Currency: Turkmenistan introduced its national currency, the manat, on1 November 1993
Exchange rates: manats per US$1 - multiple rate system: 10 (official) and 230 (permitted in transactions between the government and individuals)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Turkmenistan:Transportation
Railroads:total: 2,120 km in common carrier service; does not include industriallinesbroad gauge: 2,120 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)
Highways:total: 23,000 kmpaved and graveled: 18,300 kmunpaved: earth 4,700 km (1990)
Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ports: Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnowodsk)
Airports:total: 64with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 7with unpaved runways under 914 m: 35
@Turkmenistan:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; only 7.5 telephones/100 persons(1991); poorly developedlocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: linked by cable and microwave to other CIS republicsand to other countries by leased connections to the Moscowinternational gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat toIran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switchesinternational traffic through Turkey via INTELSAT; 1 Orbita and 1INTELSAT earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Turkmenistan:Defense Forces
Branches: National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal andborder troops), Joint Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Air, andAir Defense)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 993,321; males fit for military service 810,392; males reach military age (18) annually 40,430 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
(dependent territory of the UK)
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Geography
Location: Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 430 sq kmland area: 430 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington,DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 389 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Land use: arable land: 2% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, privatecisterns collect rainwaternatural hazards: frequent hurricanesinternational agreements: NA
Note: 30 islands (eight inhabited)
@Turks And Caicos Islands:People
Population: 13,941 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 2.41% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 13.46 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 5.16 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 15.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 12.63 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.37 years male: 73.44 years female: 77.04 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: none adjective: none
Ethnic divisions: African
Religions: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-DayAdventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)
Languages: English (official)
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970)total population: 98%male: 99%female: 98%
Labor force: NAby occupation: majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;some subsistence agriculture
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands
Digraph: TK
Type: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Grand Turk
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, restoredand revised 5 March 1988
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small numberadopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953),represented by Governor Martin BOURKE (since NA February 1993)head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January1995)cabinet: Executive Council; consists of three ex-officio members andfive appointed by the governor from the Legislative Council
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council: elections last held 31 January 1995 (next to be held by NA 2000); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PDM 8, PNP 4, independent (Norman SAUNDERS) 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: Progressive National Party (PNP),Washington MISSICK; People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Derek H.TAYLOR; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK
Member of: CARICOM (associate), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau)
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Economy
Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $80.8 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate: -1.5% (1992)
National product per capita: $6,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Unemployment rate: 12% (1992)
Budget:revenues: $20.3 millionexpenditures: $44 million, including capital expenditures of $23.9million (1989 est.)
Exports: $6.8 million (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells partners: US, UK
Imports: $42.8 million (1993) commodities: food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials partners: US, UK
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 9,050 kW production: 11.1 million kWh consumption per capita: 860 kWh (1992)
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services
Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans;fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for South American narcoticsdestined for the US
Economic aid:recipient: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1970-89), $110 million
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 121 km (including 24 km tarmac) paved: NA unpaved: NA
Ports: Cockburn Harbour, Grand Turk, Providenciales, Salt Cay
Merchant marine: none
Airports:total: 7with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 2
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Communications
Telephone system: 1,446 telephones; fair cable and radio serviceslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: 2 submarine cables; 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earthstation
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: NA
@Turks And Caicos Islands:Defense Forces
Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
________________________________________________________________________
@Tuvalu:Geography
Location: Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in theSouth Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii toAustralia
Map references: Oceania
Area:total area: 26 sq kmland area: 26 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 24 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March toNovember); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls
Natural resources: fish
Land use:arable land: 0%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 0%forest and woodland: 0%other: 100%note: Tuvalu's nine coral atolls have enough soil to grow coconuts andsupport subsistence agriculture
