Land boundaries: total 4,571 km, Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km,Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline: 2,470 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical to subtropical
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west
Natural resources: coal, titanium
Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 56% forest and woodland: 20% other: 20%
Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in the hinterlandshave resulted in increased migration to urban and coastal areas withadverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution ofsurface and coastal watersnatural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central andsouthern provinces; devastating cyclonesinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Ozone LayerProtection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Law of the Sea
@Mozambique:People
Population: 18,115,250 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (female 4,069,117; male 4,078,429)15-64 years: 53% (female 4,882,292; male 4,630,193)65 years and over: 2% (female 260,057; male 195,162) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.87% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 44.6 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 15.94 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwa, and South Africa in earlier years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000 refugees remain to be repatriated from those countries
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 48.95 years male: 47.04 years female: 50.92 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.19 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Mozambican(s) adjective: Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups, Europeans about 10,000,Euro-Africans 35,000, Indians 15,000
Religions: indigenous beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Muslim 10%
Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 33%male: 45%female: 21%
Labor force: NAby occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture
@Mozambique:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Mozambiqueconventional short form: Mozambiquelocal long form: Republica Popular de Mocambiquelocal short form: Mocambique
Digraph: MZ
Type: republic
Capital: Maputo
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Constitution: 30 November 1990
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November1986)head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since December1994)cabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): draft electoral law provides for periodic, direct presidential and Assembly elections note: as called for in the 1992 peace accords, presidential and legislative elections took place during 27-29 October 1994; fourteen parties, including the Mozambique National Resistance (RENAMO) participated; Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO was elected president and his FRELIMO party gathered a slim majority in the 250 seat legislature
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; the ruling party since independence, FRELIMO was the only legal party before 30 November 1990 when the new Constitution went into effect establishing a multiparty system
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146 FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis Coleman JETT embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda, 193 Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 492797 FAX: [258] (1) 490114
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
@Mozambique:Economy
Overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20%-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accords signed in October 1992 improved chances of foreign investment, aided IMF-supported economic reforms, and supported continued economic recovery. Elections held in 1994 diverted government attention from the economy, resulting in slippage and delays in the economic reform program. Nonetheless, growth in 1994 was solid and can continue into the late 1990s given continued foreign help in meeting debt obligations.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10.6 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5.8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $610 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.)
Budget:revenues: $252 millionexpenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1992 est.)
Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: shrimp 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citruspartners: Spain, South Africa, US, Portugal, Japan
Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleum partners: South Africa, UK, France, Japan, Portugal
External debt: $5 billion (1992 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 2,360,000 kW production: 1.7 billion kWh consumption per capita: 58 kWh (1993)
Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), petroleum products, textiles, nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos), tobacco
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and about 90% of exports; cashcrops - cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, shrimp; other crops -cassava, corn, rice, tropical fruits; not self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $350 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $4.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $37 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $890 million
Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 5,220.63 (1st quarter 1994), 3,874.24 (1993), 2,550.40 (1992), 1,763.99 (1991), 1,053.09 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Mozambique:Transportation
Railroads: total: 3,288 km narrow gauge: 3,140 km 1.067-m gauge; 148 km 0.762-m gauge
Highways:total: 26,498 kmpaved: 4,593 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 829 km; unimprovedearth 21,076 km
Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
Ports: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba
Merchant marine:total: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,533 GRT/8,024 DWT
Airports:total: 192with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 112with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 15with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 44
Note:note: highway traffic impeded by land mines not removed at end ofcivil war
@Mozambique:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephone density; fair system of troposcatter,open-wire lines, and radio relaylocal: NAintercity: microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatterinternational: 5 INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean) earthstations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@Mozambique:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia; note - by late 1994, the army and former RENAMO rebels had demobilized; under UN supervision and training, recruits from both the army and rebel forces joined an integrated force that is still forming
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,061,109; males fit formilitary service 2,331,793 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 7.3% ofGDP (1993)
________________________________________________________________________
@Namibia:Geography
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, betweenAngola and South Africa
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 825,418 sq kmland area: 825,418 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska
Land boundaries: total 3,824 km, Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km,South Africa 855 km, Zambia 233 km
Coastline: 1,572 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili ( Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in mid-February 1995 and the parties agreed to refer the matter to the International Court of Justice;
Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; KalahariDesert in east
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspected deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 64% forest and woodland: 22% other: 13%
Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources;desertificationnatural hazards: prolonged periods of droughtinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of theSea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,Climate Change
@Namibia:People
Population: 1,651,545 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 47% (female 384,885; male 394,216)15-64 years: 50% (female 414,283; male 405,938)65 years and over: 3% (female 26,783; male 25,440) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.44% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 43.04 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.61 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 59.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 62.1 years male: 59.37 years female: 64.9 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.34 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Namibian(s) adjective: Namibian
Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include (with approximate share of total population): Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Religions: 80%-90% Christian (50% Lutheran; at least 30% otherChristian denominations)
Languages: English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most ofthe population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1960)total population: 38%male: 45%female: 31%
Labor force: 500,000by occupation: agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 19%, services8%, government 7%, mining 6% (1981 est.)
