Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NA; note - receives broadcasts from Italytelevisions: NA
@San Marino:Defense Forces
Branches: public security or police force
Defense expenditures: $3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
@Sao Tome And Principe:Geography
Location: Western Africa, island in the Atlantic Ocean, straddling the equator, west of Gabon
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 960 sq kmland area: 960 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 209 km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
Natural resources: fish
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 75% other: 3%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustionnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Lawof the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Sao Tome And Principe:People
Population: 140,423 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 40% (female 27,995; male 28,452)15-64 years: 55% (female 38,846; male 38,619)65 years and over: 5% (female 3,615; male 2,896) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.62% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 34.94 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 8.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 62.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.65 years male: 61.76 years female: 65.59 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.44 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Sao Tomean(s) adjective: Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-DayAdventist
Languages: Portuguese (official)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991)total population: 73%male: 85%female: 62%
Labor force: most of population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers
@Sao Tome And Principe:Government
Names:conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principeconventional short form: Sao Tome and Principelocal long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principelocal short form: Sao Tome e Principe
Digraph: TP
Type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Constitution: approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991);election last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996);results - Miguel TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome'sfirst multiparty presidential electionhead of government: Prime Minister Carlos da GRACA (since 25 October1994)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on theproposal of the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly: (Assembleia Popular Nacional) parliament dissolved by President TROVOADA in July 1994; early elections held 2 October 1994; results - MLSTP 27%, PCD-GR 25.5%, ADI 25.5%; seats - (55 total) MLSTP 27, PCD-GR 14, ADI 14
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; Independent Democratic Action (ADI), Gabriel COSTA; other small parties
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL,IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: Sao Tome and Principe has no embassyin the US, but does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed byFirst Secretary Domingos AUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42ndStreet, Suite 1604, New York, NY 10168, telephone [1] (212) 697-4211
US diplomatic representation: ambassador to Gabon is accredited to SaoTome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits tothe islands
Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Sao Tome And Principe:Economy
Overview: This small poor island economy has remained dependent on cocoa since independence 20 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has gradually declined because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 annual output had fallen from 10,000 tons to 3,900 tons. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a ratio of 4:1 or more. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt and has had to depend on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies and to encourage market-based mechanisms, e. g., to facilitate the distribution of imported food. Annual GDP growth is estimated in the 3%-4% range for 1994-96.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $133 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 27% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $10.2 millionexpenditures: $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5million (1989 est.)
Exports: $5.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oil (1992) partners: Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal
Imports: $31.5 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products 18%, petroleum 11% (1992) partners: Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, Angola
External debt: $237 million (1993)
Industrial production: growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 5,000 kW production: 17 million kWh consumption per capita: 105 kWh (1993)
Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy,primary source of exports; cash crops - cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels,coffee; food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; notself-sufficient in food grain and meat
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $89 million
Currency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Sao Tome And Principe:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 300 km paved: 200 km unpaved: 100 km note: roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair
Ports: Santo Antonio, Sao Tome
Merchant marine:total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT
Airports:total: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1
@Sao Tome And Principe:Communications
Telephone system: NA; minimal systemlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA
@Sao Tome And Principe:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 33,789; males fit for military service 17,752 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
@Saudi Arabia:Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 1,960,582 sq kmland area: 1,960,582 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries: total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline: 2,640 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 39% forest and woodland: 1% other: 59%
Irrigated land: 4,350 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: desertification; depletion of underground waterresources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies hasprompted the development of extensive seawater desalinationfacilities; coastal pollution from oil spillsnatural hazards: frequent sand and dust stormsinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes,Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide greatleverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf andSuez Canal
@Saudi Arabia:People
Population: 18,729,576 (July 1995 est.) note: a 1992 census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459
Age structure:0-14 years: 43% (female 3,952,573; male 4,065,224)15-64 years: 55% (female 4,078,001; male 6,219,737)65 years and over: 2% (female 203,372; male 210,669) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.68% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 38.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 3.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 48.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.5 years male: 66.79 years female: 70.3 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.48 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions: Muslim 100%
Languages: Arabic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 62%male: 73%female: 48%
Labor force: 5 million-6 million by occupation: government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%
@Saudi Arabia:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form: Saudi Arabialocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Digraph: SA
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Administrative divisions: 13 provinces (mintaqah, singular -mintaqat); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, AlQasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran,Tabuk
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: none
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHDbin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and FirstDeputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brotherto the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)cabinet: Council of Ministers; dominated by royal family membersappointed by the king
Legislative branch: a consultative council comprised of 60 members anda chairman who are appointed by the King for a term of four years
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders: none allowed
Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77,GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saud chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800 consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond E. MABUS, Jr. embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693; APO AE 09803-1307 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: [966] (1) 482-4364 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
@Saudi Arabia:Economy
Overview: This is a well-to-do oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. About 46% of GDP comes from the private sector. Economic (as well as political) ties with the US are especially strong. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world (26% of the proved total), ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For about a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs. For 1995, the country looks for improvement in oil prices and will continue its policies of restraining public spending and encouraging non-oil exports.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $173.1 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: -3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $9,510 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:revenues: $39 billionexpenditures: $50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5billion (1993 est.)
