Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: National and Democratic Union(UND); Campora List, Anne-Marie CAMPORA; Medecin List, Jean-LouisMEDECIN
International organization participation: ACCT, ECE, IAEA, ICAO,ICRM, IFRCS, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OSCE, UN,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US: Monaco does not have an embassyin the USconsulate(s): New Yorkhonorary consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, NewOrleans, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)honorary consulate(s): Dallas, Palm Beach, Philadelphia, andWashington, DC
US diplomatic representation: the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to ======================================================================
@Mongolia ————
Map —-
Location: 46 00 N, 105 00 E — Northern Asia, between China andRussia
Flag ——
Description: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
Geography ————-
Location: Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Asia
Area:total area: 1.565 million sq kmland area: 1.565 million sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
Land boundaries: total: 8,114 km border countries: China 4,673 km, Russia 3,441 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
International disputes: none
Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil 4,374 m
Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Land use:arable land: 1%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 79%forest and woodland: 10%other: 10%
Irrigated land: 770 sq km (1989)
Environment:current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; policies ofthe former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization andindustrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effectson the environment; the burning of soft coal and the concentrationof factories in Ulaanbaatar have severely polluted the air;deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land toagricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind andrain; desertificationnatural hazards: dust storms can occur in the springinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but notratified - Desertification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: landlocked; strategic location between China andRussia
People ———
Population: 2,496,617 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38% (male 486,321; female 471,931)15-64 years: 58% (male 722,485; female 723,065)65 years and over: 4% (male 39,704; female 53,111) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.69% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 25.55 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 69.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 60.75 years male: 58.8 years female: 62.8 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.04 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazak 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Religions: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim 4% note: previously limited religious activity because of communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian, Chinese
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1988 est.)total population: 82.9%male: 88.6%female: 77.2%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia
Data code: MG
Type of government: republic
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag)and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular - hot); Arhangay,Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi,Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China)
National holiday: National Day, 11 July (1921)
Constitution: adopted 13 January 1992
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September1990) was nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and electedin general presidential elections for a four-year term; electionlast held 6 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); results -Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) elected directly with 57.8%of the vote, other candidate Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP)head of government: Prime Minister Putsagiyn JASRAY (since 3 August1992) and Deputy Prime Ministers Lhamsuren ENEBISH (since NA October1992) and Choijilsurengiyn PUREVDORJ (since NA September 1990) wereappointed by the State Great Huralcabinet: Cabinet was appointed by the State Great Hural
Legislative branch: unicameral State Great Hural: elections held for the first time 28 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (76 total) MPRP 71, United Party of Mongolia 4, MSDP 1 note: the People's Small Hural no longer exists
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but to date rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts, judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval of the Great Hural
Political parties and leaders: Mongolian People's RevolutionaryParty (MPRP), Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, secretary general;Mongolian National Democratic Party (MNDP), D. GANBOLD, chairman;Mongolian Social Democratic Party (MSDP), B. BATBAYAR, chairman;United Party of Mongolia, leader NAnote: opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
International organization participation: AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO,G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227 consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSONembassy: inner north side of the Big Ring, just west of the SelbeGol, Ulaanbaatarmailing address: c/o American Embassy Beijing, Micro Region 11, BigRing Road; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002telephone: [976] (1) 329095, 329606FAX: [976] (1) 320776
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red, centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Mongolia's severe climate, scattered population, and wide expanses of unproductive land have constrained economic development. Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and the breeding of livestock. In past years extensive mineral resources had been developed with Soviet support; total Soviet assistance at its height amounted to 30% of GDP. The mining and processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Timber and fishing are also important sectors. The Mongolian leadership has been gradually making the transition from Soviet-style central planning to a market economy through privatization and price reform and has been soliciting support from international financial agencies and foreign investors. The economy, however, has still not recovered from the loss of Soviet aid. The country continues to suffer substantial economic hardships, with one-fourth of the population below the poverty line.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.9 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 6% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,970 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 35% services: 37% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 53% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 1.115 million (mid-1993 est.) by occupation: primarily herding/agricultural note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor
Unemployment rate: 15% (1991 est.)
