GDP: purchasing power parity - $138 million (1994 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 1.5% (1994 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,000 (1994 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 28% industry: 14% services: 58% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 38% (1994 est.)
Labor force: most of population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; shortages of plantation labor and of skilled workers
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $58 millionexpenditures: $114 million, including capital expenditures of $54million (1993 est.)
Industries: light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fishprocessing; timber
Industrial production growth rate: 1% (1991)
Electricity: capacity: 5,000 kW production: 17 million kWh consumption per capita: 105 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papaya, beans; poultry; fish
Exports: $7.1 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.) commodities: cocoa 85%-90%, copra, coffee, palm oil partners: Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal
Imports: $23.8 million (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: machinery and electrical equipment, food products,petroleumpartners: France, Belgium, Japan, Angola, Italy, US
External debt: $250 million (1995 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1 - 1,610 (May 1995), 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 298 km paved: 198 km unpaved: 100 km (1987 est.) note: roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair
Ports: Santo Antonio, Sao Tome
Merchant marine:total: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT(1995 est.)
Airports:total: 2with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 1with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 2,200 (1986 est.)
Telephone system: domestic: minimal system international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0
Radios: 33,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1992 est.)
Televisions: NA
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Navy, Security Police
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 34,986 males fit for military service: 18,343 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
======================================================================
@Saudi Arabia ——————
Map —-
Location: 25 00 N, 45 00 E — Middle East, bordering the PersianGulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen
Flag ——
Description: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
Geography ————-
Location: Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea,north of Yemen
Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 45 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:total area: 1,960,582 sq kmland area: 1,960,582 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries:total: 4,415 kmborder countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline: 2,640 km
Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; location and status of boundary with UAE is not final, defacto boundary reflects 1974 agreement; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia; 1965 boundary with Qatar, renegotiated and revised in 1992, but not official depiction
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:arable land: 1%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 39%forest and woodland: 1%other: 59%
Irrigated land: 4,350 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: desertification; depletion of underground waterresources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodieshas prompted the development of extensive seawater desalinationfacilities; coastal pollution from oil spillsnatural hazards: frequent sand and dust stormsinternational agreements: party to - Climate Change, HazardousWastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified - Law ofthe Sea
Geographic note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Seaprovide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) throughPersian Gulf and Suez Canal
People ———
Population: 19,409,058 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 43% (male 4,228,660; female 4,103,622)15-64 years: 55% (male 6,393,384; female 4,240,535)65 years and over: 2% (male 227,789; female 215,068) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.45% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 38.32 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 5.36 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.51 male(s)/female65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/femaleall ages: 1.27 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 46.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69 years male: 67.25 years female: 70.84 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.45 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality: noun: Saudi(s) adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions: Muslim 100%
Languages: Arabic
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 62.8%male: 71.5%female: 50.2%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaconventional short form: Saudi Arabialocal long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyahlocal short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Data code: SA
Type of government: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Administrative divisions: 13 provinces (mintaqah, singular -mintaqat); Al Bahah, Al Hudud Ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah,Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Hail,Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution: none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: none
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHDbin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982) is an absolute monarch;Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abdal-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the king, heir to the throne since13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996)cabinet: Council of Ministers is dominated by royal family membersappointed by the king
Legislative branch: a consultative council composed of 60 membersand a chairman who are appointed by the king for a term of four years
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders: none allowed
International organization participation: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL,AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saudchancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond E. MABUS, Jr. embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy-Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: [966] (1) 488-7360 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam
Economy ———-
Economic overview: This is a well-to-do oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. About 40% of GDP comes from the private sector. Economic (as well as political) ties with the US are especially strong. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world (26% of the proved total), ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For over a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs. For 1996, the country looks to its policies of maintaining moderate fiscal reforms, restraining public spending, and encouraging non-oil exports.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $189.3 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 0% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $10,100 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: 9% industry: 50% services: 41% (1994 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1995 est.)
Labor force: 6 million-7 million by occupation: government 40%, industry, construction, and oil 25%, services 30%, agriculture 5%
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:revenues: $35.1 billionexpenditures: $40 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1996 est.)
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer, plastics
Industrial production growth rate: 17% (1994 est.)
