Land boundaries: total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km
Coastline: 5,152 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 71% other: 28%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: rain forest subject to deforestation as a result ofgrowing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from miningprojectsnatural hazards: active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Rim ofFire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severeearthquakes; mudslidesinternational agreements: party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, MarineDumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world'slargest swamps along southwest coast
@Papua New Guinea:People
Population: 4,294,750 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 41% (female 847,208; male 892,718)15-64 years: 57% (female 1,161,961; male 1,268,266)65 years and over: 2% (female 66,759; male 57,838) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.3% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 33.2 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 10.18 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 61.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.85 years male: 56.01 years female: 57.74 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.55 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Papua New Guinean(s) adjective: Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Religions: Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%,Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%,Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestantsects 10%, indigenous beliefs 34%
Languages: English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motuspoken in Papua regionnote: 715 indigenous languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 52%male: 65%female: 38%
Labor force: NA
@Papua New Guinea:Government
Names:conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guineaconventional short form: Papua New Guinea
Digraph: PP
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port Moresby
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, EasternHighlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus,Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, NorthSolomons, Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands,West New Britain
Independence: 16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UNtrusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
Constitution: 16 September 1975
Legal system: based on English common law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)head of government: Prime Minister Sir Julius CHAN (since 30 August1994); Deputy Prime Minister Chris HAIVETA (since 7 September 1994)cabinet: National Executive Council; appointed by the governor onrecommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament: (sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly) elections last held 13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10, independents 30, others 18; note - association with political parties is fluid
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Papua New Guinea United Party (PanguParty), Jack GENIA; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI;People's Action Party (PAP), Akoka DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP),Sir Julius CHAN; United Party (UP), Paul TORATO; Papua Party (PP),Galeva KWARARA; National Party (NP), Paul PORA; Melanesian Alliance(MA), Fr. John MOMIS
Member of: ACP, APEC, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, NAM(observer), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Kepas Isimel WATANGIAchancery: 3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC20009telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard W. TEARE embassy: Armit Street, Port Moresby mailing address: P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553 telephone: [675] 211455, 211594, 211654 FAX: [675] 213423
Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered
@Papua New Guinea:Economy
Overview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mining of numerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of export earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid under World Bank auspices have helped sustain the economy. Robust growth in 1991-92 was led by the mining sector; the opening of a large new gold mine helped the advance. At the start of 1995, Port Moresby is looking primarily to the exploitation of mineral and petroleum resources to drive economic development but new prospecting in Papua New Guinea has slumped as other mineral-rich countries have stepped up their competition for international investment. Output from current projects will probably begin to taper off in 1996, but no new large ventures are being developed to succeed them.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $9.2 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 6.1% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,200 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1994)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $1.33 billionexpenditures: $1.36 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1995 est.)
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: gold, copper ore, oil, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa,lobsterpartners: Australia, Japan, US, Singapore, New Zealand
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)commodities: machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,food, fuels, chemicalspartners: Australia, Japan, UK, New Zealand, Netherlands
External debt: $3.2 billion (1992)
Industrial production: accounts for 32% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 490,000 kW production: 1.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 390 kWh (1993)
Industries: copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourism
Agriculture: Accounts for 25% of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products - tea, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban centers
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $6.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million
Currency: 1 kina (K) = 100 toea
Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1 - 0.8565 (December 1994), 0.9950 (1994), 1.0221 (1993), 1.0367 (1992), 1.0504 (1991), 1.0467 (1990); note - the government floated the kina on 10 October 1994
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Papua New Guinea:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways:total: 19,200 kmpaved: 640 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 10,960 km; unimprovedearth 7,600 km
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: Kieta, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul
Merchant marine:total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,565 GRT/27,071 DWTships by type: bulk 2, cargo 3, combination ore/oil 5, container 1,roll-on/roll-off 1
Airports:total: 505with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 411with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 12with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 63
@Papua New Guinea:Communications
Telephone system: more than 70,000 telephones (1987); services areadequate and being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, andinternational radiocommunication serviceslocal: NAintercity: mostly radio telephoneinternational: submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; 1INTELSAT (Pacific Ocean) earth station; international radiocommunication service
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 31, FM 2, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 2 (1987)televisions: NA
@Papua New Guinea:Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force (includes Army, Navy, and AirForce)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,111,661; males fit formilitary service 618,696 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% ofGDP (1993 est.)
