: 1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler
Exchange rates: forints per US$1 - 112 (January 1995), 105.16 (1994), 91.93 (1993), 78.99 (1992), 74.74 (1991), 63.21 (1990), 59.07 (1989)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Hungary:Transportation
Railroads:total: 7,785 kmbroad gauge: 35 km 1.520-m gaugestandard gauge: 7,574 km 1.435-m gauge (2,277 km electrified; 1,236 kmdouble track)narrow gauge: 176 km mostly 0.760-m gauge (1994)
Highways:total: 158,711 kmpaved: 69,992 km (441 km expressways)unpaved: 88,719 km (1992)
Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1988)
Pipelines: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
Ports: Budapest, Dunaujvaros
Merchant marine:total: 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 46,121 GRT/61,613DWT
Airports:total: 78with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 9with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14with unpaved runways under 914 m: 34
@Hungary:Communications
Telephone system: 1,520,000 phones; 14.7 telephones/100 inhabitants(1993); 14,213 telex lines; automatic telephone network based onmicrowave radio relay system; 608,000 telephones on order; 12-15 yearwait for a telephone; 49% of all phones are in Budapest (1991)local: NAintercity: microwave radio relayinternational: 1 INTELSAT and Intersputnik earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 32, FM 15, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 41 (Russian repeaters 8)televisions: NA
@Hungary:Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Border Guard,Territorial Defense
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,639,860; males fit formilitary service 2,105,632; males reach military age (18) annually86,298 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: 66.5 billion forints, NA% of GDP (1994 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results
________________________________________________________________________
@Iceland:Geography
Location: Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and theNorth Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK
Map references: Arctic Region
Area:total area: 103,000 sq kmland area: 100,250 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Kentucky
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 4,988 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involvingDenmark, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed aboundary agreement in the Rockall area)
Climate: temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windywinters; damp, cool summers
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields;coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
Natural resources: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 1% other: 78%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequatewastewater treatmentnatural hazards: earthquakes and volcanic activityinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but notratified - Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
Note: strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmostEuropean country; more land covered by glaciers than in all ofcontinental Europe
@Iceland:People
Population: 265,998 (July 1995 est.)note: population data estimates based on average growth rate maydiffer slightly from official population data because of volatilemigration rates
Age structure:0-14 years: 24% (female 31,482; male 32,912)15-64 years: 65% (female 84,559; male 87,089)65 years and over: 11% (female 16,554; male 13,402) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.92% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 15.85 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 78.98 years male: 76.69 years female: 81.39 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.06 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Icelander(s) adjective: Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norwegians andCelts
Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 96%, other Protestant and RomanCatholic 3%, none 1% (1988)
Languages: Icelandic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)total population: 100%
Labor force: 127,900by occupation: commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%,manufacturing 12.5%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, construction10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990)
@Iceland:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Icelandconventional short form: Icelandlocal long form: Lyoveldio Islandlocal short form: Island
Digraph: IC
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Administrative divisions: 23 counties (syslar, singular - sysla) and14 independent towns* (kaupstadhir, singular - kaupstadhur); Akranes*,Akureyri*, Arnessysla, Austur-Bardhastrandarsysla,Austur-Hunavatnssysla, Austur-Skaftafellssysla, Borgarfjardharsysla,Dalasysla, Eyjafjardharsysla, Gullbringusysla, Hafnarfjordhur*,Husavik*, Isafjordhur*, Keflavik*, Kjosarsysla, Kopavogur*, Myrasysla,Neskaupstadhur*, Nordhur-Isafjardharsysla, Nordhur-Mulasys-la,Nordhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Olafsfjordhur*, Rangarvallasysla, Reykjavik*,Saudharkrokur*, Seydhisfjordhur*, Siglufjordhur*, Skagafjardharsysla,Snaefellsnes-og Hnappadalssysla, Strandasysla, Sudhur-Mulasysla,Sudhur-Thingeyjarsysla, Vesttmannaeyjar*, Vestur-Bardhastrandarsysla,Vestur-Hunavatnssysla, Vestur-Isafjardharsysla,Vestur-Skaftafellssysla
Independence: 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17June (1944)