Electricity: capacity: 17,550,000 kW production: 46 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,430 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus;mutton, chickens, eggs, milk
Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers; increasingconsumption of heroin and cocaine
Exports: $41.7 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: petroleum and petroleum products 90%partners: US 17%, Japan 17%, South Korea 8%, Singapore 7%, France 5%(1994)
Imports: $21.3 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motorvehicles, textilespartners: US 21%, Japan 12%, UK 8%, Germany 8%, Italy 5% (1994)
External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includesshort-term trade credits)
Economic aid:donor: pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon
Currency: 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 1,390 km standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track) (1992)
Highways: total: 151,532 km paved: 60,613 km unpaved: 90,919 km (1992 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; naturalgas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's alKhafji, Al Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:total: 76 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 944,946 GRT/1,322,167DWTships by type: bulk 1, cargo 13, chemical tanker 5, container 3,liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 4, oil tanker 22,passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 13,short-sea passenger 9 (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 175with paved runways over 3 047 m: 30with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 11with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 22with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 4with paved runways under 914 m: 13with unpaved runways over 3 047 m: 1with unpaved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 4with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 66with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 24 (1995 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 1.46 million (1993)
Telephone system: modern systemdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay and coaxial andfiber-optic cable systemsinternational: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait,Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan;submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earthstations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 43, FM 13, shortwave 0
Radios: 5 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 80
Televisions: 4.5 million (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force,National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Public Security Force
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 5,405,828 males fit for military service: 3,005,900 males reach military age (18) annually: 165,010 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $12.1 billion, 8.5% of GDP (1996)
======================================================================
@Senegal ———-
Map —-
Location: 14 00 N, 14 00 W — Western Africa, bordering the NorthAtlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Flag ——
Description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Geography ————-
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates: 14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 196,190 sq kmland area: 192,000 sq kmcomparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:total: 2,640 kmborder countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline: 531 km
Maritime claims:contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: short section of the boundary with TheGambia is indefinite; boundary with Mauritania in dispute
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April)has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominatedby hot, dry, harmattan wind
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills insoutheastlowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: unnamed location in the Futa Jaldon foothills 581 m
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:arable land: 27%permanent crops: 0%meadows and pastures: 30%forest and woodland: 31%other: 12%
Irrigated land: 1,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching;deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;overfishingnatural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughtsinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Marine Dumping
Geographic note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal
People ———
Population: 9,092,749 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 48% (male 2,188,338; female 2,197,015)15-64 years: 49% (male 2,111,330; female 2,336,987)65 years and over: 3% (male 128,939; female 130,140) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.37% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 45.46 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 11.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.95 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 64 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 56.49 years male: 53.75 years female: 59.3 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.31 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%,Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostlyRoman Catholic)
Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)total population: 33.1%male: 43%female: 23.2%
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: Republic of Senegalconventional short form: Senegallocal long form: Republique du Senegallocal short form: Senegal
Data code: SG
Type of government: republic under multiparty democratic rule
Capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region);Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence: 20 August 1960 (from France; The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981) waselected for a seven-year term by universal suffrage; election lastheld 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 2000); results -Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%head of government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)was appointed by the presidentcabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the prime minister inconsultation with the president
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale): elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998); results - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other 7%; seats - (120 total) PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT 3, Let Us Unite Senegal 3, PIT 2, UDS-R 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), PresidentAbdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE;Democratic League-Labor Party Movement (LD-MPT), Dr. AbdoulayeBATHILY; Independent Labor Party (PIT), Amath DANSOKHO; SenegaleseDemocratic Union-Renewal (UDS-R), Mamadou Puritain FALL; Let UsUnite Senegal (coalition of African Party for Democracy andSocialism and National Democratic Rally); other small uninfluentialparties
Other political or pressure groups: students; teachers; labor;Muslim Brotherhoods
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAMIR, UNAVEM III,UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO,WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540, 0541
US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Mark JOHNSON embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24 FAX: [221] 22 29 91
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy ———-
Economic overview: In 1994 Senegal embarked on its most concerted structural adjustment effort yet to exploit the 50% devaluation of the currencies of the 14 Francophone African nations on 12 January of that year. After years of foot-dragging, the government has passed a liberalized labor code which should lower the cost of labor and improve the manufacturing sector's competitiveness. Inroads also have been made in closing tax loopholes, eliminating monopoly power in several sectors, and privatizing state owned firms. At the same time, the government is holding the line on current fiscal expenditure under the watchful eyes of international organizations on which it depends for substantial support. The IMF, in mid-1995, announced that the government met most economic targets as called for in its Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility agreement and released the second $50 million tranche. The country's narrow resource base, environmental degradation, and untamed population growth will continue to hold back improvement in living standards over the medium term.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $14.5 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 4.5% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $1,600 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.1% (1995)
Labor force: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners) by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:revenues: $876 millionexpenditures: $197.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA(1996 est.)