Exports: $39.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 92%partners: US 20%, Japan 18%, Singapore 5%, France 5%, South Korea 5%(1992)
Imports: $28.9 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motorvehicles, textilespartners: US 21%, Japan 14%, UK 11%, Germany 8%, Italy 6%, France 5%(1992)
External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-termtrade credits)
Industrial production: growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 35%of GDP, including petroleum
Electricity: capacity: 17,550,000 kW production: 46 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,430 kWh (1993)
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food
Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumptionof heroin and cocaine
Economic aid:donor: pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon
Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 (1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Saudi Arabia:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,390 km standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track)
Highways: total: 151,530 km paved: 60,610 km unpaved: 90,920 km (1992 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ras alKhafji, Ras al Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 855,452 GRT/1,233,477 DWT
ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 12, chemical tanker 5, container 3, liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 22, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7
Airports:total: 211with paved runways over 3,047 m: 30with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 22with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 4with paved runways under 914 m: 21with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 73with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 43
@Saudi Arabia:Communications
Telephone system: 1,624,000 telephones; modern systemlocal: NAintercity: extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic cablesystemsinternational: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait,Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan;submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 5INTELSAT (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 ARABSAT, and 1INMARSAT
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 43, FM 13, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 80televisions: NA
@Saudi Arabia:Defense Forces
Branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force,National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force,Public Security Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 5,303,679; males fit formilitary service 2,949,842; males reach military age (17) annually164,220 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $17.2 billion, 13.8%of GDP (1994)
________________________________________________________________________
@Senegal:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, betweenGuinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 196,190 sq kmland area: 192,000 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries: total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km,Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline: 531 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambiais indefinite; boundary with Mauritania in dispute;
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use: arable land: 27% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 30% forest and woodland: 31% other: 12%
Irrigated land: 1,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing
natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Dumping
Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal
@Senegal:People
Population: 9,007,080 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 45% (female 2,004,514; male 2,021,251)15-64 years: 52% (female 2,398,609; male 2,301,236)65 years and over: 3% (female 140,128; male 141,342) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.12% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 42.87 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 11.64 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 73.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.16 years male: 55.65 years female: 58.71 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.03 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%,Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostlyRoman Catholic)
Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988)total population: 27%male: 37%female: 18%
Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming;175,000 wage earners)by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%
@Senegal:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Senegalconventional short form: Senegallocal long form: Republique du Senegallocal short form: Senegal
Digraph: SG
Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region);Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); electionlast held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 2000); results- Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%head of government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT 3, Let Us Unite Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President AbdouDIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; DemocraticLeague-Labor Party Movement (LD-MPT), Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY;Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath DANSOKHO; Senegalese DemocraticUnion-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou Puritain FALL; Let Us Unite Senegal(coalition of African Party for Democracy and Socialism and NationalDemocratic Rally); other small uninfluential parties
Other political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor; MuslimBrotherhoods
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15,G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM(observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNOMUR, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540, 0541
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mark JOHNSON embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24 FAX: [221] 22 29 91
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Senegal:Economy
Overview: In 1994 Senegal embarked on its most concerted structural adjustment effort yet to exploit the 50% devaluation of the currencies of the 14 Francophone African nations on 12 January. After years of foot-dragging, the government finally passed a liberalized labor code which should significantly help lower the cost of labor and improve the manufacturing sector's competitiveness. Inroads also have been made in closing tax loopholes and eliminating monopoly power in several sectors. At the same time the government is holding the line on current fiscal expenditure under the watchful eyes of international organizations on which it depends for substantial support. A bumper peanut crop - Senegal's main source of foreign exchange - coincided with an improvement of international prices and probably resulted in a doubling of earnings in 1994 over 1993. The country's narrow resource base, environmental degradation, and untamed population growth will continue to hold back growth in living standards over the medium term.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: -2% (1993 est.)
