Other political or pressure groups: Tajikistan Opposition Movementbased in northern Afghanistan
Member of: CIS, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO,IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NACC,OIC, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: NAchancery: NAtelephone: NA
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley T. ESCUDEROembassy: Interim Chancery, #39 Ainii Street, Oktyabrskaya Hotel,Dushanbemailing address: use embassy street addresstelephone: [7] (3772) 21-03-56
Flag: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a crown surmounted by seven five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe
@Tajikistan:Economy
Overview: Tajikistan had the next-to-lowest per capita GDP in the former USSR, the highest rate of population growth, and an extremely low standard of living. Agriculture dominates the economy, cotton being the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. Industry is limited to a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. The Tajik economy has been gravely weakened by three years of civil war and by the loss of subsidies and markets for its products, which has left Tajikistan dependent on Russia and Uzbekistan and on international humanitarian assistance for much of its basic subsistence needs. Moreover, constant political turmoil and the continued dominance by former Communist officials have impeded the introduction of meaningful economic reforms. In the meantime, Tajikistan's efforts to adopt the Russian ruble as its domestic currency despite Russia's unwillingness to supply sufficient rubles left the country in a severe monetary crisis throughout 1994, keeping inflation low but leaving workers and pensioners unpaid for months at a time. The government has announced plans to introduce its own currency in 1995 to help resolve the problem.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $8.5 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -12% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $1,415 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 1.5% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of underemployed workers and unregistered unemployed people (September 1994)
Budget:revenues: $NAexpenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $320 million to outside the FSU countries (1994)commodities: cotton, aluminum, fruits, vegetable oil, textilespartners: Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
Imports: $318 million from outside the FSU countries (1994)commodities: fuel, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment,textiles, foodstuffspartners: Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate -31% (1994)
Electricity: capacity: 3,800,000 kW production: 17 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,800 kWh (1994)
Industries: aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement,vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers
Agriculture: cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheepand goats
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy; mostlyfor CIS consumption; used as transshipment points for illicit drugsfrom Southwest Asia to Western Europe and North America
Economic aid:recipient: Russia and Uzbekistan reportedly provided substantialgeneral assistance throughout 1993 and 1994; Western aid and creditspromised through the end of 1993 were $700 million but disbursementswere only $104 million; large scale development loans await IMFapproval of a reform and stabilization plan
Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks; Tajikistan uses the Russian ruble as its currency by agreement with Russia; government has plans to introduce its own currency, the Tajik ruble, in 1995
Exchange rates: NA
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Tajikistan:Transportation
Railroads:total: 480 km in common carrier service; does not include industriallines (1990)
Highways: total: 29,900 km paved: 21,400 km unpaved: earth 8,500 km (1990)
Pipelines: natural gas 400 km (1992)
Ports: none
Airports:total: 59with paved runways over 3,047 m: 1with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9with unpaved runways under 914 m: 36
@Tajikistan:Communications
Telephone system: 303,000 telephones (December 1991); about 55telephones/1,000 persons (1991); poorly developed and not wellmaintained; many towns are not reached by the national networklocal: NAintercity: cable and microwave radio relayinternational: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republics,and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch;Dushanbe linked by INTELSAT to international gateway switch in Ankara;1 Orbita and 2 INTELSAT earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NAnote: 1 INTELSAT earth station provides TV receive-only service fromTurkey
@Tajikistan:Defense Forces
Branches: Army (being formed), National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,410,229; males fit for military service 1,153,638; males reach military age (18) annually 57,942 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
@Tanzania:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 945,090 sq kmland area: 886,040 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Californianote: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar
Land boundaries: total 3,402 km, Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km
Coastline: 1,424 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa;Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer beindefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of theZaire-Zambia boundary has been settled
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north,south
Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore,coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Land use: arable land: 5% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 40% forest and woodland: 47% other: 7%
Irrigated land: 1,530 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughtsaffected marginal agriculturenatural hazards: the tsetse fly and lack of water limit agriculture;flooding on the central plateau during the rainy seasoninternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, HazardousWastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection;signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification
Note: Mount Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa
@Tanzania:People
Population: 28,701,077 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 47% (female 6,724,575; male 6,676,652)15-64 years: 50% (female 7,462,615; male 7,027,551)65 years and over: 3% (female 425,211; male 384,473) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.55% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 45.25 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 19.81 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: in February 1995, a fresh influx of refugees from civil strife in Burundi brought the total number of Burundian refugees in Tanzania to about 60,000; in addition, since April 1994 more than a half million refugees from Rwanda have taken refuge in Tanzania to escape civil strife in Rwanda