Constitution: 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Vigdis FINNBOGADOTTIR (since 1 August 1980);election last held on 29 June 1988 (next scheduled for June 1996);results - there was no election in 1992 as President VigdisFINNBOGADOTTIR was unopposedhead of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)
cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameralParliament (Althing): elections last held on 8 April 1995 (next to beheld by April 1999); results - Independence Party 37.1%, ProgressiveParty 23.3%, Social Democratic Party 11.4%, Socialists 14.3%, People'sMovement 7.2%, Women's Party 4.9%; seats - (63 total) Independence 25,Progressive 15, Social Democratic 7, Socialists 9, People's Movement4, Women's Party 3
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Haestirettur)
Political parties and leaders: Independence Party (conservative),David ODDSSON; Progressive Party, Halldor ASGRIMSSON; SocialDemocratic Party, Jon Baldvin HANNIBALSSON; People's Alliance (leftsocialist), Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON; Women's Party; People's Movement(moderate left); National Awakening, Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR
Member of: Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, FAO, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC,NEA, NIB, OECD, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNU, UPU, WEU(associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Einar BENEDIKTSSON chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653 through 6655 FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Parker W. BORGembassy: Laufasvegur 21, Box 40, Reykjavikmailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, Reykjavik; FPO AE09728-0340telephone: [354] (1) 629100FAX: [354] (1) 629139
Flag: blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
@Iceland:Economy
Overview: Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, but with an extensive welfare system, relatively low unemployment, and comparatively even distribution of income. The economy is heavily dependent on the fishing industry, which provides nearly 75% of export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. In the absence of other natural resources - except energy - Iceland's economy is vulnerable to changing world fish prices. The economy, in recession since 1988, began to recover in 1993, posting 0.4% growth, but was still hampered by cutbacks in fish quotas as well as falling world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Real GDP grew by perhaps 2.4% in 1994. The center-right government plans to continue its policies of reducing the budget and current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The government, however, remains divided on the issue of EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about losing control over their fishing resources.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $4.5 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 2.4% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $17,250 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 7% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.9 billionexpenditures: $2.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)commodities: fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum,ferrosilicon, diatomitepartners: EC 68% (UK 25%, Germany 12%), US 11%, Japan 8% (1992)
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1993) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles partners: EC 53% (Germany 14%, Denmark 10%, UK 9%), Norway 14%, US 9% (1992)
External debt: $2.5 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 1.75% (1991 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 1,070,000 kW production: 4.7 billion kWh consumption per capita: 16,458 kWh (1993)
Industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferro-silicon production, geothermal power
Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP; fishing is most important economic activity, contributing nearly 75% to export earnings; principal crops - potatoes, turnips; livestock - cattle, sheep; fish catch of about 1.1 million metric tons in 1992
Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $19.1 million
Currency: 1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar
Exchange rates: Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 67.760 (January 1995), 69.944 (1994), 67.603 (1993), 57.546 (1992), 58.996 (1991), 58.284 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Iceland:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 11,373 km paved: 2,513 km unpaved: gravel, earth 8,860 km (1992)
Ports: Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordur, Keflavik, Raufarhofn,Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar
Merchant marine:total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 30,025 GRT/40,410 DWTships by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, oil tanker 1, refrigeratedcargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2
Airports:total: 90with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 6with paved runways under 914 m: 53with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23
@Iceland:Communications
Telephone system: 140,000 telephones; adequate domestic servicelocal: NAintercity: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-opticcables and microwave radio relay linksinternational: 2 earth stations carry all international trafficthrough an Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT satellite
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 147 (transmitters and repeaters),shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 202 (transmitters and repeaters)televisions: NA