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 230,000 kW production: 720 million kWh consumption per capita: 79 kWh (1993)
Agriculture: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish catch of409,000 metric tons in 1992
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and SoutheastAsian heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivatorof cannabis
Exports: $940 million (f.o.b., 1994 est.)commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,phosphates, cottonpartners: France, other EU countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1994 est.)commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods,petroleumpartners: France, other EU countries, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire,Algeria, China, Japan
External debt: $3.8 billion (1993)
Economic aid:recipient: ODA, $439 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 500.56 (January1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992),282.11 (1991)note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 904 km narrow gauge: 904 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) (1995)
Highways: total: 13,850 km paved: 3,900 km unpaved: 9,950 km (1990 est.)
Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 kmon the Saloum
Ports: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll, Saint-Louis,Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:total: 1 bulk ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT(1995 est.)
Airports:total: 17with paved runways over 3 047 m: 1with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 8with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 1with paved runways under 914 m: 1with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 4with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 55,000 (1993 est.)
Telephone system:domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay andcable trunk systeminternational: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 850,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 61,000 (1993 est.)
Defense ———-
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, NationalPolice (Surete Nationale)
Manpower availability: males age 15-49: 1,864,239 males fit for military service: 973,170 males reach military age (18) annually: 90,154 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $82 million, 2.1% of GDP (1996 est.)
======================================================================
@Serbia and Montenegro ——————————-
Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation.
Map —-
Location: 44 00 N, 21 00 E — Southeastern Europe, bordering theAdriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geography ————-
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, betweenAlbania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:total area: 102,350 sq kmland area: 102,136 sq kmcomparative area: slightly larger than Kentuckynote: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km makingit slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger thanConnecticut
Land boundaries:total: 2,246 kmborder countries: Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km withMontenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km,Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republicof Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 kmnote: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
International disputes: disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian republic
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Land use:arable land: 30%permanent crops: 5%meadows and pastures: 20%forest and woodland: 25%other: 20%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollutionaround Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution fromindustrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danubenatural hazards: destructive earthquakesinternational agreements: NA
Geographic note: controls one of the major land routes fromWestern Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location alongthe Adriatic coast
People ———
Population:total population: 10,614,558 (July 1996 est.)Montenegro: 635,442 (July 1996 est.)Serbia: 9,979,116 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:Montenegro - 0-14 years: 22% (male 71,075; female 67,402)Montenegro - 15-64 years: 67% (male 215,889; female 213,290)Montenegro - 65 years and over: 11% (male 27,868; female 39.918)(July 1996 est.)Serbia - 0-14 years: 21% (male 1,104,274; female 1,026,994)Serbia - 15-64 years: 66% (male 3,332,809; female 3,293,788)Serbia - 65 years and over: 13% (male 515,001; female 706,250) (July1996 est.)
Population growth rate:Montenegro: 0.39% (1996 est.)Serbia: 0.39% (1996 est.)
Birth rate:Montenegro: 11.86 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)Serbia: 13.98 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate:Montenegro: 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)Serbia: 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate:Montenegro: -0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)Serbia: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:Montenegro - at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleMontenegro - under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/femaleMontenegro - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/femaleMontenegro - 65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/femaleMontenegro - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)Serbia - at birth: 1.08 male(s)/femaleSerbia - under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/femaleSerbia - 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/femaleSerbia - 65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/femaleSerbia - all ages: 0.98 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate:Montenegro: 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)Serbia: 22.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:Montenegro - total population: 74.88 yearsMontenegro - male: 70.86 yearsMontenegro - female: 79.11 years (1996 est.)Serbia - total population: 71.98 yearsSerbia - male: 68.97 yearsSerbia - female: 75.22 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate:Montenegro: 1.53 children born/woman (1996 est.)Serbia: 2 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic divisions: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%,Hungarians 4%, other 13%
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant1%, other 11%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: NA
Government —————
Name of country:conventional long form: noneconventional short form: Serbia and Montenegrolocal long form: nonelocal short form: Srbija-Crna Goranote: Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "FederalRepublic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the SocialistFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none ofthe successor republics represents its continuation
Data code:Serbia: SRMontenegro: MW
Type of government: republic
Capital: Belgrade