@Namibia:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Namibiaconventional short form: Namibia
Digraph: WA
Type: republic
Capital: Windhoek
Administrative divisions: 13 districts; Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas,Kunene, Caprivi (Liambezi), Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati,Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa
Independence: 21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)
National holiday: Independence Day, 21 March (1990)
Constitution: ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Sam NUJOMA (since 21March 1990); election last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be heldNA); results - Sam NUJOMA elected president by popular votecabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the NationalAssembly
Legislative branch: bicameral legislature National Council: elections last held 30 November-3 December 1992 (next to be held by December 1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (26 total) SWAPO 19, DTA 6, UDF 1 National Assembly: elections last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (72 total) SWAPO 53, DTA 15, UDF 2, MAG 1, DCN 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: South West Africa People's Organization(SWAPO), Sam NUJOMA; DTA of Namibia (formerly Democratic TurnhalleAlliance) (DTA), Mishake MUYONGO; United Democratic Front (UDF),Justus GAROEB; Federal Convention of Namibia (FCN), Kephics CONRUDIE;Monitor Action Group (MAG), Kosie PRETORIUS; Workers RevolutionaryParty (WRP); Southwest African National Union (SWANU), Hitjevi VEII;Democratic Coalition of Namibia (DCN), Moses KATJIUONGA
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU,SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tuliameni KALOMOH chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540 FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Marshall F. McCALLIE embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen St., Windhoek mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek telephone: [264] (61) 221601 FAX: [264] (61) 229792
Flag: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders
@Namibia:Economy
Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on the mining industry to extract and process minerals for export. Mining accounts for almost 25% of GDP. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's fifth-largest producer of uranium. Alluvial diamond deposits are among the richest in the world, making Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. More than half the population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its livelihood. Namibia must import some of its food.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $5.8 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5.8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,600 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1994)
Unemployment rate: 35% in urban areas (1993 est.)
