Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $308 millionexpenditures: $284.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1985)
Exports: $NAcommodities: light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs,textilespartners: UK
Imports: $NAcommodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicalspartners: UK
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 50,000 kW standby production: power supplied by France consumption per capita: NA kWh (1992)
Industries: tourism, banking and finance, dairy
Agriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming
Economic aid: none
Currency: 1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence
Exchange rates: Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6250 (January 1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990); the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@Jersey:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
@Jersey:Communications
Telephone system: 63,700 telephones local: NA intercity: NA international: 3 submarine cables
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@Jersey:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
________________________________________________________________________
(territory of the US)
@Johnston Atoll:Geography
Location: Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 2.8 sq kmland area: 2.8 sq kmcomparative area: about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 10 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters
Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until about 1890)
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:current issues: no natural fresh water resourcesnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: NA
Note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); some low-growing vegetation
@Johnston Atoll:People
Population: 327 (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: NA
Death rate: NA
Net migration rate: NA
Infant mortality rate: NA
Life expectancy at birth: NA
Total fertility rate: NA
@Johnston Atoll:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Johnston Atoll
Digraph: JQ
Type: unincorportated territory of the US administered by the USDefense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and theFish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as partof the National Wildlife Refuge system
Capital: none
Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of the US)
US diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)
Flag: the flag of the US is used
@Johnston Atoll:Economy
Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.
Electricity: supplied by the management and operations contractor
@Johnston Atoll:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: Johnston Island
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
@Johnston Atoll:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; excellent system including 60-channelsubmarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, digital telephone switch,Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), and UHF/VHFair-ground radiolocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: commercial satellite television systemtelevisions: NA
@Johnston Atoll:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
(also see separate West Bank entry)
@Jordan:Geography
Location: Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 89,213 sq kmland area: 88,884 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries: total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, SaudiArabia 728 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km
Coastline: 26 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Terrain: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; GreatRift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River
Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil
Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0.5% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 0.5% other: 94%
Irrigated land: 570 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;overgrazing; soil erosion; desertificationnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear TestBan, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
@Jordan:People
Population: 4,100,709 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 44% (female 884,462; male 930,266)15-64 years: 53% (female 1,058,060; male 1,119,347)65 years and over: 3% (female 53,709; male 54,865) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.69% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 37.32 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.02 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 32.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.27 years male: 70.43 years female: 74.21 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.25 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Jordanian(s) adjective: Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Religions: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%
Languages: Arabic (official), English widely understood among upperand middle classes
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991)total population: 83%male: 91%female: 75%
Labor force: 600,000 (1992)by occupation: industry 11.4%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels10.5%, construction 10.0%, transport and communications 8.7%,agriculture 7.4%, other services 52.0% (1992)
@Jordan:Government
Names:conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordanconventional short form: Jordanlocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyahlocal short form: Al Urdunformer: Transjordan
Digraph: JO
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amman
Administrative divisions: 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular -muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, AzZarqa', Irbid, Ma'an
Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate underBritish administration)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
Constitution: 8 January 1952
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King HUSSEIN Bin Talal Al Hashimi (since 11 August1952)head of government: Prime Minister Zayd BIN SHAKIR (since 8 January1995)cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma)House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan): consists of a 40-member bodyappointed by the king from designated categories of public figuresHouse of Representatives: elections last held 8 November 1993 (next tobe held NA November 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA;seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist) 16, IndependentIslamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Radical leftist 3,pro-government 55note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved bythe King several times since 1974 and in November 1989 the firstparliamentary elections in 22 years were held