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: since there are no streams or rivers and groundwateris not potable, all water needs must be met by catchment systems withstorage facilities; beachhead erosion because of the use of sand forbuilding materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for useas fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the crown of thornsstarfishnatural hazards: severe tropical storms are rareinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution;signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
@Tuvalu:People
Population: 9,991 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 36% (female 1,787; male 1,852)15-64 years: 59% (female 3,105; male 2,764)65 years and over: 5% (female 258; male 225) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.58% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 24.82 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 9.01 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 27.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 63.15 years male: 61.87 years female: 64.34 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.11 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Tuvaluans(s) adjective: Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian 96%
Religions: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-DayAdventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%
Languages: Tuvaluan, English
Literacy: NA%
Labor force: NA by occupation: NA
@Tuvalu:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Tuvaluformer: Ellice Islands
Digraph: TV
Type: democracy; began debating republic status in 1992
Capital: Funafuti
Administrative divisions: none
Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)
Constitution: 1 October 1978
Legal system: NA
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),represented by Governor General Tulaga MANUELLA (since NA June 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Kamuta LATASI (since 10 December1993); Deputy Prime Minister Otinielu TAUSI (since 10 December 1993)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on recommendationof the prime minister
Legislative branch: unicameralParliament (Palamene): elections last held 25 November 1993 (next tobe held by NA 1997); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)
Judicial branch: High Court
Political parties and leaders: none
Member of: ACP, AsDB, C (special), ESCAP, IFRCS (associate), INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US: Tuvalu has no mission in the US
US diplomatic representation: none
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands
@Tuvalu:Economy
Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $7.8 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate: NA%
National product per capita: $800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $4.3 millionexpenditures: $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1989 est.)
Exports: $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)commodities: coprapartners: Fiji, Australia, NZ
Imports: $4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989)commodities: food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufacturedgoodspartners: Fiji, Australia, NZ
External debt: $NA
Industrial production: growth rate NA%
Electricity: capacity: 2,600 kW production: 3 million kWh consumption per capita: 330 kWh (1990)
Industries: fishing, tourism, copra
Agriculture: coconuts and fish
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $101 million
Currency: 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100cents
Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) perUS$1 - 1.3058 (January 1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600(1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990)
Fiscal year: NA
@Tuvalu:Transportation
Railroads: 0 km
Highways: total: 8 km unpaved: gravel 8 km
Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau
Merchant marine:total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 44,473 GRT/73,652 DWTships by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, oil tanker 1,passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1
Airports: total: 1 with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 1
@Tuvalu:Communications
Telephone system: 108 telephones; 300 radiotelephoneslocal: NAintercity: NAinternational: NA
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: 4,000
Television:broadcast stations: 0televisions: NA
@Tuvalu:Defense Forces
Branches: no military forces; Police Force
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
________________________________________________________________________
@Uganda:Geography
Location: Eastern Africa, west of Kenya
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 236,040 sq kmland area: 199,710 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none; landlocked
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December toFebruary, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt
Land use: arable land: 23% permanent crops: 9% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 30% other: 13%
Irrigated land: 90 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: draining of wetlands for agricultural use;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching is widespreadnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, NuclearTest Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -Environmental Modification
Note: landlocked
@Uganda:People
Population: 19,573,262 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 49% (female 4,792,164; male 4,834,757)15-64 years: 49% (female 4,802,650; male 4,704,159)65 years and over: 2% (female 215,648; male 223,884) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.25% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 48.03 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 24.35 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.) note: Uganda is host to refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including Zaire, Sudan, and Rwanda; probably in excess of 100,000 southern Sudanese fled to Uganda during the past year; many of the 8,000 Rwandans who took refuge in Uganda have returned home
Infant mortality rate: 112.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 36.58 years male: 36.26 years female: 36.91 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality:noun: Ugandan(s)adjective: Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%,Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%,Batobo 3%, European, Asian, Arab 1%, other 23%
Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenousbeliefs 18%
Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages,Nilotic languages
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1991)total population: 56%male: 68%female: 45%
Labor force: 4.5 million (est.)by occupation: agriculture over 80%
@Uganda:Government
Names:conventional long form: Republic of Ugandaconventional short form: Uganda
Digraph: UG
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Administrative divisions: 39 districts; Apac, Arua, Bundibugyo,Bushenyi, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kalangala,Kampala, Kamuli, Kapchorwa, Kasese, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum,Kotido, Kumi, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto,Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pallisa, Rakai,Rukungiri, Sototi, Tororo
Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)
Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision
Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29January 1986); Vice President Dr. Specioza Wandira KAZIBWE (since 18November 1994)head of government: Prime Minister Kintu MUSOKE (since 18 November1994)cabinet: Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council: elections last held 28 March 1993 (next to be held end of 1995); results - 284 non-partisan delegates elected to an interim Constituent Assembly with the principal task of writing a final draft of a new constitution for Uganda on the basis of which a regular Constituent Assembly will be elected note: first free and fair election in 30 years is to be held by end of 1995
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court
Political parties and leaders: only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI note: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP), Joshua S. MAYANJA-NKANGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting public political activities
Other political or pressure groups: Lord's Resistance Army (LRA);Ruwenzori Movement
Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGADD, ILO, IMF,INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC,PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULIchancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador E. Michael SOUTHWICK embassy: Parliament Avenue, Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 FAX: [256] (41) 259794
Flag: six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side
@Uganda:Economy
Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-94, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, and gradually improving domestic security. The economy again prospered in 1994 with rapid growth, low inflation, growing foreign investment, a trimmed bureaucracy, and the continued return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $16.2 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: 6% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $850 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $365 millionexpenditures: $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165million (1989 est.)
Exports: $237 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: coffee 97%, cotton, tea partners: US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%
Imports: $696 million (c.i.f., 1993 est.) commodities: petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food partners: Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%
External debt: $2.9 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 1.5% (1992); accounts for 5% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 160,000 kW production: 780 million kWh consumption per capita: 32 kWh (1993)
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement
Agriculture: mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force; cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food
Economic aid:recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million;Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments(1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million;Communist countries (1970-89), $169 million
Currency: 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,195 (December 1994), 1,195.0 (1993), 1.133.8 (1992), 734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989)
Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June
@Uganda:Transportation
Railroads: total: 1,300 km single track narrow gauge: 1,300 km 1.000-m-gauge
Highways: total: 26,200 km paved: 1,970 km unpaved: gravel, crushed stone 5,849 km; earth, tracks 18,381 km
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria
Ports: Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell
Merchant marine:total: 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling5,091 GRT/NA DWT
Airports:total: 29with paved runways over 3,047 m: 3with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 9with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 6with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 9
@Uganda:Communications
Telephone system: NA telephones; fair systemlocal: NAintercity: microwave and radio communications stationsinternational: 1 INTELSAT (Atlantic Ocean) earth station
Radio:broadcast stations: AM 10, FM 0, shortwave 0radios: NA
Television:broadcast stations: 9televisions: NA
@Uganda:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Wing
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 4,231,019; males fit formilitary service 2,298,654 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.7% ofbudget (FY93/94)
________________________________________________________________________
@Ukraine:Geography
Location: Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland andRussia
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States - European States
Area:total area: 603,700 sq kmland area: 603,700 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries: total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km,Moldova 939 km, Poland 428 km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania(west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 90 km
Coastline: 2,782 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: undefinedterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: certain territory of Moldova and Ukraine - including Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina - are considered by Bucharest as historically a part of Romania; this territory was incorporated into the former Soviet Union following the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1940; potential dispute with Russia over Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation
Climate: temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
Terrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south
Natural resources: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber
Land use: arable land: 56% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 12% forest and woodland: 0% other: 30%
Irrigated land: 26,000 sq km (1990)
Environment:current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; air and waterpollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeastfrom 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plantnatural hazards: NAinternational agreements: party to - Air Pollution, AirPollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic Treaty,Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection, Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - AirPollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note: strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia;second largest country in Europe
@Ukraine:People
Population: 51,867,828 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 21% (female 5,217,850; male 5,407,450)15-64 years: 65% (female 17,563,924; male 16,334,299)65 years and over: 14% (female 4,976,893; male 2,367,412) (July 1995est.)