________________________________________________________________________
@Paracel Islands:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the northern Philippines
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: NA sq kmland area: NA sq kmcomparative area: NA
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 518 km
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan andVietnam
Climate: tropical
Terrain: NA
Natural resources: none
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: 0 sq km
Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: typhoons international agreements: NA
@Paracel Islands:People
Population: no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scatteredChinese garrisons
@Paracel Islands:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Paracel Islands
Digraph: PF
@Paracel Islands:Economy
Overview: no economic activity
@Paracel Islands:Transportation
Ports: small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island being expanded
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (on Woody Island)
@Paracel Islands:Communications
Telephone system: local: NA intercity: NA international: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM, FM, shortwaveradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Paracel Islands:Defense Forces
Note: occupied by China
________________________________________________________________________
@Paraguay:Geography
Location: Central South America, northeast of Argentina
Map references: South America
Area:total area: 406,750 sq kmland area: 397,300 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than California
Land boundaries: total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km,Brazil 1,290 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil, just west of Salto del Guaira (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, has not been determined
Climate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west
Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere
Natural resources: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 35% other: 5%
Irrigated land: 670 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: deforestation (an estimated 2 million hectares offorest land have been lost from 1958-1985); water pollution;inadequate means for waste disposal present health risks for manyurban residentsnatural hazards: local flooding in southeast (early September toJune); poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed,but not ratified - Nuclear Test Ban
Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil
@Paraguay:People
Population: 5,358,198 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 41% (female 1,077,284; male 1,123,776)15-64 years: 55% (female 1,465,147; male 1,468,642)65 years and over: 4% (female 120,776; male 102,573) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.71% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 31.48 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 4.38 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 24.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.58 years male: 72.06 years female: 75.18 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.22 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: mestizo (mixed Spanish and Indian) 95%, Caucasiansplus Amerindians 5%
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestantdenominations
Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 90%male: 92%female: 88%
Labor force: 1.692 million (1993 est.)by occupation: agriculture 45%
@Paraguay:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Paraguayconventional short form: Paraguaylocal long form: Republica del Paraguaylocal short form: Paraguay
Digraph: PA
Type: republic
Capital: Asuncion
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular -departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron,Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera,Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari,Presidente Hayes, San Pedro
Independence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)
Constitution: promulgated 20 June 1992
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Juan Carlos WASMOSY(since 15 August 1993); Vice President Roberto Angel SEIFART (since 15August 1993); election last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held May1998); results - Juan Carlos WASMOSY 40.09%, Domingo LAINO 32.06%,Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS 23.04%cabinet: Council of Ministers; nominated by the president
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso)Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores): elections last held 9 May1993 (next to be held May 1998); results - percent of vote by partyNA; seats - (45 total) Colorado Party 20, PLRA 17, EN 8Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados): elections last held on 9May 1993 (next to be held by May 1998); results - percent of vote byparty NA; seats - (80 total) Colorado Party 38, PLRA 33, EN 9
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Eugenio SANABRIACANTERO, president; Authentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), DomingoLAINO; National Encounter (EN), Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS (the ENparty includes the following minor parties: Christian Democratic Party(PDC), Jose Angel BURRO; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),Euclides ACEVEDO; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER)
Other political or pressure groups: Confederation of Workers (CUT);Roman Catholic Church
Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL,PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge Genaro Andres PRIETO CONTI chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962 FAX: [1] (202) 234-4508 consulate(s) general: Miami, New Orleans, and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert SERVICE embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion mailing address: C. P. 402, Asuncion; Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001 telephone: [595] (21) 213-715 FAX: [595] (21) 213-728
Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)
@Paraguay:Economy
Overview: Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports, in which soybeans and cotton are the most important. Paraguay lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but possesses a large hydropower potential. In a major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic reforms. Growth of 3.5% in 1993 was spurred by higher-than-expected agricultural output and rising international commodity prices. Inflation picked up steam in fourth quarter 1993 because of rises in public sector salaries and utility rates. GDP growth continued in 1994 at 3.5%. Although inflation declined a bit over 1993, increases in food prices, and crop and infrastructure damage from heavy rains at the end of the year, forced inflation to 18%, above the government's target of 15%. Paraguay reaffirmed its commitment to MERCOSUR on 1 January 1995 by implementing the organization's common external tariff.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $15.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,950 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 11.2% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.2 billionexpenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $487million (1992 est.)