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation
Political parties and leaders: Al-'Ahd (Pledge) Party, Sec. Gen. 'Abdal-Hadi al-MAJALI; Al-Ahrar (Liberals) Party, Sec. Gen. Ahmadal-ZU'BI; Al-Hurriyah (Freedom) Party, Sec. Gen. Fawwaz al-ZUBI;Al-Watan (Homeland) Party, leader 'Akif al-FAYIZ; Al-Yaqazah(Awakening) Party, Sec. Gen. 'Abd al-Ra'uf al-RAWABIDAH;Constitutional Jordanian Arab Front Party, leader Milhim al-TALL;Democratic Arab Islamic Movement Party-Du'a', Sec. Gen. Yusuf AbuBAKR; Democratic Arab Unionist Party-Wad, Sec. Gen. Anis al-MU'ASHIR;Islamic Action Front (IAF), Sec. Gen. Ishaq al-FARHAN; Jordanian ArabDemocratic Party, Sec. Gen. Mu'nis al-RAZZAZ; Jordanian Arab MassesParty, Sec. Gen. 'Abd al-Khaliq SHATAT; Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'thParty, Command First Secretary Taysir al-HIMSI; Jordanian CommunistParty (JCP), Sec. Gen. Ya'qub ZAYADIN; Jordanian Democratic PopularUnity Party, Sec. Gen. 'Azmi al-KHAWAJA; Jordanian DemocraticProgressive Party, Sec. Gen. 'Ali 'AMIR; Jordanian National AllianceParty, Sec. Gen. Mijhim al-KHURAYSHAH; Jordanian People's DemocraticParty-Hashd, Sec. Gen. Taysir al-ZIBRI; Jordanian Socialist DemocraticParty, Sec. Gen. 'Isa MADANAT; Pan-Arab Action Front Party, Sec. Gen.Muhammad al-ZU'BI; Popular Unity Party-the Unionists, Sec. Gen. Talalal-RAMAHI; Progress and Justice Party, Sec. Gen. 'Ali al-SA'D;Progressive Arab Ba'th Party, Command Secretary Mahmud al-MA'AYITAH;Al-Mustaqbal (Future) Party, Sec. Gen. Sulayman 'ARAR
Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent),ITU, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIL,UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Fayiz A. TARAWNEHchancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664FAX: [1] (202) 966-3110
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Wesley E. EGAN, Jr. embassy: Jabel Amman, Amman mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; APO AE 09892-0200 telephone: [962] (6) 820101 FAX: [962] (6) 820159
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven fundamental laws of the Koran
@Jordan:Economy
Overview: Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual real GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker remittances slowed real economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year. Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - outstripped exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF-supported program designed to gradually reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid from Gulf Arab states, worker remittances, and trade contracted; and refugees flooded the country, producing serious balance-of-payments problems, stunting GDP growth, and straining government resources. The economy rebounded in 1992, largely due to the influx of capital repatriated by workers returning from the Gulf, but the recovery was uneven throughout 1994. The government is implementing the reform program adopted in 1992 and continues to secure rescheduling and write-offs of its heavy foreign debt. Debt, poverty, and unemployment remain Jordan's biggest on-going problems.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $17 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $4,280 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $2 billionexpenditures: $2.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $630million (1995 est.)
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products,manufacturespartners: India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, EU, Indonesia, UAE
Imports: $3.5 billion (c.i.f., 1994)commodities: crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, liveanimals, manufactured goodspartners: EU, US, Iraq, Japan, Turkey
External debt: $6 billion (March 1995 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1993 est.); accounts for 20% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 1,050,000 kW production: 4.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,072 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing
Agriculture: accounts for about 8% of GDP; wheat, barley, citrus fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; sheep, goats, poultry; large net importer of food
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion;Communist countries (1970-89), $44 million
Currency: 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils
Exchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6994 (January 1995), 0.5987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992), 0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Jordan:Transportation
Railroads: total: 789 km narrow gauge: 789 km 1.050-m gauge
Highways: total: 7,500 km paved: asphalt 5,500 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 2,000 km
Pipelines: crude oil 209 km
Ports: Al'Aqabah
Merchant marine:total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,678 GRT/113,080 DWTships by type: bulk 1, oil tanker 1
Airports:total: 17with paved runways over 3,047 m: 9with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Jordan:Communications
Telephone system: 81,500 telephones; adequate telephone systemlocal: NA microwave, cable, and radio linksintercity: NAinternational: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1ARABSAT earth station; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, SaudiArabia, and Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participantin MEDARABTEL, a microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan,Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 5, FM 7, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 8 and 1 TV receive-only satellite linktelevisions: NA
@Jordan:Defense Forces
Branches: Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF; includes Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Naval Force, and Royal Jordanian Air Force); Ministry of the Interior's Public Security Force (falls under JAF only in wartime or crisis situations)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 981,004; males fit for military service 699,891; males reach military age (18) annually 45,494 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $564.2 million, 9.1% of GDP (1995 est.)