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular -pokajina); and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*,Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formedas self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic ofYugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993) waselected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly; note -Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990);Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990);Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December1992) was nominated by the president; Deputy Prime Ministers JovanZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros KLIKOVAC (since 15 September1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15 September 1995)cabinet: Federal Executive Council
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly Chamber of Republics: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total, 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin) seats by party NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia Chamber of Citizens: elections last held 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats - (138 total, 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) SPS 47, SRS 34, Depos 20, DPSCG 17, DS 5, SP 5, NS 4, DZVM 3, other 3
Judicial branch: Savezni Sud (Federal Court), judges are elected by the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the Federal Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Serbian Socialist Party (SPS,former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party(SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), VukDRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC;Democratic Party of Serbia (Depos), Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; DemocraticParty of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC,president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Milan PAROSKI; LiberalAlliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community ofVojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Andras AGOSTON; League ofCommunists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI;Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president;Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Sulejman UGLJANIN; Civic Allianceof Serbia (GSS), Vesna PESIC, chairman; Socialist Party ofMontenegro (SP), leader NA
Other political or pressure groups: NA
Diplomatic representation in US: the US and Serbia and Montenegrodo not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the formerSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function inthe USchief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Counselor, Charge d'Affairesad interim Zoran POPOVICchancery: 2410 California St. NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 462-6566
US diplomatic representation: the US and Serbia and Montenegro donot maintain full diplomatic relationschief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chief of Mission Rudolf V.PERINAembassy: address NA, Belgrademailing address: Unit 1310, APO AE 09213-1310telephone: [381] (11) 645655FAX: [381] (11) 645332
Economy ———-
Economic overview: The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 has been followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy supplies and manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively stable in 1994. Reliable statistics are hard to come by; the GDP estimate of $2,000 per capita is extremely rough. The economy is recovering extremely slowly following the suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $20.6 billion (1995 est.)
GDP real growth rate: 4% (1995 est.)
GDP per capita: $2,000 (1995 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1994 est.)
Labor force: 2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40% (1990)
Unemployment rate: more than 40% (1994 est.)
Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity: capacity: 10,400,000 kW production: 34 billion kWh consumption per capita: 2,400 kWh (1994 est.)
Agriculture: cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle,sheep, goats
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroinmoving to Western Europe on the Balkan route
Exports: $NAcommodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslaviaexported machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,chemicals, food and live animals, raw materialspartners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partnerswere the other former Yugoslav republics, Italy, Germany, other EC,the FSU countries, East European countries, US
Imports: $NAcommodities: prior to the breakup of the federation, Yugoslaviaimported machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materialsincluding coking coal for the steel industrypartners: prior to the imposition of UN sanctions trade partnerswere the other former Yugoslav republics, the FSU countries, ECcountries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US
External debt: $4.2 billion (1993 est.)
Economic aid: recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras
Exchange rates: Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official rate: 1.5; black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Transportation ———————
Railways: total: 3,960 km standard gauge: 3,960 km 1.435-m gauge (1,341 km electrified) (1992)
Highways: total: 46,019 km paved: 26,949 km unpaved: 19,070 km (1990 est.)
Waterways: NA km
Pipelines: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Ports: Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat
Merchant marine:Montenegro: total 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 326,133GRT/544,600 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 8, container 3, short-sea passengerferry 1note: ships operate under the flags of Malta, Panama, and Cyprus; noships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)Serbia: total 2 bulk ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,916GRT/77,103 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners)note: all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; noships remain under Yugoslav flag (1995 est.)
Airports:total: 44 (Serbia 39, Montenegro 5)with paved runways over 3 047 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)with paved runways 2 438 to 3 047 m: 5 (Serbia 3, Montenegro 2)with paved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 5 (Serbia 4, Montenegro 1)with paved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)with paved runways under 914 m: 14 (Serbia 14, Montenegro 0)with unpaved runways 1 524 to 2 437 m: 2 (Serbia 2, Montenegro 0)with unpaved runways 914 to 1 523 m: 14 (Serbia 12, Montenegro 2)(1995 est.)
Communications ———————
Telephones: 700,000
Telephone system: domestic: NA international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 26, FM 9, shortwave 0
Radios: 2.015 million
Television broadcast stations: 18
Televisions: 1 million
Defense ———-
Branches: People's Army (includes Ground Forces with internal andborder troops, Naval Forces, and Air and Air Defense Forces), CivilDefense
Manpower availability:Montenegro - males age 15-49: 173,942Montenegro - males fit for military service: 140,728Montenegro - males reach military age (19) annually: 5,226Serbia - males age 15-49: 2,546,549Serbia - males fit for military service: 2,041,239 (1996 est.)