Exports: $728 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: cotton, soybeans, timber, vegetable oils, meat products,coffee, tung oilpartners: EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6%
Imports: $1.38 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, raw materials,fuelspartners: Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%
External debt: $1.4 billion (yearend 1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1993 est.); accounts for 20%of GDP
Electricity:capacity: 6,530,000 kWproduction: 26.5 billion kWh (1992)consumption per capita: NAnote: much of the electricity produced in Paraguay is exported toBrazil and domestic consumption cannot be determined
Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing,textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction
Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP; cash crops - cotton, sugarcane, soybeans; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava, fruits, vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $1.1 billion
Currency: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,949.6 (January 1995), 1,911.5 (1994), 1,744.3 (1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Paraguay:Transportation
Railroads:total: 970 kmstandard gauge: 440 km 1.435-m gaugenarrow gauge: 60 km 1.000-m gaugeother: 470 km various gauges (privately owned)
Highways: total: 28,300 km paved: 2,600 km unpaved: gravel 500 km; earth 25,200 km
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion
Merchant marine:total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,513 DWTships by type: cargo 11, oil tanker 2note: in addition, 1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially
Airports:total: 929with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 578with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 2with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 27with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 314
@Paraguay:Communications
Telephone system: 78,300 telephones; 16 telephones/1,000 persons;meager telephone service; principal switching center in Asuncionlocal: NAintercity: fair microwave radio relay networkinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 40, FM 0, shortwave 7radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 5televisions: NA
@Paraguay:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (includes Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,290,894; males fit for military service 937,054; males reach military age (17) annually 55,551 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.6% ofGDP (1994 est.)
________________________________________________________________________
@Peru:Geography
Location: Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
Map references: South America
Area:total area: 1,285,220 sq kmland area: 1.28 million sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries: total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km,Chile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline: 2,414 km
Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200 nm territorial sea: 200 nm
International disputes: three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes incenter (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, ironore, coal, phosphate, potash
Land use: arable land: 3% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 21% forest and woodland: 55% other: 21%
Irrigated land: 12,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: deforestation; overgrazing of the slopes of the costaand sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution inLima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and miningwastesnatural hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mildvolcanic activityinternational agreements: party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, ShipPollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but notratified - Desertification, Tropical Timber 94
Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,with Bolivia
@Peru:People
Population: 24,087,372 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 35% (female 4,152,520; male 4,296,293)15-64 years: 61% (female 7,280,287; male 7,378,227)65 years and over: 4% (female 535,156; male 444,889) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.8% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24.88 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.84 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.07 years male: 63.86 years female: 68.38 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Peruvian(s) adjective: Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic
Languages: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 82%male: 92%female: 74%
Labor force: 8 million (1992) by occupation: government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)
@Peru:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Peruconventional short form: Perulocal long form: Republica del Perulocal short form: Peru
Digraph: PE
Type: republic
Capital: Lima
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali note: the 1979 Constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 Constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 Constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments.
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Constitution: 31 December 1993
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsoryICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Alberto KenyoFUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990); election last held 9 April1995 (next to be held NA 2000); results - Alberto FUJIMORI 64.42%,Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR 21.80%, Mercedes CABANILLAS 4.11%, other 9.67%
cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president note: Prime Minister Efrain GOLDENBERG Schreiber (since NA February 1994) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president
Legislative branch: unicameral Congress: elections last held 9 April 1995 (next to be held NA 2000); results - C90/NM 52.1% of the total vote, UPP 14%, eleven other parties 33.9%; seats - (120 total, when installed on 28 July 1995) C90/NM 67, UPP 17, APRA 8, FIM 6, (CODE)-Pais Posible 5, AP 4, PPC 3, Renovacion 3, IU 2, OBRAS 2, MIA 1, FRENATRACA 1, (FREPAP) 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Political parties and leaders: Change 90-New Majority (C90/NM),Alberto FUJIMORI; Union for Peru (UPP), Javier PEREZ de CUELLAR;American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Agustin MANTILLACampos; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM), Fernando OLIVERA Vega;Democratic Coordinator (CODE) - Pais Posible, Jose BARBA Caballero andAlejandro TOLEDO; Popular Action Party (AP), Raul DIEZ CANSECO;Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Renovacion, RafaelREY Rey; Civic Works Movement (OBRAS), Ricardo BELMONT; United Left(IU), Agustin HAYA de la TORRE; Independent Agrarian Movement (MIA),Rolando SALVATERRIE; Peru 2000-National Front of Workers and Peasants(FRENATRACA), Roger CACARES; Popular Agricultural Front (FREPAP),Ezequiel ATAUCUSI
Other political or pressure groups: leftist guerrilla groups includeShining Path, Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned); Tupac AmaruRevolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and Victor POLAY (imprisoned)
Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU,LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ricardo V. LUNA Mendoza chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.embassy: corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and AvenidaEspana, Limamailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APOAA 34031telephone: [51] (14) 338000FAX: [51] (14) 316682
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
@Peru:Economy
Overview: The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market-oriented, with major privatizations completed in 1994 in the mining and telecommunications industries. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but the slide came to a halt late that year, and in 1991 output rose 2.4%. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. In 1992, GDP had fallen by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch, but the economy rebounded as strong foreign investment helped push growth to 6% in 1993 and 8.6% in 1994.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $73.6 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 8.6% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,110 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 15%; extensive underemployment (1992 est.)