________________________________________________________________________
(possession of France)
@Juan De Nova Island:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 4.4 sq kmland area: 4.4 sq kmcomparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24.1 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claimed by Madagascar
Climate: tropical
Terrain: NA
Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 90% other: 10%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: periodic cyclones international agreements: NA
Note: wildlife sanctuary
@Juan De Nova Island:People
Population: uninhabited
@Juan De Nova Island:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Juan de Nova Islandlocal long form: nonelocal short form: Ile Juan de Nova
Digraph: JU
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in Reunion
Capital: none; administered by France from Reunion
Independence: none (possession of France)
@Juan De Nova Island:Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Juan De Nova Island:Transportation
Railroads: total: NA km; short line going to a jetty
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: total: 1 with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Juan De Nova Island:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
________________________________________________________________________
@Kazakhstan:Geography
Location: Central Asia, northwest of China
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - Central AsianStates
Area:total area: 2,717,300 sq kmland area: 2,669,800 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than four times the size of Texas
Land boundaries: total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km,Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) note: Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined
Climate: continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Terrain: extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia
Natural resources: major deposits of petroleum, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Land use: arable land: 15% permanent crops: NEGL% meadows and pastures: 57% forest and woodland: 4% other: 24%
Irrigated land: 23,080 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated withits former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout thecountry and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrialpollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers whichflowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it isdrying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticidesand natural salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind andblown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soilpollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salinization fromfaulty irrigation practicesnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Ship Pollution;signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Desertification
Note: landlocked
@Kazakhstan:People
Population: 17,376,615 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 30% (female 2,589,509; male 2,664,952)15-64 years: 63% (female 5,531,519; male 5,371,563)65 years and over: 7% (female 820,900; male 398,172) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.62% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 19.26 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 7.93 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.25 years male: 63.61 years female: 73.13 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.43 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Kazakhstani(s) adjective: Kazakhstani
Ethnic divisions: Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%,German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%, Tatar 2%, other 7.1% (1991 official data)
Religions: Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%
Languages: Kazakh (Qazaqz) official language spoken by over 40% of population, Russian (language of interethnic communication) spoken by two-thirds of population and used in everyday business
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)total population: 98%male: 99%female: 96%
Labor force: 7.356 million by occupation: industry and construction 31%, agriculture and forestry 26%, other 43% (1992)
@Kazakhstan:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstanconventional short form: Kazakhstanlocal long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasylocal short form: noneformer: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph: KZ
Type: republic
Capital: Almaty
Administrative divisions: 19 oblystar (singular - oblys) and 1 city(qalalar, singular - qala)*; Almaty Qalasy*, Almaty Oblysy, AqmolaOblysy, Aqtobe Oblysy, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral),Kokshetau Oblysy, Mangghystau Oblysy (Aqtau), Ongtustik QazaqstanOblysy (Shymkent), Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, QyzylordaOblysy, Pavlodar Oblysy, Semey Oblysy, Shyghys Qazaqstan Oblysy(Oskemen; formerly Ust'-Kamenogorsk), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy(Petropavl), Taldyqorghan Oblysy, Torghay Oblysy, Zhambyl Oblysy,Zhezqazghan Oblysynote: names in parentheses are administrative centers when namediffers from oblys name
Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 December (1991)
Constitution: adopted 28 January 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Nursultan NAZARBAYEV (since NA April 1990);Vice President Yerik ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991); election lastheld 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Nursultan A.NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed; note - NAZARBAYEV has extended his term tothe year 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995head of government: Prime Minister Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since 12October 1994); First Deputy Prime Ministers Nigmatzhan ISINGARIN(since 12 October 1994) and Vitalia METTE (since March 1995)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameralSupreme Council: elections last held 7 March 1994 (next to be held NA1999); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (177 total)Union Peoples' Unity of Kazakhstan 33, Confederation of Trade Unionsof the Republic of Kazakhstan 11, Peoples' Congress of KazakhstanParty 9, Socialist Party of Kazakhstan 8, Peasant Union of theRepublic Kazakhstan 4, Social Movement LAD 4, Organization of Veterans1, Union of Youth of Kazakhstan 1, Democratic Committee for HumanRights 1, Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan 1, International PublicCommittee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan" 1, Congress of Entrepreneurs ofKazakhstan 1, Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet 40, independents 62note: the Supreme Council disbanded 12 March 1995 following aConstitutional Court ruling that the March 1994 elections were invalid