Budget:revenues: $941 millionexpenditures: $1.05 billion, including capital expenditures of $157million (FY93/94)
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium, cattle,processed fish, karakul skinspartners: Switzerland, South Africa, Germany, Japan
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum products and fuel, machinery andequipmentpartners: South Africa, Germany, US, Switzerland
External debt: about $385 million (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate -14% (1993); accounts for 30% ofGDP, including mining
Electricity: capacity: 406,000 kW production: 1.29 billion kWh consumption per capita: 658 kWh (1991)
Industries: meat packing, fish processing, dairy products, mining (copper, lead, zinc, diamond, uranium)
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; livestock raising major sourceof cash income; crops - millet, sorghum, peanuts; fish catch potentialof over 1 million metric tons not being fulfilled
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-87), $47.2 million
Currency: 1 South African rand (R) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: South African rand (R) per US$1 - 3.539 (January 1995), 3.5489 (1994), 3.2678 (1993), 2.8497 (1992), 2.7653 (1991), 2.5863 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@Namibia:Transportation
Railroads: total: 2,341 km (single track) narrow gauge: 2,341 km 1.067-m gauge
Highways: total: 54,500 km paved: 4,080 km unpaved: gravel 2,540 km; earth 47,880 km (roads and tracks)
Ports: Luderitz, Walvis Bay
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 135with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 20with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 23with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 70
@Namibia:Communications
Telephone system: 62,800 telephones; telephone density - 38/1,000personslocal: good urban servicesintercity: fair rural service; microwave radio relay links majortowns; connections to other populated places are by open wireinternational: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 40, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 3televisions: NA
@Namibia:Defense Forces
Branches: National Defense Force (Army), Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 348,380; males fit for militaryservice 206,684 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $54 million, 2% ofGDP (FY93/94)
________________________________________________________________________
@Nauru:Geography
Location: Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of theMarshall Islands
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 21 sq kmland area: 21 sq kmcomparative area: about one-tenth the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 30 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)
Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with phosphate plateau in center
Natural resources: phosphates
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, roof storagetanks collect rainwater; phosphate mining threatens limited remainingland resourcesnatural hazards: periodic droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Marine Dumping; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note: Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in thePacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati andMakatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator
@Nauru:People
Population: 10,149 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 1.33% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 18.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 40.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.68 years male: 64.3 years female: 69.18 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Nauruan(s) adjective: Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%,European 8%
Religions: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)
Languages: Nauruan (official; a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: by occupation: NA
@Nauru:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Nauruconventional short form: Nauruformer: Pleasant Island
Digraph: NR
Type: republic
Capital: no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
Administrative divisions: 14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare,Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren
Independence: 31 January 1968 (from the Australia, New Zealand, andUK-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 31 January (1968)
Constitution: 29 January 1968
Legal system: own Acts of Parliament and British common law
Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO(since 12 December 1989); election last held 19 November 1992 (next tobe held NA November 1995); results - Bernard DOWIYOGO elected byParliamentcabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the parliament
Legislative branch: unicameralParliament: elections last held on 14 November 1992 (next to be heldNA November 1995); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (18 total)independents 18
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: none
Member of: AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, ICAO, INTELSAT (nonsignatoryuser), INTERPOL, ITU, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UPU
Diplomatic representation in US:consulate(s): Agana (Guam)
US diplomatic representation: the US Ambassador to Fiji is accreditedto Nauru
Flag: blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original tribes of Nauru
@Nauru:Economy
Overview: Revenues come from the export of phosphates, the reserves of which are expected to be exhausted by the year 2000. Phosphates have given Nauruans one of the highest per capita incomes in the Third World. Few other resources exist, so most necessities must be imported, including fresh water from Australia. The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious long-term problems. Substantial amounts of phosphate income are invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $100 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $10,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 0%
Budget:revenues: $69.7 millionexpenditures: $51.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1986 est.)
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984)commodities: phosphatespartners: Australia, NZ
Imports: $73 million (c.i.f., 1984) commodities: food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery partners: Australia, UK, NZ, Japan
External debt: $33.3 million
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 14,000 kW production: 30 million kWh consumption per capita: 3,036 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate mining, financial services, coconut products
Agriculture: coconuts; other agricultural activity negligible; almostcompletely dependent on imports for food and water