Population growth rate: 0.04% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 12.31 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 12.67 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 20.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 70.11 years male: 65.59 years female: 74.87 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.81 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Ukrainian(s) adjective: Ukrainian
Ethnic divisions: Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%
Religions: Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, UkrainianOrthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox,Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish
Languages: Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1989)total population: 98%male: 100%female: 97%
Labor force: 23.55 million (January 1994)by occupation: industry and construction 33%, agriculture and forestry21%, health, education, and culture 16%, trade and distribution 7%,transport and communication 7%, other 16% (1992)
@Ukraine:Government
Names:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Ukrainelocal long form: nonelocal short form: Ukrayinaformer: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph: UP
Type: republic
Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)
Administrative divisions: 24 oblasti (singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya respublika), and 2 municipalites (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy), Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv), Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi), Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k), Donets'ka (Donets'k), Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k), Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv), Khersons'ka (Kherson), Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy), Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad), Kyyiv**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka (Luhans'k), L'vivs'ka (L'viv), Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv), Odes'ka (Odesa), Poltavs'ka (Poltava), Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Rivnens'ka (Rivne), Sevastopol'**, Sums'ka (Sevastopol'), Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil'), Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya), Volyns'ka (Luts'k), Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod), Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya), Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr) note: names in parentheses are administrative centers when name differs from oblast' name
Independence: 1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday: Independence Day, 24 August (1991)
Constitution: using 1978 pre-independence constitution; newconstitution currently being drafted
Legal system: based on civil law system; no judicial review oflegislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July 1994);election last held 26 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);results - Leonid KUCHMA 52.15%, Leonid KRAVCHUK 45.06%head of government: Acting Prime Minister Yeuben MARCHUK (since 3March 1995); First Deputy Prime Ministers Yevhen MARCHUK and ViktorPYNZENYK (since 31 October 1994) and six deputy prime ministerscabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and approvedby the Supreme CouncilNational Security Council: originally created in 1992, butsignficantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; membersinclude the president, prime minister, Ministers of Finance,Environment, Justice, Internal Affairs, Foreign Economic Relations,Economic and Foreign Affairs; the NSC staff is tasked with developingnational security policy on domestic and international matters andadvising the presidentPresidential Administration: helps draft presidential edicts andprovides policy support to the presidentCouncil of Regions: advisory body created by President KUCHMA inSeptember 1994; includes the Chairmen of Oblast and Kiev andSevastopol City Supreme Councils
Legislative branch: unicameralSupreme Council: elections last held 27 March 1994 with repeatelections continuing through December 1998 to fill empty seats (nextto be held NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450total) Communists 91, Rukh 22, Agrarians 18, Socialists 15,Republicans 11, Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists 5, Labor 5, Partyof Democratic Revival 4, Democrats 2, Social Democrats 2, CivilCongress 2, Conservative Republicans 1, Party of Economic Revival ofCrimea 1, Christian Democrats 1, independents 225; note - 405 deputieshave been elected; run-off elections for the remaining 45 seats to beheld by December 1998
Judicial branch: joint commission formed in April 1995 to define aprogram of judicial reform by year-end
Political parties and leaders: Green Party of Ukraine, VitaliyKONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine; Liberal Democratic Party ofUkraine, Volodymyr KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine,Volodymyr Oleksandrovych YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party ofUkraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY, chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine,Serhiy DOVHRAN', chairman; Party of Democratic Rebirth (Revival) ofUkraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social Democratic Party ofUkraine, Yuriy VUZDUHAN, chairman; Socialist Party of Ukraine,Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party,Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party,Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDYK,chairman; Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman;Ukrainian Peasants' Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman;Ukrainian Republican Party, Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; UkrainianNational Conservative Party, Viktor RADIONOV, chairman; UkrainianPeople's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh), Vyacheslav CHORNOVIL,chairman; Ukrainian Communist Party, Petr SYMONENKO; Agrarian Party;Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, S. STESTKO; Civil Congress, O.BAZYLUK; Party of Economic Revival of Crimea; Democratic Party OfUkraine, Serhiy DOVMAN', chairman