Budget:revenues: $1.5 billionexpenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1995 est.)
Industries: copper, construction materials, mining (particularlycoal); food and beverage, processing of animal products
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 900,000 kW production: 3.1 billion kWh consumption per capita: 1,267 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
Exports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)commodities: copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool,hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metalspartners: former CMEA countries 62%, China 17%, EC 8% (1992)
Imports: $223 million (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: machinery and equipment, fuels, food products,industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, teapartners: USSR 75%, Austria 5%, China 5% (1991)
External debt: $473.7 million (1994)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 4465.39 (October 1995), 412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992), 9.52 (1991), 5.63 (1990)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 1,928 km broad gauge: 1,928 km 1.524-m gauge (1994)
Highways: total: 46,700 km paved: 1,000 km unpaved: 45,700 km (1988 est.)
Waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
Ports: none
Airports:total: 34with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 7with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 3with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 3with unpaved runways under 914 m: 5 (1994 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 89,000 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: NAinternational: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (IndianOcean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 0
Radios: 220,000
Television broadcast stations: 1 (provincial repeaters 18)
Televisions: 120,000 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Internal SecurityForces and Frontier Guards), Air Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 638,560 males fit for military service: 417,620 males reach military age (18) annually: 27,386 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $22.8 million, 1% of GDP (1992)
======================================================================
@Montserrat —————
(dependent territory of the UK)
Map —-
Location: 16 45 N, 62 12 W — Caribbean, island in the CaribbeanSea, southeast of Puerto Rico
Flag ——
Description: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Geography ————-
Location: Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast ofPuerto Rico
Geographic coordinates: 16 45 N, 62 12 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:total area: 100 sq kmland area: 100 sq kmcomparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly mountainous, with small coastallowlandlowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 mhighest point: Chances Peak 914 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:arable land: 20%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 10%forest and woodland: 40%other: 30%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: land erosion occurs on slopes that have been clearedfor cultivationnatural hazards: severe hurricanes (June to November); volcaniceruptions (there are seven active volcanoes on the island)international agreements: NA
People ———
Population: 12,771 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: 0.28% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 15.08 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: NA male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: NA male(s)/female15-64 years: NA male(s)/female65 years and over: NA male(s)/femaleall ages: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: 11.78 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.65 years male: 73.89 years female: 77.46 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.93 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: black, Europeans
Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations
Languages: English
Literacy: age 15 and over has ever attended school (1970 est.)total population: 97%male: 97%female: 97%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montserrat
Data code: MH
Type of government: dependent territory of the UK
Capital: Plymouth
Administrative divisions: 3 parishes; Saint Anthony, SaintGeorges, Saint Peter's
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (secondSaturday of June)
Constitution: present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Legal system: English common law and statute law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (of the United Kingdom since 6February 1952), represented by Governor Frank SAVAGE (since NAFebruary 1993) was appointed by the queenhead of government: Chief Minister Reuben T. MEADE (since NA October1991)cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chiefminister, three other ministries, the attorney general, and thefinance secretary
Legislative branch: unicameralLegislative Council: elections last held 8 October 1991 (next to beheld NA); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total,7 elected) NPP 4, NDP 1, PLM 1, independent 1
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in SaintLucia)
Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Party (NPP),Reuben T. MEADE; People's Liberation Movement (PLM), Noel TUITT;National Development Party (NDP), Bertrand OSBORNE
International organization participation: Caricom, CDB, ECLAC(associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, WCL
Diplomatic representation in US: none (dependent territory of theUK)
US diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross
Economy ———-
Economic overview: The economy is small and open, with economic activity centered on tourism and related services. Tourism accounts for roughly one-quarter of Montserrat's national income. The island's main export is electronic components which are mainly shipped to the US. The agriculture sector is small; cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, and onions are grown for the domestic market; additionally, some hot peppers and live plants are exported to the US and Europe. The threat of a volcanic eruption in late 1995 led to the repeated evacuation of Montserrat's capital, Plymouth, and deep ash from the volcano destroyed much of the yearend crops. As a result, production in 1995 dropped precipitously. The likely slow recovery of tourism and the continued danger of an eruption dim the prospects for rapid recovery in 1996.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $55.6 million (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 0.5% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $4,500 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 4.8% industry: 18.4% services: 76.8% (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.6% (1994)