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries (1970-89), $2 million
Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3058 (January 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2834 (1991), 1.2799 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Nauru:Transportation
Railroads:total: 3.9 km; note - used to haul phosphates from the center of theisland to processing facilities on the southwest coast
Highways: total: 27 km paved: 21 km unpaved: improved earth 6 km
Ports: Nauru
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
@Nauru:Communications
Telephone system: 1,600 telephones; adequate local and internationalradio communications provided via Australian facilitieslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: 4,000
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA
@Nauru:Defense Forces
Branches: no regular armed forces; Directorate of the Nauru PoliceForce
Defense expenditures: $NA; note - no formal defense structure
________________________________________________________________________
(territory of the US)
@Navassa Island:Geography
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, about one-fourth of the way from Haiti to Jamaica
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 5.2 sq kmland area: 5.2 sq kmcomparative area: about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 8 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claimed by Haiti
Climate: marine, tropical
Terrain: raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 meters high)
Natural resources: guano
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 10% forest and woodland: 0% other: 90%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA
Note: strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock, but enough grassland to support goat herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus
@Navassa Island:People
Population: uninhabited; note - transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
@Navassa Island:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Navassa Island
Digraph: BQ
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US CoastGuard
Capital: none; administered from Washington, DC
@Navassa Island:Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Navassa Island:Transportation
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
@Navassa Island:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the US
________________________________________________________________________
@Nepal:Geography
Location: Southern Asia, between China and India
Map references: Asia
Area:total area: 140,800 sq kmland area: 136,800 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Arkansas
Land boundaries: total 2,926 km, China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north tosubtropical summers and mild winters in south
Terrain: Terai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, centralhill region, rugged Himalayas in north
Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydroelectric potential,scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 13% forest and woodland: 33% other: 37%
Irrigated land: 9,430 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: the almost total dependence on wood for fuel andcutting down trees to expand agricultural land without replanting hasresulted in widespread deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution(use of contaminated water presents human health risks)natural hazards: severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought,and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of thesummer monsoonsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, TropicalTimber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Marine Life Conservation
Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and India; containseight of world's 10 highest peaks
@Nepal:People
Population: 21,560,869 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43% (female 4,479,950; male 4,692,575)15-64 years: 55% (female 5,778,107; male 5,994,147)65 years and over: 2% (female 305,502; male 310,588) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.44% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 37.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.9 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 81.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 53.09 years male: 52.86 years female: 53.34 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.15 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Nepalese (singular and plural) adjective: Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibetans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs,Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas
Religions: Hindu 90%, Buddhist 5%, Muslim 3%, other 2% (1981) note: only official Hindu state in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu and Buddhist groups
Languages: Nepali (official), 20 languages divided into numerousdialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 26%male: 38%female: 13%
Labor force: 8.5 million (1991 est.) by occupation: agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2% note: severe lack of skilled labor
@Nepal:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepalconventional short form: Nepal
Digraph: NP
Type: parliamentary democracy as of 12 May 1991
Capital: Kathmandu
Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural);Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi,Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti
Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 28 December (1945)
Constitution: 9 November 1990
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:head of government: Prime Minister Man Mohan ADHIKARI (since 30November 1994)chief of state: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (since 31 January1972, crowned King 24 February 1985); Heir Apparent Crown PrinceDIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, son of the King (born 21 June 1971)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the king on recommendation of the primeminister
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament National Council: consists of a 60-member body, 50 appointed by House of Representatives and 10 by the King House of Representatives: elections last held on 15 November 1994 (next to be held NA); results - NCP 33%, CPN/UML 31%, NDP 18%, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 3%, NWPP 1%; seats - (205 total) CPN/UML 88, NCP 83, NDP 20, NWPP 4, Terai Rights Sadbhavana Party 3, independents 7; note - the new Constitution of 9 November 1990 gave Nepal a multiparty democracy system for the first time in 32 years
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarbochha Adalat)