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: People's Unity Party (PUP; was Union ofPeople's Unity), Kuanysh SULTANOV, chairman; People's Congress ofKazakhstan (PCK), Olzhas SULEYMENOV, chairman; Socialist Party ofKazakhstan (SPK; former Communist Party), Yermukhamet YERTYSHBAYEV,co-chairman; Republican Party (Azat), Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman;Democratic Progress (Russian) Party, Alexandra DOKUCHAYEVA, chairman;Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan; PeasantUnion of the Republic Kazakhstan (KPU); Social Movement LAD, V.MIKHAYLOV, chairman; Union of Youth of Kazakhstan; DemocraticCommittee for Human Rights; Association of Lawyers of Kazakhstan;International Public Committee "Aral-Asia-Kazakhstan"; Congress ofEntrepreneurs of Kazakhstan; Deputies of the 12th Supreme Soviet;People's Cooperative Party, Umirzak SARSENOV, chairman; Organizationof Veterans
Other political or pressure groups: Independent Trade Union Center(Birlesu; an association of independent trade union and businessassociations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president
Member of: AsDB, CCC, CIS, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,NACC, OIC (observer), OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Tuleutai S. SULEYMENOVchancery: (temporary) 3421 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC20008telephone: [1] (202) 333-4504 through 4507FAX: [1] (202) 333-4509
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador William H. COURTNEYembassy: 99/97 Furmanova Street, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan 480012
mailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [7] (3272) 63-24-26FAX: [7] (3272) 63-38-83
Flag: sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in yellow
@Kazakhstan:Economy
Overview: Kazakhstan, the second largest of the former Soviet states in territory, possesses enormous untapped fossil-fuel reserves as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The breakup of the USSR and the collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. The government has pursued a moderate program of economic reform and privatization which is gradually lifting state controls over economic activity and shifting assets into the private sector. Nevertheless, government control over key sectors of the economy remains strong. Sustained economic hardships and continued pressures from industrial elites will make it difficult for the government to sustain its policies of monetary and fiscal discipline which had brought down inflation by the end of 1994. Continued lack of pipeline transportation for expanded oil exports has closed off a likely source of economic recovery.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $55.2 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -25% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,200 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 24% per month (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 1.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers (1994)
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $3.1 billion (1994)commodities: oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain,wool, meat, coalpartners: Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Imports: $3.5 billion (1994) commodities: machinery and parts, industrial materials, oil and gas partners: Russia and other former Soviet republics, China
External debt: less than $1 billion debt to Russia
Industrial production: growth rate -28% (1994)
Electricity: capacity: 17,380,000 kW production: 65.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,750 kWh (1994)
Industries: accounts for 26% of net national product; extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; employs about 26% of the labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostlyfor CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used astransshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe and NorthAmerica from Southwest Asia
Economic aid:recipient: approximately $1 billion in foreign loans and creditsallocated in 1994; disbursements projected at $700 billion through1995
Currency: national currency the tenge introduced on 15 November 1993
Exchange rates: tenges per US$1 - 54 (yearend 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Kazakhstan:Transportation
Railroads:total: 14,460 km in common carrier service; does not includeindustrial linesbroad gauge: 14,460 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:total: 189,000 kmpaved and graveled: 108,100 kmunpaved: earth 80,900 km (1990)
Inland waterways: Syrdariya River, Ertis River
Pipelines: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas3,480 km (1992)
Ports: Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)
Airports:total: 352with paved runways over 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 9with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 9with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 25with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 65with unpaved runways under 914 m: 190
@Kazakhstan:Communications