Labor force: 5,100by occupation: community, social, and personal services 40.5%,construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%,manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other14.4% (1983 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $15.7 millionexpenditures: $15.6 million including capital expenditures of $NA(1994)
Industries: tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 5,271 kW production: 17 million kWh consumption per capita: 1,106 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: tomatoes, onions, peppers; livestock products
Exports: $2.3 million (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hotpeppers, live plants, cattlepartners: US, Ireland
Imports: $80.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)commodities: machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materialspartners: NA
External debt: $10.2 million (December 1994)
Economic aid: $NA
Currency: 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Transportation ———————
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 280 km paved: 200 km unpaved: 80 km
Ports: Plymouth
Merchant marine: none
Airports: total: 1 with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 3,000
Telephone system: domestic: NA international: NA
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 6,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 2,000 (1992 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Police Force
Defense note: defense is the responsibility of the UK
======================================================================
@Morocco ———-
Map —-
Location: 32 00 N, 5 00 W — Northern Africa, bordering the NorthAtlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria andWestern Sahara
Flag ——
Description: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
Geography ————-
Location: Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean andthe Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara
Geographic coordinates: 32 00 N, 5 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 446,550 sq kmland area: 446,300 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:total: 2,002 kmborder countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 kmnote: excludes the length of the boundary between the places ofsovereignty and Morocco
Coastline: 1,835 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty is unresolved and the UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect since September 1991; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco - the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Terrain: northern coast and interior are mountainous with largeareas of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastalplainslowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 mhighest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc,fish, salt
Land use:arable land: 18%permanent crops: 1%meadows and pastures: 28%forest and woodland: 12%other: 41%
Irrigated land: 12,650 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosionresulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destructionof vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltationof reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal watersnatural hazards: northern mountains geologically unstable andsubject to earthquakes; periodic droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands;signed, but not ratified - Desertification, EnvironmentalModification, Law of the Sea
Geographic note: strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar
People ———
Population: 29,779,156 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 38% (male 5,696,731; female 5,522,077)15-64 years: 58% (male 8,577,918; female 8,700,521)65 years and over: 4% (male 613,712; female 668,197) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.05% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 27.39 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 43.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.52 years male: 67.53 years female: 71.61 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.58 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Religions: Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%
Languages: Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often thelanguage of business, government, and diplomacy
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 43.7%male: 56.6%female: 31%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Kingdom of Moroccoconventional short form: Moroccolocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyahlocal short form: Al Maghrib
Data code: MO
Type of government: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Rabat
Administrative divisions: 36 provinces and 5 wilayas*; Agadir, AlHoceima, Assa-Zag, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Ben Slimane, Boulemane,Casablanca*, Chaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa des Srarhna, Er Rachidia,Essaouira, Es Smara, Fes*, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra,Khemisset, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech*,Meknes*, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat-Sale*, Safi, Settat, SidiKacem, Tanger, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudannt, Tata, Taza, Tetouan,Tiznit
Independence: 2 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 3 March (1961) (anniversary ofKing HASSAN II's accession to the throne)
Constitution: 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961) is a hereditarymonarchhead of government: Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May1994) was appointed by the kingcabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the king
Legislative branch: unicameralChamber of Representatives (Majlis Nawab): two-thirds elected bydirect, universal suffrage and one-third by an electoral college ofgovernment, professional, and labor representatives; direct, popularelections last held 15 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 222 directlyelected) USFP 48, IP 43, MP 33, RNI 28, UC 27, PND 14, MNP 14, PPS6, PDI 3, SAP 2, PA 2, OADP 2; indirect, special interest electionslast held 17 September 1993 (next to be held NA 1999); results -percent of vote by party NA; seats - (333 total, 111 indirectlyelected) UC 27, MP 18, RNI 13, MNP 11, PND 10, IP 7, Party of Shuraand Istiqlal 6, USFP 4, PPS 4, CDT 4, UTM 3, UGTM 2, SAP 2
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed on therecommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presidedover by the king