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxistand Leninist (CPN/UML), Prime Minister Man Mohan ADHIKARI, DeputyPrime Minister Madhav Kumar NEPAL; Nepali Congress Party (NCP),president Krishna Prasad BHATTARAI, former Prime Minister GirijaPrasad KOIRALA, Leader of the Opposition Sher Bahadur DEUBA; NationalDemocratic Party (NDP), Surya Bahadur THAPA; Terai Rights Sadbhavana(Goodwill) Party, Gajendra Narayan SINGH; United People's Front (UPF),Niranjan Govinda BAIDYA; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party (NWPP),Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE; Communist Party of Nepal(Democratic-Manandhar), B. B. MANANDHAR
Other political or pressure groups: numerous small, left-leaningstudent groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepaleseantimonarchist groups
Member of: AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO(correspondent), ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL,UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires ad interim PradeepKHATIWADAchancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Sandra L. VOGELGESANG embassy: Pani Pokhari, Kathmandu mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [977] (1) 411179 FAX: [977] (1) 419963
Flag: red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun
@Nepal:Economy
Overview: Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over 90% of the population and accounting for half of GDP. Industrial activity is limited, mainly involving the processing of agricultural produce (jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain). Production of textiles and carpets has expanded recently and accounted for 85% of foreign exchange earnings in FY93/94. Apart from agricultural land and forests, exploitable natural resources are mica, hydropower, and tourism. Agricultural production in the late 1980s grew by about 5%, as compared with annual population growth of 2.6%. More than 40% of the population is undernourished. Since May 1991, the government has been encouraging trade and foreign investment, e.g., by eliminating business licenses and registration requirements in order to simplify domestic and foreign investment. The government also has been cutting public expenditures by reducing subsidies, privatizing state industries, and laying off civil servants. Prospects for foreign trade and investment in the 1990s remain poor, however, because of the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness, and susceptibility to natural disaster. The international community provides funding for 70% of Nepal's developmental budget and for 30% of total budgetary expenditures. The government, realizing that attempts to reverse three years of liberalization would jeopardize this vital support, almost certainly will move ahead with its reform program in 1995-96.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $22.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,060 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (June 1994)
Unemployment rate: NA%; note - there is substantial underemployment(1994)
Budget:revenues: $455 millionexpenditures: $854 million, including capital expenditures of $427million (FY93/94 est.)
Exports: $593 million (f.o.b., 1993) but does not include unrecordedborder trade with Indiacommodities: carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grainpartners: India, US, Germany, UK
Imports: $899 million (c.i.f., 1993) commodities: petroleum products 20%, fertilizer 11%, machinery 10% partners: India, Singapore, Japan, Germany
External debt: $2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production: NA
Electricity: capacity: 280,000 kW production: 920 million kWh consumption per capita: 41 kWh (1993)
Industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarette,textile, carpet, cement, and brick production; tourism
Agriculture: rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, buffalomeat; not self-sufficient in food, particularly in drought years
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic andinternational drug markets; transit point for heroin from SoutheastAsia to the West
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $304 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1980-89), $2.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $30 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $286 million
Currency: 1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa
Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 49.884 (January 1995), 49.398 (1994), 48.607 (1993), 42.742 (1992), 37.255 (1991), 29.370 (1990)
Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July
@Nepal:Transportation
Railroads:total: 101 km; note - all in Terai close to Indian bordernarrow gauge: 101 km 0.762-m gauge
Highways: total: 7,400 km paved: 3,000 km unpaved: 4,400 km
Ports: none
Airports:total: 44with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 28with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 10
@Nepal:Communications
Telephone system: 50,000 telephones (1990); poor telephone andtelegraph service; fair radio communication servicelocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: international radio communication service is fair; 1INTELSAT (Indian Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 88, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@Nepal:Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal Nepalese Army Air Service,Nepalese Police Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,163,703; males fit formilitary service 2,682,284; males reach military age (17) annually247,978 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $36 million, 1.2% ofGDP (FY92/93)
________________________________________________________________________
@Netherlands:Geography
Location: Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium andGermany
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 37,330 sq kmland area: 33,920 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey
Land boundaries: total 1,027 km, Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km
Coastline: 451 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in southeast
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum, fertile soil
Land use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 32% forest and woodland: 9% other: 32%
Irrigated land: 5,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organiccompounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; airpollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rainnatural hazards: the extensive system of dikes and dams, protectsnearly one-half of the total area from being floodedinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, AirPollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-EnvironmentalProtocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but notratified - Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Desertification,Law of the Sea
Note: located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas orMeuse, and Schelde)
@Netherlands:People