Infant mortality rate: 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 42.53 years male: 40.88 years female: 44.22 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.15 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Tanzanian(s) adjective: Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions:mainland: native African 99% (consisting of well over 100 tribes),Asian, European, and Arab 1%Zanzibar: NA
Religions:mainland: Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 20%Zanzibar: Muslim 99% plus
Languages: Swahili (official; widely understood and generally used forcommunication between ethnic groups and is used in primary education),English (official; primary language of commerce, administration, andhigher education)note: first language of most people is one of the local languages
Literacy: age 15 and over has ability to read and write a letter ormessage in Kisahili (1988)total population: 59%male: 71%female: 48%
Labor force: 732,200 wage earnersby occupation: agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)
@Tanzania:Government
Names:conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzaniaconventional short form: Tanzaniaformer: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
Digraph: TZ
Type: republic
Capital: Dar es Salaam note: some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital by the end of the 1990s
Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma,Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara,Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga,Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North,Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi
Independence: 26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibarbecame independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united withZanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika andZanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)
Constitution: 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);First Vice President Cleopa MSUYA (since 5 December 1994); Second VicePresident and President of Zanzibar Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November1990) election last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held 29 October1995); results - Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without oppositionhead of government: Prime Minister Cleopa David MSUYA (since 7December 1994)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president from the NationalAssembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge): elections last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held 29 October 1995); results - CCM was the only party; seats - (241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
Political parties and leaders: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM orRevolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI; Civic United Front (CUF),James MAPALALA; National Convention for Construction and Reform(NCCR), Lyatonga (Augustine) MREMA; Union for Multiparty Democracy(UMD), Abdullah FUNDIKIRA; Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo(CHADEMA), Edwin I. M. MTEI, chairman; Democratic Party(unregistered), Reverend MTIKLA
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G- 6, G-77, GATT,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Musama NYIRABU chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Brady ANDERSON embassy: 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (51) 66010 through 66015 FAX: [255] (51) 66701
Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue
@Tanzania:Economy
Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 58% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 5% of the land area. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. Growth in 1991-94 has featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Recent banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and investment.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $21 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 3% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $750 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $495 millionexpenditures: $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118million (1990 est.)
Exports: $462 million (f.o.b., 1994) commodities: coffee, cotton, tobacco, tea, cashew nuts, sisal partners: Germany, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US
Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1994) commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs partners: Germany, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark
External debt: $6.7 billion (1993)
Industrial production: growth rate 9.3% (1990); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 440,000 kW production: 880 million kWh consumption per capita: 30 kWh (1993)
Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refining, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer
Agriculture: accounts for about 58% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops - corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production
Illicit drugs: growing role in transshipment of Southwest Asian heroindestined for European and US markets
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $9.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million
Currency: 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 523.40 (December 1994), 509.63 (1994), 405.27 (1993), 297.71 (1992), 219.16 (1991), 195.06 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Tanzania:Transportation
Railroads:total: 2,600 km; note - not a part of Tanzania Railways Corporation isthe Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and New KapiriM'poshi in Zambia; 969 km are in Tanzania and 891 km are in Zambia;because of the difference in gauge, this system does not connect toTanzania Railwaysnarrow gauge: 2,600 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:total: 81,900 kmpaved: 3,600 kmunpaved: gravel, crushed stone 5,600 km; improved, unimproved earth72,700 km
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa
Pipelines: crude oil 982 km
Ports: Bukoba, Dar es Salaam, Kigoma, Lindi, Mkoani, Mtwara, Musoma,Mwanza, Tanga, Wete, Zanzibar
Merchant marine:total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,145 GRT/39,186 DWTships by type: cargo 3, oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 2,roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:total: 108with paved runways over 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 30with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 51
@Tanzania:Communications
Telephone system: 103,800 telephones; fair system operating belowcapacitylocal: NAintercity: open wire, microwave radio relay, troposcatterinternational: 2 satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSATand 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 4, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 2televisions: NA
@Tanzania:Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; includes Army, Navy,and Air Force), paramilitary Police Field Force Unit, Militia
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 6,188,455; males fit formilitary service 3,584,912 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $69 million, NA% ofGDP (FY94/95)