National product per capita: $1,450 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): -1.8% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $1.2 billionexpenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $269million (1992 est.)
Exports: $904 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,phosphates, cottonpartners: France, other EC countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods,petroleumpartners: France, other EC countries, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Algeria,China, Japan
External debt: $2.9 billion (1990)
Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1991); accounts for 15% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 230,000 kW production: 720 million kWh consumption per capita: 79 kWh (1993)
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, building materials
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP; major products - peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 354,000 metric tons in 1990
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asianheroin moving to Europe and North America
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $5.23 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $295 million
Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1- 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990)note: the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per Frenchfranc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Senegal:Transportation
Railroads: total: 905 km narrow gauge: 905 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track)
Highways: total: 14,007 km paved: 3,777 km unpaved: crushed stone, improved earth 10,230 km
Inland waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 112 km on theSaloum
Ports: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll, Saint-Louis,Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT
Airports:total: 24with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 2with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 4with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7
@Senegal:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; above-average urban systemlocal: NAintercity: microwave and cableinternational: 3 submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earthstation
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 1televisions: NA
@Senegal:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police(Surete Nationale)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 2,021,019; males fit formilitary service 1,054,855; males reach military age (18) annually96,589 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $134 million, 2.1% ofGDP (1993)
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Note—Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation
@Serbia And Montenegro:Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, betweenAlbania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Map references: Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe
Area:total area: 102,350 sq kmland area: 102,136 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Kentuckynote: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km makingit slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger thanConnecticut
Land boundaries: total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegroand southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes withBosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas;Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Land use: arable land: 30% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 25% other: 20%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollutionaround Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution fromindustrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danubenatural hazards: destructive earthquakesinternational agreements: NA
Note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe toTurkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast
@Serbia And Montenegro:People
Population:total population: 11,101,833 (July 1995 est.)Montenegro: 708,248 (July 1995 est.)Serbia: 10,393,585 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:Montenegro: *** No data for this item ***0-14 years: 22% (female 77,498; male 82,005)15-64 years: 68% (female 236,987; male 241,397)65 years and over: 10% (female 41,625; male 28,736) (July 1995 est.)Serbia: *** No data for this item ***0-14 years: 22% (female 1,095,121; male 1,173,224)15-64 years: 66% (female 3,431,823; male 3,483,066)65 years and over: 12% (female 699,488; male 510,863) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate:Montenegro: 0.79% (1995 est.)Serbia: 0.51% (1995 est.)