Population: 15,452,903 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 18% (female 1,382,057; male 1,445,451)15-64 years: 68% (female 5,184,224; male 5,369,018)65 years and over: 14% (female 1,238,336; male 833,817) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 0.52% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 12.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 77.95 years male: 74.9 years female: 81.17 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.56 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women) adjective: Dutch
Ethnic divisions: Dutch 96%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 4% (1988)
Religions: Roman Catholic 34%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 3%, other 2%, unaffiliated 36% (1991)
Languages: Dutch
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) total population: 99%
Labor force: 6.4 million (1993) by occupation: services 71.4%, manufacturing and construction 24.6%, agriculture 4.0% (1992)
@Netherlands:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlandsconventional short form: Netherlandslocal long form: Koninkrijk de Nederlandenlocal short form: Nederland
Digraph: NL
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces (provincien, singular -provincie); Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland, Gelderland, Groningen,Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland,Zuid-Holland
Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
Independence: 1579 (from Spain)
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April (1938)
Constitution: 17 February 1983
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order rather than Acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April1980); Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER, Prince of Orange, son of QueenBeatrix (born 27 April 1967)head of government: Prime Minister Willem (Wim) KOK (since 22 August1994); Vice Prime Minister Hans DIJKSTAL and Hans VAN MIERLO (since 22August 1994)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch: bicameral legislature (Staten Generaal) First Chamber (Eerste Kamer): members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms; elections last held 9 June l991 (next to be held 9 June 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (75 total) number of seats by party NA Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer): members directly elected for four-year terms; elections last held on 3 May 1994 (next to be held in May 1999); results - PvdA 24.3%, CDA 22.3%, VVD 20.4%, D'66 16.5%, other 16.5%; seats - (150 total) PvdA 37, CDA 34, VVD 31, D'66 24, other 24
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (De Hoge Raad)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), HansHELGERS; Labor (PvdA), Wim KOK; Liberal (VVD - People's Party forFreedom and Democracy), Frits BOLKESTEIN; Democrats '66 (D'66), Hansvan MIERLO; a host of minor parties
Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms;Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialistand Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation ofCatholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the nondenominationalFederation of Netherlands Enterprises; and Interchurch Peace Council(IKV)
Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS,CCC, CE, CERN, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, FAO, G-10, GATT,IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MTCR,NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OSCE, PCA,UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOMOZ, UNOMUR,UNPROFOR, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Adriaan JACOBOVITS DE SZEGED chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300 FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Kirk Terry DORNBUSH embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ The Hague mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, the Hague; APO AE 09715 telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209 FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688 consulate(s) general: Amsterdam
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer
@Netherlands:Economy
Overview: This highly developed and affluent economy is based on private enterprise. The government makes its presence felt, however, through many regulations, permit requirements, and welfare programs affecting most aspects of economic activity. The trade and financial services sector contributes over 50% of GDP. Industrial activity provides about 25% of GDP and is led by the food-processing, oil-refining, and metalworking industries. The highly mechanized agricultural sector employs only 4% of the labor force, but provides large surpluses for export and the domestic food-processing industry. Indeed the Netherlands ranks third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. High unemployment and a sizable budget deficit are currently the most serious economic problems. Many of the economic issues of the 1990s will reflect the course of European economic integration.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $275.8 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 2% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $17,940 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (December 1994)
Unemployment rate: 8.8% (December 1994)
Budget:revenues: $109.9 billionexpenditures: $122.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1992 est.)
Exports: $153 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: metal products, chemicals, processed food and tobacco,agricultural productspartners: EC 77% (Germany 27%, Belgium-Luxembourg 15%, UK 10%),Central and Eastern Europe 10%, US 4% (1991)
Imports: $137 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: raw materials and semifinished products, consumer goods, transportation equipment, crude oil, food products partners: EC 64% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 14%, UK 8%), US 8% (1991)
External debt: $0
Industrial production: growth rate -1.5% (1993 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 17,520,000 kW production: 72.4 billion kWh consumption per capita: 5,100 kWh (1993)
Industries: agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, fishing, construction, microelectronics
Agriculture: accounts for 4.6% of GDP; animal production predominates;crops - grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; shortagesof grain, fats, and oils
Illicit drugs: important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; European producer of illicit amphetamines and other synthetic drugs
Economic aid: donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $19.4 billion
Currency: 1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.7178 (January 1995), 1.8200 (1994), 1.8573 (1993), 1.7585 (1992), 1.8697 (1991), 1.8209 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Netherlands:Transportation