Political parties and leaders:opposition: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Mohammadal-YAZGHI; Istiqlal Party (IP), M'Hamed BOUCETTA; Party of Progressand Socialism (PPS), Ali YATA; Organization of Democratic andPopular Action (OADP), Mohamed Ben SAIDpro-government: Constitutional Union (UC), Maati BOUABID; PopularMovement (MP), Mohamed LAENSER; National Democratic Party (PND),Mohamed Arsalane EL-JADIDI; National Popular Movement (MNP),Mahjoubi AHARDANEindependents: National Rally of Independents (RNI), Ahmed OSMAN;Democracy and Istiqlal Party (PDI), leader NA; Action Party (PA),Abdullah SENHAJI; Non-Obedience Candidates (SAP), leader NAlabor unions and community organizations (indirect elections:Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT), Nabir AMAOUI; General Unionof Moroccan Workers (UGTM), Abderrazzak AFILAL; Moroccan Union ofWorkers (UTM), leader NA; Party of Shura and Istiqlal, leader NA
International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT (associate),AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, EBRD, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS(observer), OIC, OSCE (partner), UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed BENAISSAchancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161consulate(s) general: New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Marc C. GINSBERG embassy: 2 Avenue de Marrakech, Rabat mailing address: PSC 74, Box 003, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (7) 76 22 65 FAX: [212] (7) 76 56 61 consulate(s) general: Casablanca
Flag: red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the traditional color of Islam
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Morocco faces the typical problems of developing countries - restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private activity and foreign trade, and keeping inflation within bounds. Since the early 1980s the government has pursued an economic program toward these objectives with the support of the IMF, the World Bank, and the Paris Club of creditors. The economy has substantial assets to draw on: the world's largest phosphate reserves, diverse agricultural and fishing resources, a sizable tourist industry, a growing manufacturing sector, and remittances from Moroccans working abroad. A severe drought in 1992-93 depressed economic activity and held down exports. Real GDP contracted by 4.4% in 1992 and 1.1% in 1993. Despite these setbacks, initiatives to relax capital controls, strengthen the banking sector, and privatize state enterprises went forward in 1993-94. Favorable rainfall in 1994 boosted agricultural production by 40%. In 1995, Morocco suffered from a drought said to be the worst in 30 years. Servicing the large debt, high unemployment, and vulnerability to external economic forces remain long-term problems for Morocco.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $87.4 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -6.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $3,000 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 14.3% industry: 32.2% services: 53.5% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1994)
Labor force: 7.4 million by occupation: agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)
Unemployment rate: 16% (1994 est.)
Budget:revenues: $8.1 billionexpenditures: $8.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1994 est.)
Industries: phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 0.1%
Electricity: capacity: 2,620,000 kW production: 9.9 billion kWh consumption per capita: 361 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: barley, wheat, citrus, wine, vegetables, olives; livestock
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of hashish; trafficking on theincrease for both domestic and international drug markets; shipmentsof hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point forcocaine from South America destined for Western Europe
Exports: $4 billion (f.o.b., 1994)commodities: food and beverages 30%, semiprocessed goods 23%,consumer goods 21%, phosphates 17%partners: EC 70%, Japan 5%, US 4%, Libya 3%, India 2% (1993)
Imports: $7.2 billion (c.i.f., 1994)commodities: capital goods 24%, semiprocessed goods 22%, rawmaterials 16%, fuel and lubricants 16%, food and beverages 13%,consumer goods 9%partners: EC 59%, US 8%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UAE 3%, Russia 2% (1993)
External debt: $20.5 billion (1994 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $297 million (1993) note: $2.8 billion debt canceled by Saudi Arabia (1991)
Currency: 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 8.607 (January 1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992), 8.707 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways:total: 1,907 kmstandard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1003 km electrified; 246 kmdouble track) (1994)
Highways:total: 59,474 kmpaved: 29,440 km (including 73 km of expressways)unpaved: 30,034 km (1991 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km(abandoned); natural gas 241 km
Ports: Agadir, Al Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra,Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlledCeuta and Melilla
Merchant marine:total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 175,962 GRT/257,449 DWTships by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 7, container 2, oil tanker4, refrigerated cargo 9, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, short-seapassenger 1 (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 63with paved runways over 3 047 m: 11with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 7with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2with paved runways under 914 m: 12with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 1with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 11with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 15 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 270,100 (1987 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, andmicrowave radio relay links; principal centers are Casablanca andRabat; secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, andTetouaninternational: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay toGibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwaveradio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations: AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 0
Radios: 5.527 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 26 (repeaters 26)
Televisions: 1.21 million (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Moroccan Navy, Royal MoroccanAir Force, Royal Gendarmerie, Auxiliary Forces