Telephone system: 2.2 million telephones; telephone service is poor;about 17 telephones/100 persons in urban areas and 7.6 telephones/100persons in rural areas; Almaty has 184,000 telephoneslocal: NAintercity: land line and microwave radio relayinternational: international traffic with other former USSR republicsand China carried by landline and microwave, and with other countriesby satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuitsat the Moscow international gateway switch; INTELSAT earth station;new satellite earth station established at Almaty with Turkishfinancial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: 4.088 million (with multiple speakers for program diffusion6,082,000)
Television:broadcast stations: Orbita (TV receive only) earth stationtelevisions: 4.75 million
@Kazakhstan:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Republic National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,513,089; males fit for military service 3,605,584; males reach military age (18) annually 154,280 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: 69.3 billion rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
________________________________________________________________________
@Kenya:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 582,650 sq kmland area: 569,250 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada
Land boundaries: total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km,Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great RiftValley; fertile plateau in west
Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies,fluorspar, garnets, wildlife
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 7% forest and woodland: 4% other: 85%
Irrigated land: 520 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes;degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides andfertilizers; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poachingnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified -Desertification
Note: the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers on Mt. Kenya; unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value
@Kenya:People
Population: 28,817,227 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 48% (female 6,841,235; male 6,957,908)15-64 years: 50% (female 7,277,061; male 7,085,925)65 years and over: 2% (female 359,659; male 295,439) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.99% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 41.66 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.04 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -19.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 73.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 52.41 years male: 50.72 years female: 54.16 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.76 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, Asian, European, and Arab 1%, other 15%
Religions: Protestant (including Anglican) 38%, Roman Catholic 28%,indigenous beliefs 26%, other 8%
Languages: English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenouslanguages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)total population: 71%male: 81%female: 62%
Labor force:by occupation: agriculture 75%-80% (1993 est.), non-agriculture20%-25% (1993 est.)
@Kenya:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Kenyaconventional short form: Kenyaformer: British East Africa
Digraph: KE
Type: republic
Capital: Nairobi
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast,Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western
Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)
Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Daniel Toroitich arapMOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10May 1989); election last held on 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA1997); results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected with 37%of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki (SP) 19%,Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17%cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge): elections last held on 29 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya 31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12 additional members note: first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law in 1991
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is Kenya African NationalUnion (KANU), President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI; opposition partiesinclude Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD-Kenya), MichaelWAMALWA; Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD-Asili), KennethMATIBA; Democratic Party of Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions; Roman CatholicChurch
Member of: ESCAP, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IMO, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,UNOMIL, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Benjamin Edgar KIPKORIR chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101 FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia BRAZEAL embassy: corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi mailing address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (2) 334141 FAX: [254] (2) 340838
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center
@Kenya:Economy
Overview: Kenya in recent years has had one of the highest natural rates of growth in population, but the statistics have been complicated by the large-scale movement of nomadic groups and of Somalis back and forth across the border. Population growth has been accompanied by deforestation, deterioration in the road system, the water supply, and other parts of the infrastructure. In industry and services, Nairobi's reluctance to embrace IMF-supported reforms had held back investment and growth in 1991-93. Nairobi's push on economic reform in 1994, however, helped support a 3.3% increase in output.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $33.1 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3.3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,170 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 35% urban (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $2.4 billionexpenditures: $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $740million (1990 est.)