Budget:revenues: $2 billionexpenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300million (1992 est.)
Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: copper, zinc, fishmeal, crude petroleum and byproducts,lead, refined silver, coffee, cottonpartners: US 19%, Japan 9%, Italy, Germany
Imports: $5.1 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum,iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticalspartners: US 21%, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Germany, Brazil
External debt: $22.4 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: NA
Electricity: capacity: 4,190,000 kW production: 11.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 448 kWh (1993)
Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990)
Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 108,600 hectares under cultivation in 1994; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market, but exports of finished cocaine are increasing
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
Currency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.20 (February 1995), 2.195 (1994),1.988 (1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Peru:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,801 km standard gauge: 1,501 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 300 km 0.914-m gauge
Highways: total: 69,942 km paved: 7,459 km unpaved: improved earth 13,538 km; unimproved earth 48,945 km
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Ports: Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Yurimaguas note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
Merchant marine:total: 10 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 90,501 GRT/144,913 DWTships by type: bulk 3, cargo 6, refrigerated cargo 1note: in addition, 4 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimesused commercially
Airports:total: 236with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 97with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 21with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 77
@Peru:Communications
Telephone system: 544,000 telephones; fairly adequate for mostrequirementslocal: NAintercity: nationwide microwave radio relay system and 12 domesticsatellite linksinternational: 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 273, FM 0, shortwave 144radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 140televisions: NA
@Peru:Defense Forces
Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru),Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,369,157; males fit for military service 4,300,772; males reach military age (20) annually 251,798 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $810 million, about 2.7% of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
@Philippines:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: 300,000 sq kmland area: 298,170 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 36,289 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
International disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state of Sabah
Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
Natural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Land use: arable land: 26% permanent crops: 11% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 40% other: 19%
Irrigated land: 16,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soilerosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution ofcoastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding groundsnatural hazards: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 andstruck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides, activevolcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunamisinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands
@Philippines:People
Population: 73,265,584 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38% (female 13,841,552; male 14,214,234)15-64 years: 58% (female 21,603,818; male 20,923,307)65 years and over: 4% (female 1,425,706; male 1,256,967) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 2.23% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 30.42 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.97 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 49.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.65 years male: 63.16 years female: 68.25 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.81 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Filipino(s) adjective: Philippine
Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese1.5%, other 3%
Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist andother 3%
Languages: Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 94%male: 94%female: 93%
Labor force: 24.12 million by occupation: agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)
@Philippines:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of the Philippinesconventional short form: Philippineslocal long form: Republika ng Pilipinaslocal short form: Pilipinas
Digraph: RP
Type: republic
Capital: Manila
Administrative divisions: 72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra,Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique,Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*,Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon,Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*,Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin,Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*,Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao delSur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, GeneralSantos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo,Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna,Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union,Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*,Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental,Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, NegrosOccidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, NuevaEcija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*,Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, PuertoPrincesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*,Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (inPangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, SouthCotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao delNorte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*,Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*,Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)
Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 15 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President Fidel Valdes RAMOS(since 30 June 1992); Vice President Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30June 1992); election last held 11 May 1992 (next to be held NA May1998); results - Fidel Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of the vote, a narrowpluralitycabinet: Executive Secretary; appointed by the president with theconsent of the Commission of Appointments