@Iceland:Defense Forces
Branches: no regular armed forces; Police, Coast Guard; note -Iceland's defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force(IDF) headquartered at Keflavik
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 70,743; males fit for militaryservice 62,698 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: none
________________________________________________________________________
@India:Geography
Location: Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay ofBengal, between Bangladesh and Pakistan
Map references: Asia
Area:total area: 3,287,590 km2land area: 2,973,190 km2comparative area: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries: total 14,103 km, Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km,Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: boundaries with Bangladesh and China; status of Kashmir with Pakistan; water-sharing problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan over the Indus
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone
Land use: arable land: 55% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 23% other: 17%
Irrigated land: 430,390 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing;desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicleemissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agriculturalpesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge andrapidly growing population is overstraining natural resourcesnatural hazards: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common;earthquakesinternational agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but notratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Desertification, Law ofthe Sea
Note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Oceantrade routes
@India:People
Population: 936,545,814 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 35% (female 159,921,309; male 168,812,255)15-64 years: 61% (female 274,105,407; male 296,145,798)65 years and over: 4% (female 18,870,762; male 18,690,283) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 1.77% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 27.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.07 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 76.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 59.04 years male: 58.5 years female: 59.61 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indian(s) adjective: Indian
Ethnic divisions: Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other3%
Religions: Hindu 80%, Muslim 14%, Christian 2.4%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist0.7%, Jains 0.5%, other 0.4%
Languages: English enjoys associate status but is the most importantlanguage for national, political, and commercial communication, Hindithe national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people, Bengali(official), Telugu (official), Marathi (official), Tamil (official),Urdu (official), Gujarati (official), Malayalam (official), Kannada(official), Oriya (official), Punjabi (official), Assamese (official),Kashmiri (official), Sindhi (official), Sanskrit (official),Hindustani a popular variant of Hindu/Urdu, is spoken widelythroughout northern Indianote: 24 languages each spoken by a million or more persons; numerousother languages and dialects, for the most part mutuallyunintelligible
Literacy: age 7 and over can read and write (1991)total population: 52%male: 64%female: 39%
Labor force: 314.751 million (1990)by occupation: agriculture 65% (1993 est.)
@India:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Indiaconventional short form: India
Digraph: IN
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Administrative divisions: 25 states and 7 union territories*; Andamanand Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya,Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim,Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26January (1950)
Constitution: 26 January 1950
Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992);Vice President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992)head of government: Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha RAO (since 21 June1991)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president onrecommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Sansad) Council of States (Rajya Sabha): body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 appointed by the president, the remainder chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies People's Assembly (Lok Sabha): elections last held 21 May, 12 and 15 June 1991 (next to be held by 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (545 total, 543 elected, 2 appointed) Congress (I) Party 245, BJP 119, Janata Dal Party 39, Janata Dal (Ajit Singh) 20, CPI/M 35, CPI 14, Telugu Desam 13, AIADMK 11, Samajwadi Janata Party 5, Shiv Sena 4, RSP 4, BSP 1, Congress (S) Party 1, other 23, vacant 9; note - the distribution of seats as of 18 January 1995 is as follows: Congress (I) Party 260, BJP 117, CPI/M 36, Janata Dal Party 24, Samta Party 14, CPI 14, AIADMK 12, Janata Dal (Ajit) 7, Telugu Desam 7, RSP 4, Janata Dal (Ex-Ajit) 3, Samajwadi Party 3, BSP 3, AIFB 3, Shiv Sena 2, Congress (S) Party 1, Kerala Congress (Mani faction) 1, Bihar Peoples Party 1, India National League 1, other 14, vacant 16