Other political or pressure groups: New Ukraine (Nova Ukrayina);Congress of National Democratic Forces
Member of: BSEC, CCC, CE (guest), CEI (associate members), CIS, EBRD,ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT(nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NACC,OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO,WMO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy SHCHERBAK chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-0606 FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817 consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William Green MILLER embassy: 10 Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [7] (044) 244-73-49, 244-37-45 FAX: [7] (044) 244-73-50
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent grainfields under a blue sky
@Ukraine:Economy
Overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing more than three times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR. In early 1992, the Ukrainian government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Loose monetary and fiscal policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Greater monetary and fiscal restraint lowered inflation in 1994, but also contributed to an accelerated decline in industrial output. Since his election in July 1994, President KUCHMA has developed - and parliament has approved - a comprehensive economic reform program, maintained financial discipline, and reduced state controls over prices, the exchange rate, and foreign trade. Implementation of KUCHMA's economic agenda will encounter considerable resistance from parliament, entrenched bureaucrats, and industrial interests and will contribute to further declines in output and rising unemployment which will sorely test the government's ability to stay the course on reform in 1995.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $189.2 billion (1994 estimate as extrapolated from World Bank estimate for 1992)
National product real growth rate: -19% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $3,650 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% per month (1994)
Unemployment rate: 0.4% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports: $11.8 billion (1994) commodities: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, grain, meat partners: FSU countries, China, Italy, Switzerland
Imports: $14.2 billion (1994) commodities: energy, machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles partners: FSU countries, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic
External debt: $7.5 billion (yearend 1994)
Industrial production: growth rate -28% (1994 est.); accounts for 50% of GDP
Electricity: capacity: 54,380,000 kW production: 182 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,200 kWh (1994)
Industries: coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)
Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GDP; grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets
Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for CIS consumption; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid: $550 million economic aid and $350 million to help disassemble the atomic weapons from the US in 1994
Currency: Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in mid-1995
Exchange rates: karbovantsi per 1$US - 107,900 (end December 1994), 130,000 (April 1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Ukraine:Transportation
Railroads: total: 23,350 km broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)
Highways: total: 273,700 km paved and graveled: 236,400 km unpaved: earth 37,300 km
Inland waterways: 1,672 km perennially navigable (Pryp''yat' andDnipro Rivers)
Pipelines: crude oil 2,010 km; petroleum products 1,920 km; naturalgas 7,800 km (1992)
Ports: Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyyiv),Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Pivdenne, Reni
Merchant marine:total: 379 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,799,253 GRT/5,071,175DWTships by type: barge carrier 7, bulk 55, cargo 221, chemical tanker 2,container 20, multifunction large-load carrier 1, oil tanker 10,passenger 12, passenger-cargo 5, railcar carrier 2, refrigerated cargo5, roll-on/roll-off cargo 32, short-sea passenger 7
Airports:total: 706with paved runways over 3,047 m: 14with paved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 55with paved runways 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34with paved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 3with paved runways under 914 m: 57with unpaved runways over 3,047 m: 7with unpaved runways 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7with unpaved runways 1,524 to 2,438 m: 16with unpaved runways 914 to 1,523 m: 37with unpaved runways under 914 m: 476
@Ukraine:Communications
Telephone system: 7,886,000 telephone circuits; about 151.4 telephonecircuits/1,000 persons (1991); the telephone system is inadequate bothfor business and for personal use; 3.56 million applications fortelephones had not been satisfied as of January 1991; electronic mailservices have been established in Kiev, Odesa, and Luhans'k by Sprintlocal: an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network operates in Kiev(Kyyiv) and allows direct dialing of international calls throughKiev's EWSD digital exchangeintercity: NAinternational: calls to other CIS countries are carried by land lineor microwave; other international calls to 167 countries are carriedby satellite or by the 150 leased lines through the Moscow gatewayswitch; INTELSAT, INMARSAT, and Intersputnik earth stations
Radio:broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NAradios: 15 million
Television:broadcast stations: NAtelevisions: 20 million
@Ukraine:Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic SecurityForces (internal and border troops), National Guard
Manpower availability: males age 15-49 12,324,832; males fit for military service 9,667,642; males reach military age (18) annually 359,546 (1995 est.)