Birth rate:Montenegro: 14.39 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)Serbia: 14.15 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate:Montenegro: 5.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)Serbia: 8.72 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate:Montenegro: -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)Serbia: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate:Montenegro: 9.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)Serbia: 18.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: Montenegro: *** No data for this item *** total population: 79.56 years male: 76.69 years female: 82.61 years (1995 est.) Serbia: *** No data for this item *** total population: 73.94 years male: 71.4 years female: 76.68 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate:Montenegro: 1.79 children born/woman (1995 est.)Serbia: 2 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%,Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%,other 11%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40% (1990)
@Serbia And Montenegro:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Serbia and Montenegrolocal long form: nonelocal short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
Digraph:Serbia: SRMontenegro: MW
Type: republic
Capital: Belgrade
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina);and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia,Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed asself-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday: NA
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note -Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990);Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990);Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), UrosKLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15September 1995)cabinet: Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly Chamber of Republics: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3
Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS, formerCommunist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS),Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC,president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party ofSerbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists ofMontenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party ofMontenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, SlavkoPEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), AndrasAGOSTON; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), DraganATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA,president; Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; CivicAlliance of Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party ofMontenegro (SP), leader NA
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Diplomatic representation in US: US and Serbia and Montenegro do notmaintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the formerSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in theUS
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA embassy: address NA, Belgrade mailing address: Box 5070, Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310 telephone: [381] (11) 645655 FAX: [381] (11) 645221
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
@Serbia And Montenegro:Economy
Overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN in 1992. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $1,000 per capita in 1994 is extremely rough. Output in 1994 seems to have leveled off after the plunge in 1993.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $10 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $1,000 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (January-November 1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: more than 40% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $NAcommodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslaviaexported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,chemicals, food and live animals, raw materialspartners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners werethe other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSUcountries, East European countries, US
Imports: $NAcommodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslaviaimported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materialsincluding coking coal for the steel industrypartners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partners werethe other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, EC countries(mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US
External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 10,400,000 kW production: 34 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Agriculture: the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice
Illicit drugs: NA
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 102.6 (February 1995 black market rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Serbia And Montenegro:Transportation
Railroads: total: 3,960 km standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (partially electrified) (1992)
Highways: total: 46,019 km paved: 26,949 km unpaved: gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)
Inland waterways: NA km
Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
Merchant marine:Montenegro: total 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 543,511GRT/891,664 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)ships by type: bulk 15, cargo 14, container 5, short-sea passengerferry 1note: under Maltese and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines flags; noships remain under Yugoslav flagSerbia: total 2 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 113,471 GRT/212,742 DWT(controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)ships by type: bulk 2note: all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no shipsremain under Yugoslav flag
Airports:total: 54with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2with paved runways under 914 m: 24with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14
@Serbia And Montenegro:Communications
Telephone system: 700,000 telephoneslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0radios: 2.015 million
Television:broadcast stations: 18televisions: 1 million
@Serbia And Montenegro:Defense Forces
Branches: People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal andborder troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), CivilDefense
Manpower availability:Montenegro: males age 15-49 194,154; males fit for military service157,611; males reach military age (19) annually 5,498 (1995 est.)Serbia: males age 15-49 2,652,224; males fit for military service2,131,894 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
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@Seychelles:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 455 sq kmland area: 455 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims Tromelin Island
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Land use: arable land: 4% permanent crops: 18% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 18% other: 60%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: no natural fresh water resources, catchments collectrain waternatural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms arerare; short droughts possibleinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling;signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Note: 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands
@Seychelles:People
Population: 72,709 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 32% (female 11,630; male 11,811)15-64 years: 62% (female 23,229; male 21,679)65 years and over: 6% (female 2,875; male 1,485) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.81% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 21.35 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 11.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.08 years male: 66.54 years female: 73.73 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)adjective: Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971)total population: 58%male: 56%female: 60%
Labor force: 27,700 (1985) by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)
@Seychelles:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Seychellesconventional short form: Seychelles
Digraph: SE
Type: republic
Capital: Victoria
Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins,Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, BaieSainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand'Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, LaRiviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe Larue,Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)
National holiday: National Day, 18 June (1993) (adoption of new constitution)
Constitution: 18 June 1993
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President France Albert RENE(since 5 June 1977); election last held 20-23 July 1993 (next to beheld NA); results - President France Albert RENE (SPPF) reelected with59.5% of the vote, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 36.72%cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameralPeople's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple): elections last held 20-23July 1993 (next to be held NA); results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO 3%;seats - (33 total, 22 elected, 11 awarded) seats elected - SPPF 21, DP1; seats awarded - SPPF 6, DP 4, UO 1; total seats by party - SPPF 27,DP 5, UO 1note: the 11 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share ofeach party in the total vote
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People'sProgressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP),Sir James MANCHAM; United Opposition (UO), Annette GEORGES - acoalition of the following parties: Seychelles Party (PS), WavelRAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL;Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS;;
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman CatholicChurch
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Marc R. MARENGOchancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY10017telephone: [1] (212) 687-9766, 9767FAX: [1] (212) 922-9177