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Congress (I) Party, P. V. NarasimhaRAO, president; Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), L.K. ADVANI; Janata DalParty, S.R. BOMMAI; Janata Dal (Ajit), Ajit SINGH; Janata Dal(Ex-Ajit), leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M),Harkishan Singh SURJEET; Communist Party of India (CPI), IndrajitGUPTA; Telugu Desam (a regional party in Andhra Pradesh), N. T. RamaRAO; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK; a regionalparty in Tamil Nadu), Jayaram JAYALALITHA; Samajwadi Party (SP),Mulayam Singh YADAV (President), Om Prakash CHAUTALA, Devi LAL; ShivSena, Bal THACKERAY; Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), TridipCHOWDHURY; Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Kanshi RAM; Congress (S) Party,leader NA; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), VinodMISHRA; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (a regional party in Tamil Nadu), M.KARUNANIDHI; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh religious communityin the Punjab; National Conference (NC; a regional party in Jammu andKashmir), Farooq ABDULLAH; Bihar Peoples Party, Lovely ANAND; SamtaParty (formerly Janata Dal members), Natish KUMAR; Indian NationalLeague, Suliaman SAIT; Kerala Congress (Mani faction), K.M. MANI; AllIndia Forward Bloc (AIFB), Prem Dutta PALIWAL (Chairman), Chitta BASU(General Secretary)
Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seekinggreater communal and/or regional autonomy; numerous religious ormilitant/chauvinistic organizations, including Adam Sena, Ananda Marg,Vishwa Hindu Parishad, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G- 6,G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), PCA, SAARC, UN, UNAVEMII, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNOMIL, UNOMOZ, UNOSOM,UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Siddhartha Shankar RAY chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Frank G. WISNER embassy: Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New Delhi mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [91] (11) 600651 FAX: [91] (11) 6872028 consulate(s) general: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
@India:Economy
Overview: India's economy is a mixture of traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Faster economic growth in the 1980s permitted a significant increase in real per capita private consumption. A large share of the population, perhaps as much as 40%, remains too poor to afford an adequate diet. Financial strains in 1990 and 1991 prompted government austerity measures that slowed industrial growth but permitted India to meet its international payment obligations without rescheduling its debt. Production, trade, and investment reforms since 1991 have provided new opportunities for Indian businessmen and an estimated 100 million to 200 million middle class consumers. New Delhi has always paid its foreign debts on schedule and has stimulated exports, attracted foreign investment, and revived confidence in India's economic prospects. Foreign exchange reserves, precariously low three years ago, now total more than $19 billion. Positive factors for the remainder of the 1990s are India's strong entrepreneurial class and the central government's recognition of the continuing need for market-oriented approaches to economic development, for example in upgrading the wholly inadequate communications facilities. Negative factors include the desperate poverty of hundreds of millions of Indians and the impact of the huge and expanding population on an already overloaded environment.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.2539 trillion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,360 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $30.85 billionexpenditures: $48.35 billion, including capital expenditures of $10.5billion (FY93/94)
Exports: $24.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: clothing, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,leather manufactures, cotton yarn, and fabricpartners: US, Japan, Germany, UK, Hong Kong
Imports: $25.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, machinery, gems,fertilizer, chemicalspartners: US, Germany, Saudi Arabia, UK, Belgium, Japan
External debt: $89.2 billion (November 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1994 est.); accounts for 28% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 81,200,000 kW production: 314 billion kWh consumption per capita: 324 kWh (1993)
Industries: textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery
Agriculture: accounts for 34% of GDP; principal crops - rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; livestock - cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, poultry; fish catch of about 3 million metric tons ranks India among the world's top 10 fishing nations
Illicit drugs: licit producer of opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; major transit country for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of hashish and methaqualone; produced 82 metric tons of illicit opium in 1994
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1980-89), $31.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $315 million;USSR (1970-89), $11.6 billion; Eastern Europe (1970-89), $105 million
Currency: 1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise
Exchange rates: Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 31.374 (January 1995), 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992), 22.742 (1991), 17.504 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@India:Transportation
Railroads:total: 62,211 km (6,500 km electrified; 12,617 km double track)broad gauge: 34,544 km 1.676-m gaugenarrow gauge: 23,599 km 1.000-m gauge; 4,068 km 0.762-m and 0.610-mgauge (1994 est.)