________________________________________________________________________
@Thailand:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf ofThailand, southeast of Burma
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:total area: 514,000 sq kmland area: 511,770 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming
Land boundaries: total 4,863 km, Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km
Coastline: 3,219 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolvedmaritime boundary with Vietnam; parts of border with Thailand indispute; maritime boundary with Thailand not clearly defined
Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May toSeptember); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);southern isthmus always hot and humid
Terrain: central plain; Khorat plateau in the east; mountainselsewhere
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum,timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite
Land use: arable land: 34% permanent crops: 4% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 30% other: 31%
Irrigated land: 42,300 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollutionfrom organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlifepopulations threatened by illegal huntingnatural hazards: land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from thedepletion of the water table; droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified -Biodiversity, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea
Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
@Thailand:People
Population: 60,271,300 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 29% (female 8,545,362; male 8,866,271)15-64 years: 66% (female 19,733,773; male 20,185,392)65 years and over: 5% (female 1,636,426; male 1,304,076) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 1.24% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 18.87 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.48 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 35.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.42 years male: 64.94 years female: 72.08 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: Thai
Ethnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Religions: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism0.1%, other 0.6% (1991)
Languages: Thai, English the secondary language of the elite, ethnicand regional dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)total population: 93%male: 96%female: 91%
Labor force: 30.87 million by occupation: agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.)
@Thailand:Government
Names:conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailandconventional short form: Thailand
Digraph: TH
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Administrative divisions: 76 provinces (changwat, singular andplural); Amnat Charoen, Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat,Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon,Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung ThepMahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, MahaSarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, NakhonRatchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, NongBua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga,Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok,Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap KhiriKhan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, SamutPrakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri,Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak,Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit,Yala, Yasothon
Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)
Constitution: new constitution approved 7 December 1991; amended 10June 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coup
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946); HeirApparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952)head of government: Prime Minister CHUAN Likphai (since 23 September1992)cabinet: Council of MinistersPrivy Council: NA
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha)Senate (Vuthisatha): consists of a 270-member appointed bodyHouse of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn): elections lastheld 13 September 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of voteby party NA; seats - (360 total) DP 79, TNP 77, NDP 60, NAP 51,Phalang Tham 47, SAP 22, LDP 8, SP 8, Mass Party 4, Thai Citizen'sParty 3, People's Party 1, People's Force Party 0
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika)
Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), CHUAN Likphai;Thai Nation Party (TNP or Chat Thai Party), Banhan SINLAPA-ACHA;National Development Party (NDP or Chat Phattana), Chatchai CHUNHAWAN;New Aspiration Party (NAP), Gen. Chawalit YONGCHAIYUT; Phalang Tham(Palang Dharma), CHAMLONG Simuang; Social Action Party (SAP), MontriPHONGPHANIT; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham), AthitURAIRAT; Solidarity Party (SP), Uthai PHIMCHAICHON; Mass Party(Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. Choem YUBAMRUNG; Thai Citizen's Party (PrachakonThai), Samak SUNTHONWET; People's Party (Ratsadon), Chaiphak SIRIWAT;People's Force Party (Phalang Prachachon), Col. Sophon HANCHAREON
Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador MANATPHAT Chuto chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600 FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador David F. LAMBERTSON embassy: 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok mailing address: APO AP 96546 telephone: [66] (2) 252-5040 FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990 consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai consulate(s): Udorn (Udon Thani)
Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red
@Thailand:Economy
Overview: Thailand's economy recovered rapidly from the political unrest in May 1992 to post an impressive 7.5% growth rate for the year, 7.8% in 1993, and 8% in 1994. One of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, Thailand depends on exports of manufactures and the development of the service sector to fuel the country's rapid growth. Much of Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment, suggesting that the export sector is poised for further growth. With foreign investment slowing, Bangkok is working to increase the generation of domestic capital. Prime Minister CHUAN's government - Thailand's fifth government in less than three years - is pledged to continue Bangkok's probusiness policies, and the return of a democratically elected government has improved business confidence. Even so, CHUAN must overcome divisions within his ruling coalition to complete much needed infrastructure development programs if Thailand is to remain an attractive place for business investment. Over the longer-term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid economic development.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $355.2 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 8% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $5,970 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3.2% (1993 est.)