Exports: $1.45 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990)partners: EC 47%, Africa 23%, Asia 11%, US 4%, Middle East 3% (1991)
Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum andpetroleum products 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food andconsumer goods (1989)partners: EC 46%, Asia 23%, Middle East 20%, US 5% (1991)
External debt: $7 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 3.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 810,000 kW production: 3.3 billion kWh consumption per capita: 117 kWh (1993)
Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), processing agricultural products, oil refining, cement, tourism
Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 27% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash crops - coffee, tea; food products - corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs
Illicit drugs: widespread harvesting of small, wild plots of marijuanaand qat; most locally consumed; transit country for Southwest Asianheroin moving to West Africa and onward to Europe and North America;Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $7.49 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $83 million
Currency: 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 44.478 (January 1995), 56.051 (1994), 58.001 (1993), 32.217 (1992), 27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Kenya:Transportation
Railroads: total: 2,650 km narrow gauge: 2,650 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 64,590 km paved: 7,000 km unpaved: gravel 4,150 km; improved earth 53,440 km
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries ofKenya
Pipelines: petroleum products 483 km
Ports: Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa
Merchant marine:total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,883 GRT/6,255 DWTships by type: barge carrier 1, oil tanker 1
Airports:total: 246with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 22with paved runways under 914 m: 83with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 14with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 119
@Kenya:Communications
Telephone system: over 260,000 telephones; in top group of Africansystemslocal: NAintercity: consists primarily of microwave radio relay linksinternational: 2 INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) earthstations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 6televisions: NA
@Kenya:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit ofthe Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,358,344; males fit formilitary service 3,932,506 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $136 million, 1.9% ofGDP (FY93/94)
________________________________________________________________________
(territory of the US)
@Kingman Reef:Geography
Location: Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to American Samoa
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 1 sq kmland area: 1 sq kmcomparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 3 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds
Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment:current issues: NAnatural hazards: wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation ofabout 1 meter makes this a maritime hazardinternational agreements: NA
Note: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to thepublic
@Kingman Reef:People
Population: uninhabited
@Kingman Reef:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Kingman Reef
Digraph: KQ
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy, however it is awash the majority of the time, so it is not usable and is uninhabited
Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
@Kingman Reef:Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Kingman Reef:Transportation
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Airports: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
@Kingman Reef:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
@Kiribati:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, straddling the equator and the International Date Line, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 717 sq kmland area: 717 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than four times the size ofWashington, DCnote: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,Phoenix Islands
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 1,143 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Terrain: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs
Natural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 51% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 3% other: 46%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: NAnatural hazards: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November toMarch; occasional tornadoesinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species,Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -Climate Change
Note: 20 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) inKiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in thePacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia and Nauru
@Kiribati:People
Population: 79,386 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 1.95% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 31.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 54.16 years male: 52.56 years female: 55.78 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.73 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural) adjective: I-Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religions: Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%,Seventh-Day Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)
Languages: English (official), Gilbertese
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)
@Kiribati:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Kiribaticonventional short form: Kiribatiformer: Gilbert Islands
Digraph: KR
Type: republic
Capital: Tarawa
Administrative divisions: 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,Phoenix Islandsnote: in addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts,Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21island councils (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru,Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei,Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa,Teraina; note - one council for each of the inhabited islands)
Independence: 12 July 1979 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)
Constitution: 12 July 1979
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President (Beretitenti)Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice President(Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti) Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994);election last held on 30 September 1994 (next to be held by NA 1999)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from an electedparliament
Legislative branch: unicameralHouse of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu): elections last held on 22July 1994 (next to be held by NA 1999); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) Maneaban Te Mauri 13,National Progressive Party 7, independents 19