Highways: total: 1.97 million km paved: 960,000 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone, earth 1.01 million km (1989)
Inland waterways: 16,180 km; 3,631 km navigable by large vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 3,497 km; petroleum products 1,703 km; naturalgas 902 km (1989)
Ports: Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Haldia, Kandla, Madras, Mormugao, NewMangalore, Pondicherry, Port Blair (Andaman Islands), Tuticorin,Vishakhapatnam
Merchant marine:total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,288,902 GRT/10,454,178DWTships by type: bulk 114, cargo 78, chemical tanker 9, combination bulk2, combination ore/oil 5, container 10, liquefied gas tanker 6, oiltanker 68, passenger-cargo 5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-seapassenger 1
Airports:total: 352with paved runways over 3,047 m: 11with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 48with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 85with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 72with paved runways under 914 m: 81with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 7with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 46
@India:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; 5 telephones/1,000 persons; domestictelephone system is poor; long-distance telephoning has been improvedby a domestic satellite system which also carries TVlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 3 INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth stations and submarinecables to Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 96, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 274 (government controlled)televisions: NA
@India:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, and Coast Guard)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 253,134,487; males fit for military service 148,814,104; males reach military age (17) annually 9,461,907 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $7.8 billion, 2.8% ofGDP (FY94/95)
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@Indian Ocean:Geography
Location: body of water between Africa, Antarctica, Asia, andAustralia
Map references: World
Area:total area: 73.6 million sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than eight times the size of the US;third-largest ocean (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, butlarger than the Arctic Ocean)note: includes Arabian Sea, Bass Straight, Bay of Bengal, GreatAustralian Bight, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Strait ofMalacca, and other tributary water bodies
Coastline: 66,526 km
International disputes: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Climate: northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon(June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June andOctober/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February inthe southern Indian Ocean
Terrain: surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean, low atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninety East Ridge; maximum depth is 7,258 meters in the Java Trench
Natural resources: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravelaggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Environment:current issues: endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,and Red Seanatural hazards: ships subject to superstructure icing in extremesouth near Antarctica from May to Octoberinternational agreements: NA
Note: major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz,Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the LombokStrait
@Indian Ocean:Government
Digraph: XO
@Indian Ocean:Economy
Overview: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
Industries: based on exploitation of natural resources, particularly fish, minerals, oil and gas, fishing, sand and gravel
@Indian Ocean:Transportation
Ports: Bombay (India), Calcutta (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban(South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Madras (India), Melbourne(Australia), Richard's Bay (South Africa)
@Indian Ocean:Communications
Telephone system:international: submarine cables from India to United Arab Emirates andMalaysia, and from Sri Lanka to Djibouti and Indonesia
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@Indonesia:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: 1,919,440 sq kmland area: 1,826,440 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total 2,602 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea820 km
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East TimorProvince) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; twoislands in dispute with Malaysia
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interiormountains
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber,bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Land use: arable land: 8% permanent crops: 3% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 67% other: 15%
Irrigated land: 75,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,sewage; air pollution in urban areasnatural hazards: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamisinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear TestBan, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine LifeConservation, Tropical Timber 94
Note: archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddlesEquator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes fromIndian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
@Indonesia:People
Population: 203,583,886 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 32% (female 32,548,039; male 33,485,810)15-64 years: 64% (female 65,394,816; male 64,914,362)65 years and over: 4% (female 4,027,367; male 3,213,492) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 1.56% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24.06 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 65 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 61.22 years male: 59.13 years female: 63.42 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.74 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastalMalays 7.5%, other 26%
Religions: Muslim 87%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1985)
Languages: Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official),English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which isJavanese
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 82%male: 88%female: 75%
Labor force: 67 million by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)
@Indonesia:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
Digraph: ID
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*
Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
Constitution: August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless ofage
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO(since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since11 March 1993)cabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR): elections last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56 note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)
Political parties and leaders: GOLKAR (quasi-official party based onfunctional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) HARMOKO, general chairman;Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist andChristian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman; Development UnityParty (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail HasanMETAREUM, chairman
Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77,GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH,UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY embassy: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Box 1, Jakarta mailing address: APO AP 96520 telephone: [62] (21) 360360 FAX: [62] (21) 3862259 consulate(s) general: Medan, Surabaya
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red
@Indonesia:Economy
Overview: Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a rather poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-94 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force. Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992-94 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $619.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 6.7% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,090 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.3% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3% official rate; underemployment 40% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $32.8 billionexpenditures: $32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.9billion (FY94/95)