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso)Senate (Senado): elections last held 11 May 1992 (next to be held NAMay 1995); results - LDP 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas/NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%;seats - (24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, Lakas/NUCD 2, Liberal 1, independent1House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan): elections lastheld 11 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - LDP 43.5%;Lakas/NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL 3%; seats - (200 total) LDP87, NPC 45, Lakas/NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP 6, KBL 3, independents 3
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ngDemokratikong Pilipinas, LDP), Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-NationalUnion of Christian Democrats (Lakas ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido LakasTao, Lakas/NUCD); Fidel V. RAMOS, President of the Republic, RaulMANGLAPUS, Jose DE VENECIA, secretary general; Nationalist People'sCoalition (NPC), Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA;People's Reform Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New SocietyMovement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; NacionalistaParty (NP), Salvador H. LAUREL, president
Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Raul Chaves RABE chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300 FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614 consulate(s) general: Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle consulate(s): San Diego and San Jose (Saipan)
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita Manila 1000 mailing address: APO AP 96440 telephone: [63] (2) 521-71-16 FAX: [63] (2) 522-43-61 consulate(s): Cebu
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star
@Philippines:Economy
Overview: Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy failed to grow in 1992 and rose only slightly in 1993. Drought and power supply problems hampered production, while inadequate revenues prevented government pump priming. Worker remittances helped to supplement GDP. A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power generating equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic data processors, contributed to 20% annual import growth in 1992-94. Provided the government can cope with the substantial trade deficit and meet the fiscal targets agreed to with the IMF, the Philippines should duplicate the strong growth performance of 1994 in 1995-96.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $161.4 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 4.3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $2,310 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.1% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 9% (1994)
Budget:revenues: $14 billionexpenditures: $15.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(FY94/95 est.)
Exports: $13.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: electronics, textiles, coconut products, copper, fishpartners: US 39%, Japan 16%, Germany 5%, Hong Kong 5%, UK 4% (1993)
Imports: $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: raw materials 40%, capital goods 25%, petroleum products10%partners: Japan 23%, US 20%, Taiwan 6%, Singapore 5%, South Korea 5%(1993)
External debt: $40 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 1.4% (1993); accounts for 28% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 6,770,000 kW production: 20.4 billion kWh consumption per capita: 278 kWh (1993)
Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
Agriculture: accounts for 22% of GDP and about 45% of labor force; major crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos; animal products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drugtrade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despitegovernment eradication efforts; transit point for Southwest Asianheroin bound for the US
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-88), $7.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million;Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million
Currency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 24.622 (January 1995), 26.417 (1994), 22.120 (1993), 25.512 (1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Philippines:Transportation
Railroads:total: 800 km (est.); note - including about 390 km in Luzonnarrow gauge: 800 km 1.067-m gauge
Highways: total: 160,700 km paved: 29,000 km unpaved: 131,700 km
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: petroleum products 357 km
Ports: Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iligan,Iloilo, Jolo, Legaspi, Manila, Masao, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando,Subic Bay, Zamboanga
Merchant marine:total: 552 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,748,083 GRT/14,373,730DWTships by type: bulk 237, cargo 134, chemical tanker 4, combinationbulk 10, combination ore/oil 1, container 10, liquefied gas tanker 6,livestock carrier 9, oil tanker 46, passenger 1, passenger-cargo 11,refrigerated cargo 24, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13, short-sea passenger17, vehicle carrier 29note: a flag of convenience registry; Japan owns 13 ships, Norway 2,Switzerland 1, Taiwan 1, and South Korea 1
Airports:total: 269with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 32with paved runways under 914 m: 133with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 67
@Philippines:Communications
Telephone system: 872,900 telephones; good international radio andsubmarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequatelocal: NAintercity: 11 domestic satellite linksinternational: submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam,Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; 3 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 2 PacificOcean) earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 267 (including 6 US), FM 55, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 33 (including 4 US)televisions: NA
@Philippines:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard and Marine Corps), AirForce
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 18,238,568; males fit formilitary service 12,876,771; males reach military age (20) annually752,622 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $731 million, 1.4% ofGNP (1992)
________________________________________________________________________
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Pitcairn Islands:Geography
Location: Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Peru to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 47 sq kmland area: 47 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 51 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: deforestation (only a small portion of the originalforest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)natural hazards: typhoons (especially November to March)international agreements: NA