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 7,541,745 males fit for military service: 4,782,028 males reach military age (18) annually: 330,344 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $1.38 billion, 4.1% of GDP (1995)
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@Mozambique —————
Map —-
Location: 18 15 S, 35 00 E — Southern Africa, bordering theMozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania
Flag ——
Description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
Geography ————-
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel,between South Africa and Tanzania
Geographic coordinates: 18 15 S, 35 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 801,590 sq kmland area: 784,090 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:total: 4,571 kmborder countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km
Coastline: 2,470 km
Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: none
Climate: tropical to subtropical
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in northwest, mountains in west lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m
Natural resources: coal, titanium, natural gas
Land use:arable land: 4%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 56%forest and woodland: 20%other: 20%
Irrigated land: 1,150 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: civil strife and recurrent drought in thehinterlands have resulted in increased migration to urban andcoastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;desertification; pollution of surface and coastal watersnatural hazards: severe droughts and floods occur in central andsouthern provinces; devastating cyclonesinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified- Desertification, Law of the Sea
People ———
Population: 17,877,927 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 46% (male 4,141,915; female 4,115,191)15-64 years: 51% (male 4,324,102; female 4,868,518)65 years and over: 3% (male 184,606; female 243,595) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.65% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 45.51 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 18.97 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.) note: by the end of 1994, an estimated 1.6 million Mozambican refugees, who fled to Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa in earlier years from the civil war, had returned; an estimated 100,000 refugees remain to be repatriated from those countries
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 125.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 44.34 years male: 43.21 years female: 45.5 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.23 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Mozambican(s)adjective: Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan,Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%,Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%
Languages: Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 40.1%male: 57.7%female: 23.3%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Mozambiqueconventional short form: Mozambiquelocal long form: Republica Popular de Mocambiquelocal short form: Mocambique
Data code: MZ
Type of government: republic
Capital: Maputo
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia
Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June (1975)
Constitution: 30 November 1990
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November1986) was elected for a five-year term by popular votehead of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since December1994) was appointed by the presidentcabinet: Cabinet
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica): the members are elected by direct, universal, adult suffrage on a secret ballot for a term of five years; election last held 27-29 October 1994 (next to be held NA October 1999); results - percent vote by party NA, seats (250 total) FRELIMO won a slim majority note: the presidential and legislative elections took place as called for in the 1992 peace accords; RENAMO participated in the elections
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges appointed by the presidentand judges elected by the Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Front for the Liberation ofMozambique (FRELIMO), Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO, chairman; MozambiqueNational Resistance (RENAMO), Afonso DHLAKAMA, president; DemocraticUnion (DU), Antonio PALANGE, General Secretary
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,IMO, Inmarset, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM,OAU, OIC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hipolito Pereira Zozimo PATRICIO chancery: Suite 570, 1990 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146 FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Dennis Coleman JETT embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo telephone: [258] (1) 492797 FAX: [258] (1) 490114
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book
Economy ———-
Economic overview: One of Africa's poorest countries, Mozambique has failed to exploit the economic potential of its sizable agricultural, hydropower, and transportation resources. Indeed, national output, consumption, and investment declined throughout the first half of the 1980s because of internal disorders, lack of government administrative control, and a growing foreign debt. A sharp increase in foreign aid, attracted by an economic reform policy, resulted in successive years of economic growth in the late 1980s, but aid has declined steadily since 1989. Agricultural output is at only 75% of its 1981 level, and grain has to be imported. Industry operates at only 20%-40% of capacity. The economy depends heavily on foreign assistance to keep afloat. Peace accords between civil warring factions, signed in October 1992, improved chances of foreign investment, aided IMF-supported economic reforms, and supported continued economic recovery. Elections held in 1994 diverted government attention from the economy, resulting in slippage and delays in the economic reform program. Nonetheless, growth continued in 1994-95, and the economy should move forward in the late 1990s, given continued foreign help in meeting debt obligations. One key event in 1995 was the conclusion of negotiations with Enron of Houston, Texas, for a $700 million project to exploit the Pande natural gas fields.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $12.2 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -2.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $700 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 33% industry: 12% services: 55% (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1994 est.)