Budget:revenues: $28.4 billionexpenditures: $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.6billion (FY94/95 est.)
Exports: $46 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: machinery and manufactures 83%, agricultural products and fisheries 16%, others 1% (1994 est.) partners: US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 12%, Hong Kong 5%, Germany 4% (1993)
Imports: $52.6 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.) commodities: capital goods 44%, intermediate goods and raw materials 37%, consumer goods 16%, other 3% (1994 est.) partners: Japan 30%, US 12%, Singapore 6%, Germany 5%, Taiwan 5% (1993)
External debt: $64.3 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 11.5% (1993 est.); accounts for about 26% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 12,810,000 kW production: 56.8 billion kWh consumption per capita: 909 kWh (1993)
Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GDP and 62% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops - rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium and marijuana; major illicit transit point for heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication efforts; also a major drug money laundering center; rapidly growing role in amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing indigenous abuse of heroin and cocaine
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million
Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.074 (January 1995), 25.150 (1994), 25.319 (1993), 25.400 (1992), 25.517 (1991), 25.585 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
@Thailand:Transportation
Railroads: total: 3,940 km narrow gauge: 3,940 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track)
Highways:total: 77,697 kmpaved: 35,855 km (including 88 km of expressways)unpaved: gravel, other stabilization 14,092 km; earth 27,750 km (1988)
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Ports: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha,Songkhla
Merchant marine:total: 229 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,231,172 GRT/1,931,117DWTships by type: bulk 22, cargo 122, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk1, container 15, liquefied gas tanker 9, oil tanker 45, passenger 1,refrigerated cargo 7, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1,specialized tanker 1
Airports:total: 105with paved runways over 3,047 m: 6with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 23with paved runways under 914 m: 42with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 14
@Thailand:Communications
Telephone system: 739,500 telephones (1987); service to general publicinadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided bymultichannel cable and microwave radio relay networklocal: NAintercity: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domesticsatellite system being developedinternational: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earthstations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 200 (in government-controlled network), FM 100(in government-controlled network), shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 11 (in government-controlled network)televisions: NA
@Thailand:Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai MarineCorps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 17,297,854; males fit formilitary service 10,489,564; males reach military age (18) annually585,009 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $4.0 billion, 2.5% ofGNP (FY94/95)
________________________________________________________________________
@Togo:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, betweenBenin and Ghana
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 56,790 sq kmland area: 54,390 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries: total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 30 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 1% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 28% other: 42%
Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: deforestation attributable to slash-and-burnagriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent droughts affectingagriculturenatural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility innorth during winter; periodic droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, Law of theSea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Tropical Timber 83; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Desertification, Tropical Timber 94
@Togo:People
Population: 4,410,370 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 49% (female 1,069,171; male 1,079,999)15-64 years: 49% (female 1,121,685; male 1,043,000)65 years and over: 2% (female 51,392; male 45,123) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.58% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 46.78 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 11.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 86.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 57.42 years male: 55.29 years female: 59.6 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.83 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Togolese (singular and plural) adjective: Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye, European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe andMina (the two major African languages in the south), Dagomba and Kabye(the two major African languages in the north)
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)total population: 43%male: 56%female: 31%
Labor force: NAby occupation: agriculture 80%note: about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public andprivate sectors
@Togo:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Togoconventional short form: Togolocal long form: Republique Togolaiselocal short form: noneformer: French Togo
Digraph: TO
Type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Lome
Administrative divisions: 23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo) note: the 23 units may now be called prefectures (singular - prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Legal system: French-based court system
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April1967); election last held 25 August 1993 (next election to be held NA1998); all major opposition parties boycotted the election; Gen.EYADEMA won 96.5% of the votehead of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994)cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and theprime minister
Legislative branch: unicameralNational Assembly: elections last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next tobe held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (81 total)CAR 36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1note: the Supreme Court ordered new elections for 3 seats of theAction Committee for Renewal (CAR) and the Togolese Union forDemocracy (UTD), lowering their total to 34 and 6 seats, respectively;the remaining 3 seats have not been filled
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (CourSupreme)
Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles (CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOH; The Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem KODJO; The Action Committee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBOR; The Union for Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; The Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radical parties: The Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA), Leopold GNININVI; The Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou AYEVA; The Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; The Union of Forces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile); Union of Justice and Democracy (UJD), Lal TAXPANDJAN note: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991
Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS,Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, MINURSO, NAM,OAU, UN, UNAMIR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Edem Frederic HEGBEchancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG (since September 1994) embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94 FAX: [228] 21 79 52
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
@Togo:Economy
Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about half of GDP and provides employment for 80% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together generate about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long IMF and World Bank supported effort to implement economic reform measures to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. Although strikes had ended in 1994, political unrest and lack of funds prevented the government from taking advantage of the 50% currency devaluation of January 1994. Resumption of World Bank and IMF flows will depend on implementation of several controversial moves toward privatization and on downsizing the military, on which the regime depends to stay in power.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $3.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.5% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $284 millionexpenditures: $407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1991 est.)