Defense expenditures: 544.3 billion karbovantsi, less than 4% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
________________________________________________________________________
@United Arab Emirates:Geography
Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the PersianGulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 75,581 sq kmland area: 75,581 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than Maine
Land boundaries: total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km
Coastline: 1,318 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tunb islands became more acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the region
Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas
Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 2% forest and woodland: 0% other: 98%
Irrigated land: 50 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome bydesalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spillsnatural hazards: frequent sand and dust stormsinternational agreements: party to - Endangered Species, HazardousWastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but notratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait ofHormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil
@United Arab Emirates:People
Population: 2,924,594 (July 1995 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 35% (female 499,559; male 521,415)15-64 years: 64% (female 643,819; male 1,229,730)65 years and over: 1% (female 10,296; male 19,775) (July 1995 est.)
Population growth rate: 4.55% (1995 est.)
Birth rate: 27.02 births/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Death rate: 3.03 deaths/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Net migration rate: 21.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1995 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1995 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.51 years male: 70.42 years female: 74.71 years (1995 est.)
Total fertility rate: 4.53 children born/woman (1995 est.)
Nationality: noun: Emirian(s) adjective: Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
Religions: Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
Languages: Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write but definition ofliterary not available (1985)total population: 71%male: 72%female: 69%
Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.)by occupation: industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%,government 5%note: 80% of labor force is foreign (est.)
@United Arab Emirates:Government
Names:conventional long form: United Arab Emiratesconventional short form: nonelocal long form: Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidahlocal short form: noneformer: Trucial States
Abbreviation: UAE
Digraph: TC
Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); AbuZaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Dubai, Ra's al Khaymah,Sharjah, Umm al Qaywayn
Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK)
National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)
Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member emirates; Islamic law remains influential
Suffrage: none
Executive branch:chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan (since 2December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh MAKTUM binRashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayyhead of government: Prime Minister Shaykh MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister SULTANbin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990)Supreme Council of Rulers: composed of the seven emirate rulers, thecouncil is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE;establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation, AbuDhabi and Dubayy rulers have veto power; council meets four times ayearcabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis WataniItihad); no elections
Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT,GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM,OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn al-SHAALIchancery: Suite 600, 3000 K Street NW, Washington, DC 20007telephone: [1] (202) 338-6500
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador William A. RUGH embassy: Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi; American Embassy Abu Dhabi, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-6010 (pouch) telephone: [971] (2) 436691, 436692 FAX: [971] (2) 434771 consulate(s) general: Dubayy (Dubai)
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side
@United Arab Emirates:Economy
Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per capita and with a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is based on oil and gas output (about 40% of GDP), and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. Although much stronger economically than most Gulf states, the UAE faces similar problems with weak international oil prices and the pressures for cuts in OPEC oil production quotas. The UAE government is encouraging increased privatization within the economy.
National product: GDP - purchasing power parity - $62.7 billion (1994 est.)
National product real growth rate: -0.5% (1994 est.)
National product per capita: $22,480 (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.1% (1994 est.)
Unemployment rate: NEGL% (1988)
Budget:revenues: $4.3 billionexpenditures: $4.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1993 est)
Exports: $24 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: crude oil 66%, natural gas, re-exports, dried fish, dates
partners: Japan 35%, South Korea 5%, Iran 4%, Oman 4%, Singapore 4%(1993)
Imports: $20 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,foodpartners: Japan 12%, UK 10%, US 9%, Germany 7%, South Korea 5% (1993)
External debt: $11.6 billion (1994 est.)
Industrial production: growth rate 1.7% (1992 est.); accounts for 50% of GDP, including petroleum
Electricity: capacity: 4,760,000 kW production: 16.5 billion kWh consumption per capita: 5,796 kWh (1993)
Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food