Labor force: NA by occupation: 90% engaged in agriculture
Unemployment rate: 50% (1989 est.)
Budget:revenues: $252 millionexpenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $NA(1992 est.)
Industries: food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco
Industrial production growth rate: 5.8% (1993 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 2,360,000 kW production: 1.7 billion kWh consumption per capita: 58 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn, rice, tropical fruits; beef, poultry
Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)commodities: shrimp 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citruspartners: Spain, South Africa, US, Portugal, Japan
Imports: $1.14 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: food, clothing, farm equipment, petroleumpartners: South Africa, UK, France, Japan, Portugal
External debt: $5 billion (1992 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates: meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 10,908.0 (December 1995), 9,024.3 (1995), 6,038.6 (1994), 3,874.2 (1993), 2,516.5 (1992), 1,434.5 (1991)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 3,131 km narrow gauge: 2,988 km 1.067-m gauge; 143 km 0.762-m gauge (1994)
Highways:total: 27,287 kmpaved: 4,693 kmunpaved: 22,594 km (1991 est.)note: highway traffic impeded by land mines not removed at end ofcivil war
Waterways: about 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil (not operating) 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
Ports: Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba
Merchant marine:total: 4 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,694 GRT/9,724DWT (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 131with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 10with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 5with paved runways under 914 m: 67with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 12with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 32 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 59,000 (1983 est.)
Telephone system: fair system of tropospheric scatter, open-wire lines, and microwave radio relay domestic: microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 29, FM 4, shortwave 0
Radios: 700,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 44,000 (1992 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Naval Command, Air and Air Defense Forces, Militia
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 3,767,855 males fit for military service: 2,162,388 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $84 million, 5.3% of GDP (1994)
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@Namibia ———-
Map —-
Location: 22 00 S, 17 00 E — Southern Africa, bordering the SouthAtlantic Ocean, between Angola and South Africa
Flag ——
Description: a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section, and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders
Geography ————-
Location: Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean,between Angola and South Africa
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 17 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 825,418 sq kmland area: 825,418 sq kmcomparative area: slightly more than half the size of Alaska
Land boundaries:total: 3,824 kmborder countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa855 km, Zambia 233 km
Coastline: 1,572 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: short section of boundary with Botswana is indefinite; quadripoint with Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; dispute with Botswana over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe) River remained unresolved in December 1995, and the parties agreed to refer the matter to the ICJ
Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; KalahariDesert in eastlowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Konigstein 2,606 m
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, fish; suspecteddeposits of oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore
Land use:arable land: 1%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 64%forest and woodland: 22%other: 13%
Irrigated land: 40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources;desertificationnatural hazards: prolonged periods of droughtinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, EndangeredSpecies, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but notratified - Biodiversity, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes
People ———
Population: 1,677,243 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 44% (male 370,090; female 362,185)15-64 years: 52% (male 428,488; female 449,726)65 years and over: 4% (male 28,599; female 38,155) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.93% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 37.29 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 7.98 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.97 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 47.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 64.48 years male: 62.85 years female: 66.16 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Namibian(s) adjective: Namibian
Ethnic divisions: black 86%, white 6.6%, mixed 7.4% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%