Exports: $221 million (f.o.b., 1993)commodities: phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffeepartners: EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)
Imports: $292 million (c.i.f., 1993)commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicalproductspartners: EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)
External debt: $1.3 billion (1991)
Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% ofGDP
Electricity: capacity: 30,000 kW production: 60 million kWh consumption per capita: 83 kWh (1993)
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Agriculture: accounts for 49% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch of 10,000-14,000 tons
Illicit drugs: increasingly used as transit hub by heroin traffickers
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-90), $2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million
Currency: 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1- 529.43 (January 1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990)note: the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per Frenchfranc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Togo:Transportation
Railroads: total: 532 km narrow gauge: 532 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways: total: 6,462 km paved: 1,762 km unpaved: unimproved earth 4,700 km
Inland waterways: 50 km Mono River
Ports: Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 9with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2with paved runways under 914 m: 2with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 5
@Togo:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; fair system based on network of radiorelay routes supplemented by open wire lineslocal: NAintercity: microwave radio relay and open wire linesinternational: 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 3 (relays 2)televisions: NA
@Togo:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 936,270; males fit for militaryservice 491,578 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $48 million, 2.9% ofGDP (1993)
________________________________________________________________________
(territory of New Zealand)
@Tokelau:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 10 sq kmland area: 10 sq kmcomparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Natural resources: negligible
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: very limited natural resources and overcrowding arecontributing to emigration to New Zealandnatural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon beltinternational agreements: NA
@Tokelau:People
Population: 1,503 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -1.3% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth: total population: NA years male: NA years female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality: noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,other 2%note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; onNukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with theCongregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Labor force: NA
@Tokelau:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Tokelau
Digraph: TL
Type: territory of New Zealand
Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangiestablished British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, asamended in 1970
Legal system: British and local statutes
Suffrage: NA
Executive branch:Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)Head of Government: Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990;appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand); OfficialSecretary Casimilo J. PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs;Tokelau's governing Council will elect its first head of government
Legislative branch: unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on eachatoll
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
Political parties and leaders: NA
Member of: SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US: none (territory of New Zealand)
US diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used
@Tokelau:Economy
Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $1.5 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $1,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $430,830expenditures: $2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37,300(1987 est.)
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)commodities: stamps, copra, handicraftspartners: NZ
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983) commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel partners: NZ
External debt: $0
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 200 kW production: 300,000 kWh consumption per capita: 180 kWh (1990)
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work,plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit,papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $24 million
Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.5601 (January 1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
@Tokelau:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: none
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from WesternSamoa
@Tokelau:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephoneslocal: NAintercity: radiotelephone service between islandsinternational: radiotelephone service to Western Samoa
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Tokelau:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
________________________________________________________________________
@Tonga:Geography
Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 748 sq kmland area: 718 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than four times the size ofWashington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 419 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December toMay), cool season (May to December)
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coralformation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil
Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 55% meadows and pastures: 6% forest and woodland: 12% other: 2%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: deforestation results as more and more land is beingcleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefsfrom starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors;overhunting threatens native sea turtle populationsnatural hazards: cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanicactivity on Fonuafo'ouinternational agreements: party to - Marine Life Conservation, NuclearTest Ban
Note: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)
@Tonga:People
Population: 105,600 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.78% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24.37 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: -9.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 20.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.16 years male: 65.8 years female: 70.62 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.56 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions: Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Languages: Tongan, English
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write simple message in Tonganor English (1976)total population: 100%male: 100%female: 100%
Labor force: NAby occupation: agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)
@Tonga:Government