Defense expenditures: 245 billion dinars, 4% to 6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce misleading results
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@Seychelles —————
Map —-
Location: 4 35 S, 55 40 E — Eastern Africa, group of islands inthe Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar
Flag ——
Description: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red,white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side
Geography ————-
Location: Eastern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean,northeast of Madagascar
Geographic coordinates: 4 35 S, 55 40 E
Map references: Africa
Area:total area: 455 sq kmland area: 455 sq kmcomparative area: 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm
International disputes: claims Tromelin Island
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Land use:arable land: 4%permanent crops: 18%meadows and pastures: 0%forest and woodland: 18%other: 60%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Environment:current issues: no natural fresh water resources, catchments collectrain waternatural hazards: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms arerare; short droughts possibleinternational agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change,Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, MarineDumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Desertification
Geographic note: 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands
People ———
Population: 77,575 (July 1996 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 31% (male 12,005; female 11,835)15-64 years: 63% (male 24,003; female 24,946)65 years and over: 6% (male 1,669; female 3,117) (July 1996 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.76% (1996 est.)
Birth rate: 21.02 births/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Death rate: 7.31 deaths/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Net migration rate: -6.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1996 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/femaleall ages: 0.94 male(s)/female (1996 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.24 years male: 64.23 years female: 74.39 years (1996 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.09 children born/woman (1996 est.)
Nationality:noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)adjective: Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans,Europeans)
Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%
Languages: English (official), French (official), Creole
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1971 est.)total population: 58%male: 56%female: 60%
Government —————
Name of country: conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles conventional short form: Seychelles
Data code: SE
Type of government: republic
Capital: Victoria
Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse auxPins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, BaieLazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade,Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on PraslinIsland), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri,Plaisance, Pointe Larue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)
National holiday: National Day, 18 June (1993) (adoption of new constitution)
Constitution: 18 June 1993
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law
Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state and head of government: President France Albert RENE(since 5 June 1977) was elected for a five-year term by popularvote; election last held 20-23 July 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);results - President France Albert RENE (SPPF) reelected with 59.5%of the vote, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 36.72%cabinet: Council of Ministers was appointed by the president
Legislative branch: unicameralPeople's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple): elections last held 20-23July 1993 (next to be held NA); results - SPPF 82%, DP 15%, UO 3%;seats - (33 total, 22 elected, 11 awarded) seats elected - SPPF 21,DP 1; seats awarded - SPPF 6, DP 4, UO 1note: the 11 awarded seats are apportioned according to the share ofeach party in the total vote
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal; Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders: ruling party - Seychelles People'sProgressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE; Democratic Party (DP),Sir James MANCHAM; United Opposition (UO), Wavel RAMKALAWAN - acoalition of the following parties: Seychelles Party (PS), WavelRAMKALAWAN; Seychelles Democratic Movement (MSPD), Jacques HONDOUL;Seychelles Liberal Party (SLP), Ogilvie BERLOUIS; New DemocraticParty , Christopher GILL (former member of DP)
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions; Roman CatholicChurch
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA,FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in US:chief of mission: Ambassador Marc Michael R. MARENGOchancery: (temporary) 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900F, New York, NY10017telephone: [1] (212) 687-9766, 9767FAX: [1] (212) 922-9177
US diplomatic representation:chief of mission: Ambassador Carl Burton STOKESembassy: 4th Floor, Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahemailing address: Box 148, Victoria; Unit 62501, APO AE 09815-2501telephone: [248] 225256FAX: [248] 225189
Flag: five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white,and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side
Economy ———-
Economic overview: Since independence in 1976, per capita output has grown to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level, led by the tourist sector, which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than 70% of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. The vulnerability of the tourist sector was illustrated by the sharp drop in 1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war. Although the industry has rebounded, the government recognizes the continuing need for upgrading the sector in the face of stiff international competition.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $430 million (1993 est.)
GDP real growth rate: -2% (1993 est.)
GDP per capita: $6,000 (1993 est.)
GDP composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1993 est.)
Labor force: 27,700 (1985) by occupation: industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)
Unemployment rate: 9% (1987)
Budget:revenues: $227.4 millionexpenditures: $263 million, including capital expenditures of $54million (1993 est.)
Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir (coconut fiber) rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage
Industrial production growth rate: 4% (1992)
Electricity: capacity: 30,000 kW production: 110 million kWh consumption per capita: 1,399 kWh (1993)